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Li S, Zhang L, Li Z, Song H, Que Z, Zhao S, Li Y, Guo Y, Wu J. Distribution and Molecular Epidemiology of Anaplasma ovis in Melophagus ovinus and Small Ruminants in Border Regions of South Xinjiang, China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2023; 23:1-8. [PMID: 36576898 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2022.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Anaplasma ovis are obligate intracellular bacteria that can endanger human and animal health, and they can be transmitted by arthropod vectors, such as Melophagus ovinus and ticks. Materials and Methods: In this study, 433 specimens, including 370 M. ovinus and 63 sheep blood samples, were collected from nine districts of South Xinjiang to investigate the distribution and molecular epidemiology of A. ovis in M. ovinus and small ruminant. Results: DNA of A. ovis was detected in 109 (25.2%, 109/433) of the 433 samples using PCR and sequencing. The analysis of A. ovis msp4 sequences revealed four different genotypes, including genotype III (47.7%; 52/109), GB3 (34.0%; 37/109), AoGOv3 (15.6%; 17/109), and XJ9 (2.8%; 3/109). Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, A. ovis genotypes GB3, AoGOv3, and XJ9 detected in this study are the first to be reported in M. ovinus, and our data indicate that XJ9 is a novel A. ovis genotype presented herein for the first time. These findings provide important references for the new understanding and prevention of A. ovis in border counties in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Laboratory of Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Laboratory of Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Laboratory of Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, People's Republic of China
| | - Haonan Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Laboratory of Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, People's Republic of China
| | - Zewei Que
- Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Li
- Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuling Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyuan Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, People's Republic of China
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First Molecular Evidence for the Presence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Naturally Infected Small Ruminants in Tunisia, and Confirmation of Anaplasma ovis Endemicity. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030315. [PMID: 35335639 PMCID: PMC8950766 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma species are obligate intracellular rickettsial vector-borne pathogens that impose economic constraints on animal breeders and threaten human health. Anaplasma ovis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum infect sheep and goats worldwide. A duplex PCR targeting the msp2 and msp4 genes of A. phagocytophilum and A. ovis, respectively, was developed to analyze the field blood samples collected from sheep and goats. A total of 263 apparently healthy small ruminants from 16 randomly selected flocks situated in 3 bioclimatic zones in Tunisia were analyzed for Anaplasma infections. Anaplasma spp. was detected in 78.3% (95% confidence interval (CI): 72.8–83.1) of the analyzed animals. The prevalence of A. ovis in sheep (80.4%) and goats (70.3%) was higher than that of A. phagocytophilum (7.0% in sheep and 1.6% in goats). Using an inexpensive, specific, and rapid duplex PCR assay, we provide, to the best of our knowledge, the first molecular evidence for the presence of A. phagocytophilum in small ruminants in Tunisia. A. phagocytophilum generally presented as a co-infection with A. ovis. This study provides important data to understand the epidemiology of anaplasmosis in small ruminants, and highlights the risk of contracting the infection upon tick exposure.
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Assessment of Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors for Anaplasmosis in Camelus dromedarius. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9020057. [PMID: 35202310 PMCID: PMC8877320 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9020057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Anaplasmosis is an infectious disease in camels caused by an obligate intracellular bacterium that is transmitted by ticks. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted during 2020 to study the seroprevalence of Anaplasma spp. among Camelus dromedarius in three governorates in Egypt and assess the associated risk factors. Serum samples from 365 camels were examined by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) test. (3) Results: Overall, the seroprevalence of anaplasmosis among camels was 18.6%. Multivariable logistic regression was performed, and it was discovered that tick infestation, application of acaricides, grooming practice and body condition were potential risk factors for Anaplasma spp. infection (odds ratio > 1) in dromedary camels. In contrast, the locality in which the camels lived and their age were not significant effects with regard to the occurrence of anaplasmosis. (4) Conclusions: The current findings suggest that improvement of protective measures to limit the effects of the identified risk factors can help to reduce the spread of anaplasmosis among camels in Egypt.
