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Mego M, Vlkova B, Minarik G, Cierna Z, Karaba M, Benca J, Sedlackova T, Cholujova D, Gronesova P, Kalavska K, Pindak D, Mardiak J, Celec P. Vitamin D and circulating tumor cells in primary breast cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:950451. [PMID: 36158648 PMCID: PMC9489852 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.950451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) contribute to the metastatic cascade and represent an independent survival predictor in breast cancer (BC) patients. Vitamin D has pleiotropic effects, and its low concentrations are associated with breast cancer and metastasis. The aim of this study was to assess plasma vitamin D in primary BC patients in relation to CTCs. Methods This study included 91 non-metastatic BC patients (stage I–III) and 24 healthy donors. Blood samples for the analyses were drawn at the time of surgery. CTCs were assessed using a quantitative RT-PCR assay for expression of epithelial (CK19) or epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) genes (TWIST1, SNAIL1, SLUG, and ZEB1). Total 25-OH vitamin D was measured in plasma using ELISA. Plasma cytokines and angiogenic factors were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Results CTCs were detected in 30 (33%) patients. Patients with detectable CTCs in peripheral blood had significantly lower vitamin D concentrations in comparison to patients without detectable CTCs ((mean ± SD) 8.50 ± 3.89 µg/L for CTC-positive vs 9.69 ± 3.49 µg/L for CTC-negative patients, p = 0.03). The mean ( ± SD) vitamin D plasma level was 9.3 ± 3.65 µg/L for breast cancer patients compared to 18.6 ± 6.8 for healthy donors (p < 0.000001). There was no association between plasma vitamin D and other patient/tumor characteristics. Plasma vitamin D levels are inversely correlated with plasma TGF-β1, TGF-β2, IL β, IL-5, and eotaxin (all p < 0.05). Patients with vitamin D above the median had a better overall survival (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.36, 95% CI 0.16–0.80, p = 0.017), and combined analysis showed the best survival for CTC-negative patients with vitamin D levels above the median as compared to patients with opposite characteristics (HR = 0.18, 95% CI 0.05–0.63, p = 0.004). Conclusions Low vitamin D could be a consequence and hence a biomarker of a more invasive disease. Alternatively, vitamin D could be associated with survival because of its role in tumor dissemination. Whether its supplementation affects the metastatic cascade should be tested in animal experiments and interventional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Mego
- 2Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Translational Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
- *Correspondence: Michal Mego,
| | - Barbora Vlkova
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gabriel Minarik
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Cierna
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Pathology, Faculty Hospital, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Marian Karaba
- Department of Oncosurgery, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Benca
- Department of Oncosurgery, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Medicine, St. Elizabeth University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tatiana Sedlackova
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dana Cholujova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Paulina Gronesova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Kalavska
- Translational Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Daniel Pindak
- Department of Oncosurgery, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Oncosurgery, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Mardiak
- 2Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Celec
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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2
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Pu Y, Wang J, Wang J, Wang S. Association of Preoperative Plasma D-Dimer and Fibrinogen and Osteosarcoma Outcome. Front Oncol 2022; 12:699295. [PMID: 35463340 PMCID: PMC9024173 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.699295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We aimed to evaluate the utility of preoperative D-dimer and plasma fibrinogen (PF) levels as useful markers for predicting the clinical value of patients with osteosarcoma. Methods 145 enrolled patients with osteosarcoma were studied retrospectively. We determined the critical values of D-dimer and PF by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Cox regression analysis was used to assess prognostic role of the D-dimer and PF levels among osteosarcoma patients. Results The critical values of D-dimer and PF were calculated to be 0.46 µg/mL and 3.34 mg/mL, respectively. Upregulation of D-dimer and PF showed positive correlations with a higher clinical stage, tumour metastasis and recurrence. Survival curve results confirmed that osteosarcoma patients with higher levels of D-dimer and PF predicted worse overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Moreover, only a high D-dimer level was associated with a shorter OS (P = 0.013) and PFS (P = 0.042) in both the univariate and multivariate analysis. Conclusion Elevated preoperative D-dimer levels are correlated with aggressive clinicopathological features and poor survival outcomes, which indicates that assessment of the D-dimer could be a useful prognostic marker in osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchuan Pu
