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Li C, Li J, Gong B, Xu H, Guo Z, Xiang L, Zhang S, Sun Q, Zhao J, Zhang M, Tang YD, Leng C, Wu J, Wang Q, Peng J, Zhou G, Liu H, An T, Cai X, Tian ZJ, Zhang H. A lineage 1 branch porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus live vaccine candidate provides broad cross-protection against HP-like PRRSV in piglets. Virulence 2025; 16:2451754. [PMID: 39800863 PMCID: PMC11730365 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2025.2451754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2024] [Revised: 11/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2025] [Indexed: 01/16/2025] Open
Abstract
Multiple porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) subtypes coinfect numerous pig farms in China, and commercial PRRSV vaccines offer limited cross-protection against heterologous strains. Our previous research confirmed that a PRRSV lineage 1 branch attenuated live vaccine (SD-R) provides cross-protection against HP-PRRSV, NADC30-like PRRSV and NADC34-like PRRSV. HP-PRRSV has undergone significant genetic variation following nearly two decades of evolution and has transformed into a subtype referred to as HP-like PRRSV, which also exhibits high pathogenicity. The effectiveness of immunising piglets with the SD-R strain to provide protection against infection with HP-like PRRSV remains uncertain. In the present study, we evaluated the protective effects of SD-R vaccine strains on DLF-challenged piglets. The results revealed that piglets challenged with DLF presented clinical symptoms such as continuous high fever and an obvious decrease in daily weight gain. Importantly, the piglets immunised with SD-R exhibited notable reductions in pathological damage, especially of decreases in DLF-induced thymic atrophy. Moreover, the serum of SD-R-immunised piglets strongly neutralised DLF, and the number of SD-R-vaccinated piglets demonstrating viraemia was greatly reduced. These results suggest that the PRRSV lineage 1 branch live vaccine candidate provides broad cross-protection against HP-like PRRSV in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jinhao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Bangjun Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hu Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenyang Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lirun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qi Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Menglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chaoliang Leng
- Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Animal Disease Diagnosis and Integrated Control, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Jianan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jinmei Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guohui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Huairan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Tongqing An
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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Parisio G, Franzo G, Barbieri I, Carta V, Stadejek T, Manenti S, Campagna D, Faccini S, Vignola G, Alborali GL, Boniotti MB. Evolutionary dynamics of PRRS virus in Italian Pig farms: a retrospective study. Virol J 2024; 21:326. [PMID: 39707392 PMCID: PMC11662469 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02569-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 11/03/2024] [Indexed: 12/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) causes huge economic losses to pig farms worldwide. Currently available vaccines do not always offer complete protection, due to the extreme variability of the virus. Therefore, good farming practices must be improved to prevent the disease from spreading across the pig production system. In this study, we inferred the dynamics of PRRSV population in Italy by applying bayesian methods on our ORF7 sequence dataset collected during a 15-years period. Random subsets from the overall dataset were built to reduce analysis runtime. Calculated evolutionary rate was consistent between subsets and with other findings on PRRSV and other RNA viruses (4-7 × 10- 3 substitution/site/year) while Time to the Most Recent Common Ancestor was less consistent (from 1980 to 1990). Despite this, in all population dynamic reconstructions, a massive increase in size calculated in early 2000s lasting until around 2010 was inferred. This spike is followed by very heterogeneous dynamics with some differences between subsets, probably due to the random sampling. Geographical origin was inferred in Emilia-Romagna region despite Lombardy being the region with the highest number of farmed animals and farm size. These findings reflect the choices regarding farm management and biosecurity taken in the last two decades, and not strictly related to PRRS. Phylogeny and phylogeography are powerful tools to better understand microorganisms population dynamics and make appropriate choices for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Parisio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, 25124, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department fo Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020, PD, Italy
| | - Ilaria Barbieri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, 25124, Italy
| | - Valentina Carta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, 25124, Italy
| | - Tomasz Stadejek
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, 02-776, Poland
| | - Sonia Manenti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, 25124, Italy
| | - Debora Campagna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, 25124, Italy
| | - Silvia Faccini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, 25124, Italy
| | - Greta Vignola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, 25124, Italy
| | - Giovanni L Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, 25124, Italy
| | - Maria B Boniotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, 25124, Italy