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Yan Y, Cui Y, Zhao S, Jing J, Shi K, Jian F, Zhang L, Wang R, Wang K, Zhou Y, Ning C. Development of a duplex PCR assay for detecting Theileria luwenshuni and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in sheep and goats. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2021; 85:319-330. [PMID: 34591210 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-021-00662-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Coinfections with the tick-borne pathogens Theileria luwenshuni and Anaplasma phagocytophilum can cause significant economic losses in sheep and goat farming. The difficulty in detecting these two pathogens by microscopic examination warrants the development of a rapid detection test to discriminate them. In this study, a duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed to simultaneously detect T. luwenshuni and A. phagocytophilum. Alignment of the sequences from related pathogens allowed us to design a primer pair targeting the 18S ribosomal RNA gene in T. luwenshuni and generate a target product of 962 bp, whereas a previously reported species-specific primer (SSAP2f/SSAP2r) for A. phagocytophilum was used in the same reaction to generate a product of 641 bp. Genomic DNA from T. luwenshuni and A. phagocytophilum was 10-fold serially diluted for testing PCR sensitivity. Under the optimal PCR conditions we established, the lower limit of detection of the assay was 29.13 fg/μL for T. luwenshuni and 1.53 fg/μL for A. phagocytophilum, and PCR primers used in this study were confirmed to be 100% species-specific using other hemoparasites previously identified by other methods. No significant difference was found between conventional and duplex PCR protocols used to detect the two species. Our study provides an effective, sensitive, specific, and accurate tool for the diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance of mixed infections of the two pathogens in sheep and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqun Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong, District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Yanyan Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong, District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
- School of Biotechnology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong, District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Jichun Jing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong, District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Ke Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong, District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Fuchun Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong, District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong, District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong, District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Kunlun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong, District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Yongchun Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong, District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Changshen Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong, District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China.
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Wang K, Yan Y, Zhou Y, Zhao S, Jian F, Wang R, Zhang L, Ning C. Seasonal dynamics of Anaplasma spp. in goats in warm-temperate zone of China. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 12:101673. [PMID: 33549978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Anaplasma are tick-borne obligate intracellular bacteria that can endanger human and animal health, and until now, there have been few reports on the seasonal dynamics of Anaplasma species in China. In this study, a total of 491 goat blood samples were collected in spring (n = 124), summer (n = 135), autumn (n = 110), and winter (n = 122) from Shaanxi provinces. Single and mixed infections of Anaplasma spp. from warm-temperate regions of China were analyzed according to seasons using a nested PCR method. Positive samples were sequenced to observe the molecular and phylogenetic characteristics of the Anaplasma species, and we determined the co-infection rates of Anaplasma spp. for each season. A molecular survey of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, A. bovis, A. ovis, and A. capra in goats showed average prevalences of 71.6 % (maximum 86.7 % in summer and minimum 48.4 % in winter), 62.2 % (minimum 38.7 % in spring and maximum 94.1 % in summer), 25.5 % (minimum 0% in summer and maximum 51.6 % in spring), and 26.6 % (minimum 8.2 % in winter and maximum 55.6 % in summer), respectively. In the phylogenetic analysis, A. phagocytophilum and A. capra occupied two separate groups, Chinese A. bovis and foreign isolates appeared to be geographically isolated, and all A. ovis isolates were in the same branch as the previously described sequences. The survey indicated that goats in warm-temperate regions of China are frequently exposed to Anaplasma spp. all year round, and thus prevention and treatment efforts for anaplasmosis in the region should be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Yaqun Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Yongchun Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Fuchun Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Changshen Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China.