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuwei City People’s Hospital, Wuwei, China
- *Correspondence: Shizhong Wang, ; Yanchuan Pu,
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuwei City People’s Hospital, Wuwei, China
| | - Jianshu Wang
- Department of Bone Oncology, Gansu Cancer Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shizhong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuwei City People’s Hospital, Wuwei, China
- *Correspondence: Shizhong Wang, ; Yanchuan Pu,
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3
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Coagulation/fibrinolysis and circulating tumor cells in patients with advanced breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2022; 192:583-591. [PMID: 35132503 PMCID: PMC8960658 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-021-06484-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the relationship between circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and standard coagulation tests in both a discovery and a validation cohort of patients with advanced breast cancer. Methods In a retrospective (n = 77) and a prospective (n = 92) study of patients with progressive advanced breast cancer, CTC count, platelet number, fibrinogen level, D-dimers, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time were measured. The association between these coagulation studies and CTC count was analyzed. The impact of these measurements on overall survival (OS) was assessed. Results In both cohorts, results were similar; absolute CTC count was significantly associated to D-dimer level and inversely with platelet count. In the prospective cohort, quantification of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (tdEVs) was associated with CTC count, and with coagulation abnormalities (low platelet count and increased D-dimers). tdEVs did not add to CTC count in predicting changes in platelets or D-dimers. In multivariate analysis only CTC ≥ 5 CTC/7.5 mL, ER status, HER2 status and lines of chemotherapy were associated with OS. In patients with terminally metastatic breast cancer, very high CTC counts are prevalent. Conclusion A significant association exists between increasing CTC number and increased D-dimers and decreased platelet counts, suggesting a potential role for CTCs as a direct contributor of intravascular coagulation activation. In patients with advanced and progressive breast cancer, abnormalities in routine coagulation tests is the rule. In patients with terminally advanced breast cancer a “leukemic” phase with high CTC count is prevalent.
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Zarychta E, Ruszkowska-Ciastek B. Cooperation between Angiogenesis, Vasculogenesis, Chemotaxis, and Coagulation in Breast Cancer Metastases Development: Pathophysiological Point of View. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020300. [PMID: 35203510 PMCID: PMC8869468 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Breast cancer is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in women. Early breast cancer has a relatively good prognosis, in contrast to metastatic disease with rather poor outcomes. Metastasis formation in distant organs is a complex process requiring cooperation of numerous cells, growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines. Tumor growth, invasion, and finally systemic spread are driven by processes of angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, chemotaxis, and coagulation. This review summarizes their role in development of distant metastases in breast cancer, as well as explains the essential processes occurring throughout these actions. Abstract With almost 2.3 million new cases and 685 thousand fatal events in 2020 alone, breast cancer remains one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in women worldwide. Despite the increasing prevalence of the disease in recent years, the number of deaths has dropped—this is mostly the result of better diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities, allowing to recognize and treat breast cancer earlier and more efficiently. However, metastatic disease still remains a therapeutic challenge. As mechanisms of tumor spread are being explored, new drugs can be implemented in clinical practice, improving the outcomes in patients with advanced disease. Formation of metastases is a complex process, which involves activation of angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, chemotaxis, and coagulation. The actions, which occur during metastatic spread are interrelated and complementary. This review summarizes their importance and mutual connections in formation of secondary tumors in breast cancer.