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Rimayanti R, Khairullah AR, Lestari TD, Hernawati T, Mulyati S, Utama S, Damayanti R, Moses IB, Yanestria SM, Kusala MKJ, Raissa R, Fauziah I, Wibowo S, Prasetyo A, Awwanah M, Fauzia KA. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome developments: An in-depth review of recent findings. Open Vet J 2024; 14:2138-2152. [PMID: 39553781 PMCID: PMC11563630 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i9.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 11/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus (PRRSV) belonging to the Arteriviridae family is the cause of PRRS disease. After being discovered for the first time in the United States in 1987, this illness quickly expanded to Canada. The disease was initially discovered in late 1990 in Germany, from where it quickly spread throughout Europe. The consequences of PRRSV lead to a number of epidemiological issues, including a sickness with a delayed immune response that permits extended viremia, which facilitates viral transmission. The virus penetrates the nasal epithelium, tonsils, lung macrophages, and uterine endometrium through the oronasal and genital pathways. Abortions performed late in pregnancy and premature or delayed deliveries resulting in dead and mummified fetuses, stillborn pigs, and weakly born piglets are indicative of reproductive syndrome. In the meanwhile, dyspnea, fever, anorexia, and lethargic behavior are signs of respiratory syndrome. The virus can be isolated from the tissue or serum of animals that have been infected to confirm the diagnosis. Pig movements and potential airborne dissemination are two ways that the virus can enter new herds and propagate through nose-to-nose contact or aerosols. Various supportive therapies may enhance infant survival, and antibiotics may or may not lessen the impact of secondary bacterial infections. The absence of simple diagnostic tests, the virus's airborne transmission, the occurrence of subclinical infections, and the virus's persistence in infected populations have all contributed to the failure of control efforts for PRRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimayanti Rimayanti
- Division of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Aswin Rafif Khairullah
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Tita Damayanti Lestari
- Division of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Tatik Hernawati
- Division of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Sri Mulyati
- Division of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Suzanita Utama
- Division of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ratna Damayanti
- Division of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Ricadonna Raissa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Ima Fauziah
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Syahputra Wibowo
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Agung Prasetyo
- Research Center for Estate Crops, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Mo Awwanah
- Research Center for Applied Botany, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Kartika Afrida Fauzia
- Research Center for Preclinical and Clinical Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
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Faustini G, Poletto F, Baston R, Tucciarone CM, Legnardi M, Dal Maso M, Genna V, Fiorentini L, Di Donato A, Perulli S, Cecchinato M, Drigo M, Franzo G. D for dominant: porcine circovirus 2d (PCV-2d) prevalence over other genotypes in wild boars and higher viral flows from domestic pigs in Italy. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1412615. [PMID: 38952451 PMCID: PMC11215180 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1412615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) is a key pathogen for the swine industry at a global level. Nine genotypes, differing in epidemiology and potentially virulence, emerged over time, with PCV-2a, -2b, and -2d being the most widespread and clinically relevant. Conversely, the distribution of minor genotypes appears geographically and temporally restricted, suggesting lower virulence and different epidemiological drivers. In 2022, PCV-2e, the most genetically and phenotypically divergent genotype, was identified in multiple rural farms in North-eastern Italy. Since rural pigs often have access to outdoor environment, the introduction from wild boars was investigated. Methods Through a molecular and spatial approach, this study investigated the epidemiology and genetic diversity of PCV-2 in 122 wild boars across different provinces of North-eastern Italy. Results Molecular analysis revealed a high PCV-2 frequency (81.1%, 99/122), and classified the majority of strains as PCV-2d (96.3%, 78/81), with sporadic occurrences of PCV-2a (1.2%, 1/81) and PCV-2b (2.5%, 2/81) genotypes. A viral flow directed primarily from domestic pigs to wild boars was estimated by phylogenetic and phylodynamic analyses. Discussion These findings attested that the genotype replacement so far described only in the Italian domestic swine sector occurred also in wild boars. and suggested that the current heterogeneity of PCV-2d strains in Italian wild boars likely depends more on different introduction events from the domestic population rather than the presence of independent evolutionary pressures. While this might suggest PCV-2 circulation in wild boars having a marginal impact in the industrial sector, the sharing of PCV-2d strains across distinct wild populations, in absence of a consistent geographical pattern, suggests a complex interplay between domestic and wild pig populations, emphasizing the importance of improved biosecurity measures to mitigate the risk of pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Faustini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Poletto
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Riccardo Baston
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Legnardi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Mariangela Dal Maso
- AULSS 8 Berica, Dipartimento di Prevenzione, Servizi Veterinari, Vicenza, Italy
| | | | - Laura Fiorentini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Forlì, Forlì-Cesena, Italy
| | | | - Simona Perulli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Forlì, Forlì-Cesena, Italy
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Michele Drigo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
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Gao X, Bian T, Gao P, Ge X, Zhang Y, Han J, Guo X, Zhou L, Yang H. Fidelity Characterization of Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus and NADC30-like Strain. Viruses 2024; 16:797. [PMID: 38793678 PMCID: PMC11125636 DOI: 10.3390/v16050797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has significantly impacted the global pork industry for over three decades. Its high mutation rates and frequent recombination greatly intensifies its epidemic and threat. To explore the fidelity characterization of Chinese highly pathogenic PRRSV JXwn06 and the NADC30-like strain CHsx1401, self-recombination and mutation in PAMs, MARC-145 cells, and pigs were assessed. In vitro, CHsx1401 displayed a higher frequency of recombination junctions and a greater diversity of junction types than JXwn06. In vivo, CHsx1401 exhibited fewer junction types yet maintained a higher junction frequency. Notably, JXwn06 showed more accumulation of mutations. To pinpoint the genomic regions influencing their fidelity, chimeric viruses were constructed, with the exchanged nsp9-10 regions between JXwn06 and CHsx1401. The SJn9n10 strain, which incorporates JXwn06's nsp9-10 into the CHsx1401 genome, demonstrated reduced sensitivity to nucleotide analogs compared to CHsx1401. Conversely, compared with JXwn06, the JSn9n10 strain showed increased sensitivity to these inhibitors. The swapped nsp9-10 also influences the junction frequency and accumulated mutations as their donor strains. The results indicate a propensity for different types of genetic variations between these two strains and further highlight the nsp9-10 region as a critical determinant of their fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China; (X.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Ting Bian