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6
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Peng Y, Zhao S, Wang K, Song J, Yan Y, Zhou Y, Shi K, Jian F, Wang R, Zhang L, Ning C. A Multiplex PCR Detection Assay for the Identification of Clinically Relevant Anaplasma Species in Field Blood Samples. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:606. [PMID: 32318051 PMCID: PMC7154085 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Anaplasma (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae), which includes the species Anaplasma capra, Anaplasma bovis, Anaplasma ovis, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, is responsible for a wide variety of infections in both human and veterinary health worldwide. Multiple infections with these four Anaplasma pathogens have been reported in many cases. We introduce a novel multiplex PCR for the simultaneous detection of A. capra, A. bovis, A. ovis, and A. phagocytophilum, based on species-specific primers against the groEL (A. capra and A. bovis), msp4 (A. ovis), and 16S rRNA (A. phagocytophilum) genes. To verify the specificity of the PCR reactions, we evaluated four sets of primers to analyze samples containing different blood pathogens. The sensitivity of the multiplex PCR was evaluated by amplifying 10-fold dilutions of total genomic DNA extracted from sheep blood infected with A. capra, A. bovis, A. ovis, or A. phagocytophilum. The reproducibility of the assay was evaluated by testing 10-fold dilutions of total genomic DNA extracted from sheep blood infected with these pathogens from 100 to 10–3 ng/μL per reaction in triplicate on three different days. A total of 175 field blood DNA samples were used to evaluate the reproducibility of multiplex PCR compared with the simplex PCRs. PCR primers used in this study were confirmed to be 100% species-specific using blood pathogens previously identified by other methods. The lower limit of detection of the multiplex PCR with good repeatability enabled the detection of A. capra, A. bovis, A. ovis and A. phagocytophilum at concentrations of 3 × 10–5, 5 × 10–7, 2 × 10–5, and 7 × 10–7 ng/μL, respectively. There was no significant difference between conventional and multiplex PCR protocols used to detect the four Anaplasma species (P > 0.05). The results of the multiplex PCR revealed that the A. capra groEL gene, the A. bovis groEL gene, the A. ovis msp4 gene, and the A. phagocytophilum 16S rRNA gene were reliable target genes for species identification in clinical isolates, being specific for each of the four target Anaplasma species. Our study provides an effective, sensitive, specific, and accurate tool for the rapid differential clinical diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance of Anaplasma pathogens in sheep and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshuai Peng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,College of Animal Medical Science, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kunlun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinxing Song
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaqun Yan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongchun Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ke Shi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fuchun Jian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Changshen Ning
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, China
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Duplex TaqMan real-time PCR assay for simultaneous detection and quantification of Anaplasma capra and Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection. Mol Cell Probes 2019; 49:101487. [PMID: 31731011 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2019.101487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Anaplasma capra and A. phagocytophilum, two species of the family Anaplasmataceae, are zoonotic tick-borne obligate intracellular bacteria affecting wild and domestic ruminants, dogs, cats, horses and humans. A. capra and A. phagocytophilum infections have been steadily increasing in both number and geographic distribution, and the accurate diagnosis of these infections is challenging. This study aimed to develop a rapid, sensitive and reliable duplex real-time PCR assay for the specific detection and differentiation of these Anaplasma species. We designed primers and probes against the conserved regions of A. capra groEL and A. phagocytophilum 16S rRNA genes. A range of PCR-related parameters were evaluated such as the dosage of primers and probes, and annealing temperature. The specificity, sensitivity and repeatability of this assay were evaluated. Assay performance was further evaluated using samples collected from 124 goats in four regions of Henan, China. This set of samples was also tested using conventional PCR under conditions previously described. The developed duplex real-time PCR assay allowed the simultaneous detection of A. capra and A. phagocytophilum in a reasonably short time at levels as small as 102 copies/μL, respectively, with optimal specificity and reproducibility. In addition, this duplex real-time PCR assay is the first DNA-based method designed to detect A. capra and A. phagocytophilum, and will be valuable for timely diagnosis and treatment of these infections.