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Li J, Du J, Wang Y, Jia H. A Coagulation-Related Gene-Based Prognostic Model for Invasive Ductal Carcinoma. Front Genet 2021; 12:722992. [PMID: 34621293 PMCID: PMC8490773 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.722992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) is the most common type of metastatic breast cancer. Due to the lack of valuable molecular biomarkers, the diagnosis and prognosis of IDC remain a challenge. A large number of studies have confirmed that coagulation is positively correlated with angiogenesis-related factors in metastatic breast cancer. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to construct a COAGULATION-related genes signature for IDC using the bioinformatics approaches. Methods: The 50 hallmark gene sets were obtained from the molecular signature database (MsigDB) to conduct Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA). Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was applied to analyze the enrichment of HALLMARK_COAGULATION. The COAGULATION-related genes were extracted from the gene set. Then, Limma Package was used to identify the differentially expressed COAGULATION-related genes (DECGs) between ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) samples in GSE26340 data set. A total of 740 IDC samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were divided into a training set and a validation set (7:3). The univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to construct a risk signature, which divided the IDC samples into the high- and low-risk groups. The overall survival (OS) curve and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were drawn in both training set and validation set. Finally, a nomogram was constructed to predict the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year survival rates of IDC patients. Quantitative real-time fluorescence PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to verify the expression levels of the prognostic genes. Results: The "HALLMARK_COAGULATION" was significantly activated in IDC. There was a significant difference in the clinicopathological parameters between the DCIS and IDC patients. Twenty-four DECGs were identified, of which five genes (SERPINA1, CAPN2, HMGCS2, MMP7, and PLAT) were screened to construct the prognostic model. The high-risk group showed a significantly lower survival rate than the low-risk group both in the training set and validation set (p=3.5943e-06 and p=0.014243). The risk score was demonstrated to be an independent predictor of IDC prognosis. A nomogram including risk score, pathological_stage, and pathological_N provided a quantitative method to predict the survival probability of 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year in IDC patients. The results of decision curve analysis (DCA) further demonstrated that the nomogram had a high potential for clinical utility. Conclusion: This study established a COAGULATION-related gene signature and showed its prognostic value in IDC through a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis, which may provide a potential new prognostic mean for patients with IDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jiajia Du
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hongyan Jia
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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Su Y, Huo M, Hua L, Zhang Y, Yi J, Zhang S, Li J, Zhang Y. Association of Venous Thromboembolism and Early Mortality in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:4031-4040. [PMID: 34040443 PMCID: PMC8140886 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s301088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To explore the relationship between venous thromboembolism (VTE) and early mortality (within six months) in Chinese patients with newly diagnosed metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after entering the era of precision treatment. Methods A cohort of 706 consecutive subjects with newly diagnosed metastatic NSCLC were prospectively observed. Clinical and survival data were recorded over a six-month follow-up period. The predictive factors for the occurrence of VTE and the relationship with early mortality were evaluated through univariate and multivariate analyses. Results During the six-month follow-up period, VTE events occurred in 12.2% (86/706) of the enrolled patients. In the multivariate analyses for VTE, an age older than 70 years (vs < 70: sub-distribution hazard radio [SHR], 1.678; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.073–2.600; P=0.022), an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≥2 (vs 0/1: SHR, 1.946; 95% CI, 1.277–2.970; P=0.002), and having an ALK rearrangement (vs non-rearrangement: SHR, 2.377; 95% CI, 1.186–4.760; P=0.015) were significantly associated with the occurrence of VTE. Within six months, 116 subjects (16.4%) died, and the occurrence of VTE (vs no VTE: adjusted HR: 1.863; 95% CI: 1.178–2.947, P=0.008) was remarkably associated with early mortality. Further analysis showed 98 patients (13.9%) with early mortality had EGFR/ALK wild-type genes, with a risk of early mortality 5.935-fold higher than that of patients with an EGFR mutation/ALK rearrangement. Finally, subgroup analyses showed that VTE occurrence was a significant factor for predicting early mortality in patients with EGFR/ALK wild-type genes (adjusted HR: 1.682; 95% CI: 1.023–2.768, P=0.041). Conclusion Patients with an EGFR mutation/ALK rearrangement had a significantly decreased risk of early mortality in the era of targeted therapy; however, VTE occurrence remained an important predictor for early mortality in metastatic NSCLC patients, especially in patients with EGFR/ALK wild-type genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Su
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Meirong Huo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Hua