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China; (X.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Peng Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China; (X.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Xinna Ge
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China; (X.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Yongning Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China; (X.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Jun Han
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China; (X.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Xin Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China; (X.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China; (X.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Hanchun Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China; (X.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
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Molini U, Coetzee LM, Hemberger MY, Chiwome B, Khaiseb S, Dundon WG, Franzo G. First detection and molecular characterization of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Namibia, Africa. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1323974. [PMID: 38288380 PMCID: PMC10822890 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1323974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The swine sector in Africa plays an important role in local economies, contributing to poverty alleviation and community subsistence. In addition, intensive farming is progressively becoming more important in the region. Therefore, any disease affecting swine populations can have detrimental effects on local communities. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is among the most important infectious diseases affecting swine worldwide, but information on its epidemiology in Africa is extremely limited. Material and methods In the present study, 147 healthy butchered pigs, originating from 15 Namibian intensive and rural farms were tested by RT-PCR and the ORF7 genes of positive samples were sequenced for further genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis. Additionally, 55 warthogs were also evaluated using the same approach. Results Overall, 7 out of 147 pigs (4.76%) tested positive, all originating from 3 rural farms (with a within-herd detection frequency higher than 14%) characterized by strong epidemiological links. All industrial pig and warthog samples were negative. Sequence analysis revealed that all strains belonged to the Betaarterivirus suid1 species, previously known as PRRSV type I, and were likely imported from Europe at least 6 years ago, evolving independently thereafter. When and how the first introduction occurred could not be determined due to the absence of other African sequences for comparison. Discussion The present work provides the first detection and characterization of PRRSV molecular epidemiology in Namibia. Based on the present findings, the presence of the PPRSV appears marginal and limited to backyard farms. While biosecurity measures applied in industrial farms appear to be effective in preventing viral introduction, PRRSV circulation in rural settings still represents a potential threat, and considering the socio-economical implication of livestock diseases decreasing animal performances in rural areas, active monitoring should be encouraged to promptly act against emerging menaces and guarantee the welfare of local pig populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Molini
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
- Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Lauren M. Coetzee
- Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), Windhoek, Namibia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Maria Y. Hemberger
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Bernard Chiwome
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | | | - William G. Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Legnaro, Italy
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Bálint Á, Jakab S, Kaszab E, Marton S, Bányai K, Kecskeméti S, Szabó I. Spatiotemporal Distribution of PRRSV-1 Clades in Hungary with a Focus on the Era of Disease Eradication. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:175. [PMID: 38200906 PMCID: PMC10778080 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is the cause of the most severe economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. PRRSV is extremely diverse in Europe, which poses a significant challenge to disease control within a country or any region. With the combination of phylogenetic reconstruction and network analysis, we aimed to uncover the major routes of the dispersal of PRRSV clades within Hungary. In brief, by analyzing >2600 ORF5 sequences, we identified at least 12 clades (including 6 clades within lineage 1 and 3 clades within lineage 3) common in parts of Western Europe (including Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands) and identified 2 novel clades (designated X1 and X2). Of interest, some genetic clades unique to other central European countries, such as the Czech Republic and Poland, were not identified. The pattern of PRRSV clade distribution is consistent with the route of the pig trade among countries, showing that most of the identified clades were introduced from Western Europe when fatteners were transported to Hungary. As a result of rigorous implementation of the national eradication program, the swine population was declared officially free from PRRSV. This map of viral diversity and clade distribution will serve as valuable baseline information for the maintenance of PRRSV-free status in the post-eradication era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Bálint
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary;
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (S.J.); (E.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Szilvia Jakab
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (S.J.); (E.K.); (S.M.)