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Li P, Mi R, Zhao R, Li X, Zhang B, Yue D, Ye B, Zhao Z, Wang L, Zhu Y, Bao C, Fan Q, Jiang X, Zhang Y. Quantitative real-time PCR with high-throughput automatable DNA preparation for molecular screening of Nosema spp. in Antheraea pernyi. J Invertebr Pathol 2019; 164:16-22. [PMID: 30981712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Accurate diagnosis of pathogenic Nosema spp. in Antheraea pernyi samples is considered especially useful for reducing economic losses in sericulture and improving food safety by maintaining pathogen-free pupae. However, microscopy and immunologic methods have poor diagnostic sensitivity, while the more sensitive PCR methods remain costly and time-consuming for template preparation. To address this issue, we introduce a sensitive ALMS-qPCR method that combines fast, simple DNA extraction using Alkali Lysis followed by Magnetic bead Separation (ALMS) and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). This approach is especially fit for large-scale pathogen molecular screening, because the DNA preparation procedure is fast (<0.94 min per sample) and is high-throughput (performs on a 96-well plate). It is cost-effective, since the most expensive materials can be made in the lab and can be recycled, while the automated procedure can help to minimize labor cost. Though the DNA preparation procedure was substantially simplified, common PCR inhibitory factors were not observed. The sensitivity of ALMS-qPCR is high and the limit of detection is 0.045 parasites/μL. Large-scale screening of Nosema spp. in 3000 Antheraea pernyi samples confirmed the efficacy of the ALMS-qPCR method. Sensitivity is much higher than clinical microscopy, especially for host groups with low infection prevalence and levels. High-throughput ALMS-qPCR, combining automated DNA preparation and sensitive qPCR, provides an enhanced approach for pébrine screening and epidemiological studies. The application of ALMS-qPCR in the sericulture industry will help to strengthen pébrine control and breed pathogen-free species, which means much safer food provision and better genetic resource conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Dalian Institute of Biotechnology, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116085, PR China
| | - Rui Mi
- Dalian Institute of Biotechnology, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116085, PR China
| | - Rui Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116024, PR China
| | - Xiangcun Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116024, PR China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Biotechnology, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116085, PR China
| | - Dongmei Yue
- Dalian Institute of Biotechnology, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116085, PR China
| | - Bo Ye
- Dalian Institute of Biotechnology, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116085, PR China
| | - Zhenjun Zhao
- Dalian Institute of Biotechnology, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116085, PR China
| | - Linmei Wang
- Dalian Institute of Biotechnology, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116085, PR China
| | - Youmin Zhu
- The Sericultural Research Institute of Liaoning Province, Dandong 118100, PR China
| | - Chen Bao
- Horticulture and Native Product Station, Rural Work Committee of Jilin Province, Changchun, Jilin Province 130000, PR China
| | - Qi Fan
- Dalian Institute of Biotechnology, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116085, PR China.
| | - Xiaobin Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116024, PR China.
| | - Yaozhou Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China.
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Seasonal dynamics, spatial distribution and genetic analysis of Anaplasma species infecting small ruminants from Northern Tunisia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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10
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Wang Z, Yang J, Niu Q, Brayton KA, Luo J, Liu G, Yin H, Liu Z. Identification of Anaplasma ovis appendage-associated protein (AAAP) for development of an indirect ELISA and its application. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:359. [PMID: 28754151 PMCID: PMC5534110 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2297-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ovine anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease that is caused by Anaplasma ovis in sheep and goats. The pathogen is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. At present, diagnosis of the disease mainly depends on microscopy or nucleic acid based molecular tests, although a few serological tests have been applied for the detection of A. ovis infection. Results Here we describe the identification of an A. ovis protein that is homologous to the A. marginale appendage-associated protein (AAAP). We expressed a recombinant fragment of this protein for the development of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of A. ovis. Anaplasma ovis-positive serum showed specific reactivity to recombinantly expressed AAAP (rAAAP), which was further confirmed by the rAAAP ELISA, which also demonstrated no cross-reactivity with sera from animals infected with A. bovis or other related pathogens in sheep and goats. Testing antibody kinetics of five experimentally infected sheep for 1 year demonstrated that the rAAAP ELISA is suitable for the detection of early and persistent infection of A. ovis infections. Investigation of 3138 field-collected serum samples from 54 regions in 23 provinces in China demonstrated that the seroprevalence varied from 9.4% to 65.3%, which is in agreement with previous reports of A. ovis infection. Conclusions An A. ovis derived antigenic protein, AAAP, was identified and the antigenicity of the recombinant AAAP was confirmed. Using rAAAP an indirect ELISA assay was established, and the assay has been proven to be an alternative serological diagnostic tool for investigating the prevalence of ovine anaplasmosis of sheep and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jifei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingli Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kelly A Brayton