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawen Yi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Fang L, Xu Q, Qian J, Zhou JY. Aberrant Factors of Fibrinolysis and Coagulation in Pancreatic Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:53-65. [PMID: 33442266 PMCID: PMC7797325 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s281251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant factors associated with fibrinolysis and thrombosis are found in many cancer patients, which can promote metastasis and are associated with poor prognosis. The relationship between tumor-associated fibrinolysis and thrombosis is poorly understood in pancreatic cancer. This review provides a brief highlight of existing studies that the fibrinolysis and coagulation systems were activated in pancreatic cancer patients, along with aberrant high concentrations of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), urine plasminogen activator (u-PA), D-dimer, fibrinogen, or platelets. These factors cooperate with each other, propelling tumor cell shedding, localization, adhesion to distant metastasis. The relationship between thrombosis or fibrinolysis and cancer immune escape is also investigated. In addition, the potential prevention and therapy strategies of pancreatic cancer targeting factors in fibrinolysis and coagulation systems are also been discussed, in which we highlight two effective agents aspirin and low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH). Summarily, this review provides new directions for the research and treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianghua Fang
- Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Xu
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Qian
- Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Yong Zhou
- Central Laboratory, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
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Kalavska K, Cierna Z, Karaba M, Minarik G, Benca J, Sedlackova T, Kolekova D, Mrvova I, Pindak D, Mardiak J, Mego M. Prognostic role of matrix metalloproteinase 9 in early breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 21:78. [PMID: 33363615 PMCID: PMC7723168 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MMP9 is involved in extracellular matrix degradation during various physiological and pathological conditions, including tumorigenesis. The present study aimed to assess the prognostic role of intratumoral MMP9 and to determine its association with circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in patients with early breast cancer. A total of 318 patients with primary breast cancer (PBC) were enrolled into the present study. Specimens were subjected to immunohistochemistry analysis, using the MMP9 monoclonal antibody. MMP9 expression was scored using a weighted histoscore (WH). The results demonstrated that the mean WH ± SEM for MMP9 expression was significantly higher in breast tumor cells compared with tumor associated stromas (132.0±5.2 vs. 50.8±3.7; P<0.00001). Furthermore, a positive association was observed between MMP9 expression, the hormone positive status and proliferation index of analysed breast cancer tumour cells. Notably, the prognostic role of MMP9 was not observed in tumor cells [hazard ratio (HR) =0.96; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.58-1.59; P=0.864] or tumor associated stroma (HR=1.29; 95% CI, 0.60-2.78; P=0.547). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that patients that were HR negative or triple negative, with low MMP9 expression in tumor cells and stroma had a significantly improved disease-free survival than patients with high MMP9 expression. Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrated that high MMP9 expression in PBC was associated with favorable tumor characteristics. However, the prognostic value of MMP9 was limited to only the HR negative and CTC epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition positive subgroups. Thus, analyzing MMP9 tumor expression may help identify patients with increased risk of disease recurrence in these subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Kalavska
- Translational Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, 945 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Cierna
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Pathology, Faculty Hospital, 917 02 Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Marian Karaba
- Department of Oncosurgery, National Cancer Institute, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Slovak Medical University, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gabriel Minarik
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Benca
- Department of Oncosurgery, National Cancer Institute, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Medicine, St. Elizabeth University, 810 01 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Denisa Kolekova
- Translational Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivana Mrvova
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Pathology, Faculty Hospital, 917 02 Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Daniel Pindak
- Department of Oncosurgery, National Cancer Institute, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Slovak Medical University, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Mardiak
- Second Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, National Cancer Institute, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Mego
- Translational Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia.,Second Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, National Cancer Institute, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Mego M, Kalavska K, Karaba M, Minarik G, Benca J, Sedlackova T, Gronesova P, Cholujova D, Pindak D, Mardiak J, Celec P. Plasma Nucleosomes in Primary Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092587. [PMID: 32927889 PMCID: PMC7563724 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Nucleosomes composed of DNA and histone proteins enter the extracellular space and end eventually in the circulation when cells die. In blood plasma, they could represent a nonspecific marker of cell death, potentially useful for noninvasive monitoring of cancer. The aim of this study was to analyze circulating nucleosomes in relation to patient/tumor characteristics and prognosis in nonmetastatic breast cancer. This study included 92 patients with breast cancer treated with surgery. Plasma nucleosomes were detected in samples taken in the morning on the day of surgery. Circulating nucleosomes were positively associated with the systemic inflammation but not with other patient/tumor characteristics. Patients