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medicinal Research Institute, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Kaszab
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (S.J.); (E.K.); (S.M.)
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medicinal Research Institute, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
- One Health Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Marton
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (S.J.); (E.K.); (S.M.)
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medicinal Research Institute, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (S.J.); (E.K.); (S.M.)
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medicinal Research Institute, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kecskeméti
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - István Szabó
- National PRRS Eradication Committee, H-1024 Budapest, Hungary;
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8
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Franzo G, Faustini G, Tucciarone CM, Pasotto D, Legnardi M, Cecchinato M. Conflicting Evidence between Clinical Perception and Molecular Epidemiology: The Case of Fowl Adenovirus D. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3851. [PMID: 38136888 PMCID: PMC10741239 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs, species FAdV-A/-E) are responsible for several clinical syndromes reported with increasing frequency in poultry farms in the last decades. In the present study, a phylodynamic analysis was performed on a group of FAdV-D Hexon sequences with adequate available metadata. The obtained results demonstrated the long-term circulation of this species, at least several decades before the first identification of the disease. After a period of progressive increase, the viral population showed a high-level circulation from approximately the 1960s to the beginning of the new millennium, mirroring the expansion of intensive poultry production and animal trade. At the same time, strain migration occurred mainly from Europe to other continents, although other among-continent connections were estimated. Thereafter, the viral population declined progressively, likely due to the improved control measures, potentially including the development and application of FAdV vaccines. An increase in the viral evolutionary rate featured this phase. A role of vaccine-induced immunity in shaping viral evolution could thus be hypothesized. Accordingly, several sites of the Hexon, especially those targeted by the host response were proven under a significant pervasive or episodic diversifying selection. The present study results demonstrate the role of intensive poultry production and market globalization in the rise of FAdV. The applied control strategies, on the other hand, were effective in limiting viral circulation and shaping its evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (G.F.); (C.M.T.); (D.P.); (M.L.); (M.C.)
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9
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Boeters M, Garcia-Morante B, van Schaik G, Segalés J, Rushton J, Steeneveld W. The economic impact of endemic respiratory disease in pigs and related interventions - a systematic review. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:45. [PMID: 37848972 PMCID: PMC10583309 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00342-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the financial consequences of endemically prevalent pathogens within the porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) and the effects of interventions assists decision-making regarding disease prevention and control. The aim of this systematic review was to identify what economic studies have been carried out on infectious endemic respiratory disease in pigs, what methods are being used, and, when feasible, to identify the economic impacts of PRDC pathogens and the costs and benefits of interventions. RESULTS By following the PRISMA method, a total of 58 studies were deemed eligible for the purpose of this systematic review. Twenty-six studies used data derived from European countries, 18 from the US, 6 from Asia, 4 from Oceania, and 4 from other countries, i.e., Canada, Mexico, and Brazil. Main findings from selected publications were: (1) The studies mainly considered endemic scenarios on commercial fattening farms; (2) The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus was by far the most studied pathogen, followed by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, but the absence or presence of other endemic respiratory pathogens was often not verified or accounted for; (3) Most studies calculated the economic impact using primary production data, whereas twelve studies modelled the impact using secondary data only; (4) Seven different economic methods were applied across studies; (5) A large variation exists in the cost and revenue components considered in calculations, with feed costs and reduced carcass value included the most often; (6) The reported median economic impact of one or several co-existing respiratory pathogen(s) ranged from €1.70 to €8.90 per nursery pig, €2.30 to €15.35 per fattening pig, and €100 to €323 per sow per year; and (7) Vaccination was the most studied intervention, and the outcomes of all but three intervention-focused studies were neutral or positive. CONCLUSION The outcomes and discussion from this systematic review provide insight into the studies, their methods, the advantages and limitations of the existing research, and the reported impacts from the endemic respiratory disease complex for pig production systems worldwide. Future research should improve the consistency and comparability of economic assessments by ensuring the inclusion of high impact cost and revenue components and expressing results similarly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes Boeters