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Li J, Kelly P, Zhang J, Xu C, Wang C. Development of a pan-Babesia FRET-qPCR and a survey of livestock from five Caribbean islands. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:246. [PMID: 26423577 PMCID: PMC4588467 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0560-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Babesia spp. are tick-borne protozoan hemoparasites and the second most common blood-borne parasites of mammals, in particular domestic animals. We used the Clustal Multiple Alignment program and 18S rRNA gene sequences of 22 Babesia species from GenBank to develop a PCR that could detect a wide variety of Babesia spp. in a single reaction. The pan-Babesia FRET-qPCR we developed reliably detected B. gibsoni, B. canis, B. vogeli, B. microti, B. bovis, and B. divergens under controlled conditions but did not react with closely related species, mainly Hepatozoon americanum, Theileria equi, and Toxoplasma gondii. Results When we tested the pan-Babesia FRET-qPCR on DNA of whole blood from 752 cattle, sheep, goats, donkeys and horses from five Caribbean islands, we detected Babesia spp. expected to be present in the animals, mainly B. bovis and B. bigemina in cattle and B. caballi in horses and donkeys. Further, we found that animals were not uncommonly infected with species of Babesia usually associated with other hosts, mainly B. vogeli and B. gibsoni in cattle, sheep and goats, B. rossi in goats, and B. caballi in goats and sheep. Finally, the pan-Babesia FRET-qPCR enabled us to identify unknown species of Babesia in cattle, goats, sheep and donkeys. Conclusions Overall, 70 % (525/752) of the animals we tested were positive confirming earlier limited studies that infections with Babesia spp. are common in livestock in the Caribbean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China.
| | - Patrick Kelly
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts and Nevis, West Indies.
| | - Jilei Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China.
| | - Chuanling Xu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China.
| | - Chengming Wang
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China.
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12
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Ben Said M, Belkahia H, Alberti A, Zobba R, Bousrih M, Yahiaoui M, Daaloul-Jedidi M, Mamlouk A, Gharbi M, Messadi L. Molecular Survey of Anaplasma Species in Small Ruminants Reveals the Presence of Novel Strains Closely Related to A. phagocytophilum in Tunisia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2015; 15:580-90. [PMID: 26394065 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2015.1796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A survey of Anaplasma species in small ruminants is still lacking in North African countries. In this study, the presence of A. phagocytophilum, A. phagocytophilum-related species, and A. ovis was investigated in a total of 563 healthy small ruminants (303 goats and 260 sheep), from 25 randomly selected flocks sampled in Tunisia. Anaplasma spp. and A. ovis overall infection rates were 95.0% and 93.8% in sheep and 69.6% and 65.3% in goats, respectively. A. phagocytophilum was not detected in any of tested animals. A total of 20 sheep (7.7%) and 144 goats (47.5%) were infected by Anaplasma strains genetically related to A. phagocytophilum. Both in sheep and goats A. ovis prevalence was higher in adults (≥2 years) than in young (<2 years) subjects (p = 0.001 and 0.002 for goats and sheep, respectively). In sheep, A. ovis prevalence was higher in ewes with respect to rams (p = 0.010). The A. ovis infection rate was significantly lower in goats of the local breed (p = 0.049) and it was higher in goats infested by ticks than in not infested animals (p = 0.005). Genetic analysis of the msp4 gene of A. ovis indicated the presence of strains shared by Tunisian sheep and goats. Sequence analysis and phylogenetic studies on the basis of the 16S rRNA gene provided evidence for the circulation of at least two different potentially novel species genetically related to A. phagocytophilum in Tunisian small ruminants. These findings cause concern about specificity of serological tests used for detection of A. phagocytophilum in ruminants and provide additional information for elucidating pathogenesis and molecular epidemiology of A. phagocytophilum and related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Ben Said
- 1 Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de La Manouba , Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Hanène Belkahia
- 1 Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de La Manouba , Sidi Thabet, Tunisia .,2 Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage , Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Alberto Alberti
- 3 Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari , Sassari, Italy
| | - Rosanna Zobba
- 3 Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari , Sassari, Italy
| | - Maha Bousrih
- 1 Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de La Manouba , Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Yahiaoui
- 1 Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de La Manouba , Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Monia Daaloul-Jedidi