- Department of Population Health Sciences, section Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Beatriz Garcia-Morante
- IRTA. Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus, Bellaterra, Catalonia 08193 Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193 Spain
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Spain
| | - Gerdien van Schaik
- Department of Population Health Sciences, section Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Royal GD, Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193 Spain
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Spain
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases (GBADs) Programme, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Wilma Steeneveld
- Department of Population Health Sciences, section Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Romeo C, Parisio G, Scali F, Tonni M, Santucci G, Maisano AM, Barbieri I, Boniotti MB, Stadejek T, Alborali GL. Complex interplay between PRRSV-1 genetic diversity, coinfections and antimicrobial use influences performance parameters in post-weaning pigs. Vet Microbiol 2023; 284:109830. [PMID: 37481996 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the main diseases of pigs, leading to large economic losses in swine production worldwide. PRRSV high mutation rate and low cross-protection between strains make PRRS control challenging. Through a semi-longitudinal approach, we analysed the relationships among performance parameters, PRRSV-1 genetic diversity, coinfections and antimicrobial use (AMU) in pig nurseries. We collected data over the course of five years in five PRRS-positive nurseries belonging to an Italian multisite operation, for a total of 86 batches and over 200,000 weaners involved. The farm experienced a severe PRRS outbreak in the farrowing unit at the onset of the study, but despite adopting vaccination of all sows, batch-level losses in nurseries in the following years remained constantly high (mean±SE: 11.3 ± 0.5 %). Consistently with previous studies, our phylogenetic analysis of ORF 7 sequences highlighted the peculiarity of strains circulating in Italy. Greater genetic distances between the strain circulating in a weaners' batch and strains from the farrowing unit and the previous batch were associated with increased mortality (p < 0.0001). All the respiratory and enteric coinfections contributed to an increase in losses (all p < 0.026), with secondary infections by Streptococcus suis and enteric bacteria also inducing an increase in AMU (both p < 0.041). Our findings highlight that relying solely on sows' vaccination is insufficient to contain PRRS losses, and the implementation of rigorous biosecurity measures is pivotal to limit PRRSV circulation among pig flows and consequently minimise the risk of exposure to genetically diverse strains that would increase production costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Romeo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna - IZSLER, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Parisio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna - IZSLER, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Federico Scali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna - IZSLER, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Matteo Tonni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna - IZSLER, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Santucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna - IZSLER, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio M Maisano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna - IZSLER, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Barbieri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna - IZSLER, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - M Beatrice Boniotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna - IZSLER, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Tomasz Stadejek
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - G Loris Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna - IZSLER, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
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Franzo G, Zerbo HL, Ouoba BL, Dji-Tombo AD, Kindo MG, Sawadogo R, Chang’a J, Bitanyi S, Kamigwe A, Mayenga C, Lo MM, Ndiaye M, Ba A, Diop GL, Anahory IV, Mapaco LP, Achá SJ, Kouakou VK, Couacy-Hymann E, Gacheru SG, Lichoti JK, Kasivalu JK, Njagi ON, Settypalli TBK, Cattoli G, Lamien CE, Molini U, Dundon WG. A Phylogeographic Analysis of Porcine Parvovirus 1 in Africa. Viruses 2023; 15:207. [PMID: 36680247 PMCID: PMC9864576 DOI: 10.3390/v15010207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1) is recognized as a major cause of reproductive failure in pigs, leading to several clinical outcomes globally known as SMEDI. Despite being known since the late 1960s its circulation is still of relevance to swine producers. Additionally, the emergence of variants such as the virulent 27a strain, for which lower protection induced by vaccines has been demonstrated, is of increasing concern. Even though constant monitoring of PPV1 using molecular epidemiological approaches is of pivotal importance, viral sequence data are scarce especially in low-income countries. To fill this gap, a collection of 71 partial VP2 sequences originating from eight African countries (Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, and Tanzania) during the period 2011-2021 were analyzed within the context of global PPV1 variability. The observed pattern largely reflected what has been observed in high-income regions, i.e., 27a-like strains were more frequently detected than less virulent NADL-8-like strains. A phylogeographic analysis supported this observation, highlighting that the African scenario has been largely shaped by multiple PPV1 importation events from other continents, especially Europe and Asia. The existence of such an international movement coupled with the circulation of potential vaccine-escape variants requires the careful evaluation of the control strategies to prevent new strain introduction and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Rasablaga Sawadogo
- Laboratoire National d’Elevage (LNE), Ouagadougou 03 BP 907, Burkina Faso
| | - Jelly Chang’a
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 9254, Tanzania
| | - Stella Bitanyi
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 9254, Tanzania
| | - Aloyce Kamigwe
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 9254, Tanzania
| | - Charles Mayenga
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 9254, Tanzania
| | - Modou Moustapha Lo
- Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar BP 3120, Senegal
| | - Mbengué Ndiaye
- Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar BP 3120, Senegal
| | - Aminata Ba
- Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar BP 3120, Senegal
| | - Gaye Laye Diop
- Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar BP 3120, Senegal
| | - Iolanda Vieira Anahory
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Agricultural Research Institute of Mozambique, Directorate of Animal Science, Maputo 1922, Mozambique
| | - Lourenço P. Mapaco
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Agricultural Research Institute of Mozambique, Directorate of Animal Science, Maputo 1922, Mozambique
| | - Sara J. Achá
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Agricultural Research Institute of Mozambique, Directorate of Animal Science, Maputo 1922, Mozambique
| | | | | | - Stephen G. Gacheru
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Directorate of Veterinary Services, Kabete P.O. Box 00100-34188, Kenya
| | - Jacqueline K. Lichoti
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Directorate of Veterinary Services, Kabete P.O. Box 00100-34188, Kenya
| | - Justus K. Kasivalu
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Directorate of Veterinary Services, Kabete P.O. Box 00100-34188, Kenya
| | - Obadiah N. Njagi
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Directorate of Veterinary Services, Kabete P.O. Box 00100-34188, Kenya
| | - Tirumala B. K. Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles E. Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Umberto Molini
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Windhoek Private Bag 13301, Namibia
- Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), 24 Goethe Street, Windhoek Private Bag 18137, Namibia
| | - William G. Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
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Li C, Xu H, Zhao J, Gong B, Sun Q, Xiang L, Li W, Guo Z, Li J, Tang YD, Leng C, Peng J, Wang Q, An T, Cai X, Tian ZJ, Zhou G, Zhang H. Epidemiological investigation and genetic evolutionary analysis of PRRSV-1 on a pig farm in China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1067173. [PMID: 36532471 PMCID: PMC9751794 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1067173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has brought serious economic losses to pig industry. PRRSV-1 have existed in China for more than 25 years. The prevalence and features of PRRSV-1 on Chinese farms are unclear. We continuously monitored PRRSV in a pig farm with strict biosafety measures in Henan Province, China, in 2020. The results showed that multiple types of PRRSV coexisted on this single pig farm. PRRSV-1 was one of the main circulating strains on the farm and was responsible for infections throughout nearly the entire epidemic cycle. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PRRSV-1 isolates from this pig farm formed an independent branch, with all isolates belonging to BJEU06-1-like PRRSV. The analysis of selection pressure on ORF5 on this branch identified 5 amino acids as positive selection sites, indicating that PRRSV-1 had undergone adaptive evolution on this farm. According to the analysis of ORF5 of PRRSV-1 on this farm, the evolutionary rate of the BJEU06-1-like branch was estimated to be 1.01 × 10-2 substitutions/site/year. To further understand the genome-wide characteristics of PRRSV-1 on this pig farm, two full-length PRRSV-1 genomes representative of pig farms were obtained. The results of amino acid alignment revealed that although one NSP2 deletion was consistent with BJEU06-1, different new features were found in ORF3 and ORF4. According to the above results, PRRSV-1 has undergone considerable evolution in China. This study is the first to report the prevalence and characteristics of PRRSV-1 on a large farm in mainland China, which will provide a reference for the identification and further prevention and control of PRRSV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Bangjun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lirun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Wansheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenyang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jinhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yan-dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chaoliang Leng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-Reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Jinmei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Tongqing An
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guohui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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