- 1 Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de La Manouba , Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Aymen Mamlouk
- 1 Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de La Manouba , Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Gharbi
- 4 Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de La Manouba , Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Lilia Messadi
- 1 Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de La Manouba , Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
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13
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Jabbar A, Abbas T, Sandhu ZUD, Saddiqi HA, Qamar MF, Gasser RB. Tick-borne diseases of bovines in Pakistan: major scope for future research and improved control. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:283. [PMID: 25994588 PMCID: PMC4443554 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0894-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) affect the productivity of bovines in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, leading to a significant adverse impact on the livelihoods of resource-poor farming communities. Globally, four main TBDs, namely anaplasmosis, babesiosis, theileriosis, and cowdriosis (heartwater) affect bovines, and the former three are of major economic importance in bovines in Pakistan. Given that the livestock sector has become an integral part of Pakistan’s economy and a large number of dairy cattle are being imported into the country, in order to meet an increasing demand of milk and milk products, it is timely to review current status of bovine TBDs in Pakistan and to identify gaps in the knowledge of TBDs and their control. Although there has been a recent increase in the number of studies of TBDs in this country, information on their prevalence, distribution, tick vectors, and control is limited. This article provides a brief background on key bovine TBDs and ticks and reviews the current status of bovine TBDs in Pakistan to identify gaps in knowledge and understanding of these diseases, propose areas for future research and draw attention to the need for improved tools for the diagnosis and control of TBDs in this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Jabbar
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Tariq Abbas
- University College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Zia-ud-Din Sandhu
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Hafiz A Saddiqi
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad F Qamar
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
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14
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Ait Lbacha H, Alali S, Zouagui Z, El Mamoun L, Rhalem A, Petit E, Haddad N, Gandoin C, Boulouis HJ, Maillard R. High Prevalence of Anaplasma spp. in Small Ruminants in Morocco. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:250-263. [PMID: 25916245 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of infection by Anaplasma spp. (including Anaplasma phagocytophilum) was determined using blood smear microscopy and PCR through screening of small ruminant blood samples collected from seven regions of Morocco. Co-infections of Anaplasma spp., Babesia spp, Theileria spp. and Mycoplasma spp. were investigated and risk factors for Anaplasma spp. infection assessed. A total of 422 small ruminant blood samples were randomly collected from 70 flocks. Individual animal (breed, age, tick burden and previous treatment) and flock data (GPS coordinate of farm, size of flock and livestock production system) were collected. Upon examination of blood smears, 375 blood samples (88.9%) were found to contain Anaplasma-like erythrocytic inclusion bodies. Upon screening with a large spectrum PCR targeting the Anaplasma 16S rRNA region, 303 (71%) samples were found to be positive. All 303 samples screened with the A. phagocytophilum-specific PCR, which targets the msp2 region, were found to be negative. Differences in prevalence were found to be statistically significant with regard to region, altitude, flock size, livestock production system, grazing system, presence of clinical cases and application of tick and tick-borne diseases prophylactic measures. Kappa analysis revealed a poor concordance between microscopy and PCR (k = 0.14). Agreement with PCR is improved by considering microscopy and packed cell volume (PCV) in parallel. The prevalence of double infections was found to be 1.7, 2.5 and 24% for Anaplasma-Babesia, Anaplasma-Mycoplasma and Anaplasma-Theileria, respectively. Co-infection with three or more haemoparasites was found in 1.6% of animals examined. In conclusion, we demonstrate the high burden of anaplasmosis in small ruminants in Morocco and the high prevalence of co-infections of tick-borne diseases. There is an urgent need to improve the control of this neglected group of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ait Lbacha
- Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| | - S Alali
- Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Z Zouagui
- Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| | - L El Mamoun
- Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| | - A Rhalem
- Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| | - E Petit
- Anses, ENVA, INRA, BIPAR, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - N Haddad
- Anses, ENVA, INRA, BIPAR, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - C Gandoin
- Anses, ENVA, INRA, BIPAR, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - H-J Boulouis
- Anses, ENVA, INRA, BIPAR, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - R Maillard
- Anses, ENVA, INRA, BIPAR, Maisons-Alfort, France.,INP-ENVT, Toulouse, France
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