with lower nucleosomes had lower risk of disease recurrence compared to patients with higher nucleosomes. Our data suggest that plasma nucleosomes in nonmetastatic breast cancer are associated with systemic inflammation and might have a prognostic value. The underlying mechanisms require further studies. Abstract When cells die, nucleosomes composed of DNA and histone proteins enter the extracellular space and end eventually in the circulation. In plasma, they might serve as a nonspecific marker of cell death, potentially useful for noninvasive monitoring of tumor dynamics. The aim of this study was to analyze circulating nucleosomes in relation to patient/tumor characteristics and prognosis in primary breast cancer. This study included 92 patients with breast cancer treated with surgery for whom plasma isolated was available in the biobank. Plasma nucleosomes were detected in samples taken in the morning on the day of surgery using Cell Death Detection ELISA kit with anti-histone and anti-DNA antibodies. Circulating nucleosomes were positively associated with the systemic inflammatory index (SII), but not with other patient/tumor characteristics. Patients with high SII in comparison to low SII had higher circulating nucleosomes (by 59%, p = 0.02). Nucleosomes correlated with plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, IL-15, IL-16, IL-18, and hepatocyte growth factor. Patients with lower nucleosomes had significantly better disease-free survival (HR = 0.46, p = 0.05). In a multivariate analysis, nucleosomes, hormone receptor status, HER2 status, lymph node involvement, and tumor grade were independent predictors of disease-free survival. Our data suggest that plasma nucleosomes in primary breast cancer are associated with systemic inflammation and might have a prognostic value. The underlying mechanisms require further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Mego
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, 83310 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Translational Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, 83310 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +421-2-59378366; Fax: +421-2-54774943
| | - Katarina Kalavska
- Translational Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, 83310 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Marian Karaba
- Department of Oncosurgery, National Cancer Institute, 83310 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.K.); (J.B.); (D.P.)
| | - Gabriel Minarik
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 81372 Bratislava, Slovakia; (G.M.); (T.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Juraj Benca
- Department of Oncosurgery, National Cancer Institute, 83310 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.K.); (J.B.); (D.P.)
- Department of Medicine, St. Elizabeth University, 81102 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tatiana Sedlackova
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 81372 Bratislava, Slovakia; (G.M.); (T.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Paulina Gronesova
- Biomedical Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Dana Cholujova
- Biomedical Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Daniel Pindak
- Department of Oncosurgery, National Cancer Institute, 83310 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.K.); (J.B.); (D.P.)
- Department of Oncosurgery, Slovak Medical University, 83101 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Mardiak
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, 83310 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Peter Celec
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 81372 Bratislava, Slovakia; (G.M.); (T.S.); (P.C.)
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10
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Mego M, Karaba M, Sedlackova T, Benca J, Repiska G, Krasnicanova L, Macuch J, Sieberova G, Jurisova S, Pindak D, Kalavska K, Mardiak J, Minarik G. Circulating tumor cells and breast cancer-specific mutations in primary breast cancer. Mol Clin Oncol 2020; 12:565-573. [PMID: 32337039 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2020.2026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) play a pivotal role in tumor dissemination and progression, and are considered to be a critical part of the metastatic cascade. The aim of the present research article was to examine breast cancer-specific mutations in primary breast cancer (PBC) using targeted resequencing. A total of 78 patients with PBC were enrolled into this translational study. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR assay for the expression of epithelial markers (CK19) or epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes (TWIST1, SNAIL1, SLUG and ZEB1) was applied for identification of CTCs prior to surgery. Total DNA was isolated from fresh frozen primary tumors. Sequencing was performed by Agilent SureSelect target enrichment and Illumina paired-end sequencing on the MiSeq platform. The most commonly affected genes were TP53 (mutated in 21 tumors; 26.9%), followed by PIK3CA (mutated in 16 tumors; 20.5%) and BRCA1/2 (mutated in 7 tumors, BRCA1 n=2 and BRCA2 n=5; 9.0%). In our cohort, a significantly higher proportion of patients with epithelial CTCs harbored mutations in the BRCA1/2 genes in the tumor tissue. There were no mutations in specific genes associated with CTCs with the EMT phenotype. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report a correlation between the presence of epithelial CTCs in the peripheral blood and mutations of the BRCA1/2 genes in primary tumor tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Mego
- Second Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia.,National Cancer Institute, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marian Karaba
- National Cancer Institute, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tatiana Sedlackova
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Benca
- National Cancer Institute, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Medicine, St. Elizabeth University, 811 02 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gabriela Repiska
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Krasnicanova
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Macuch
- National Cancer Institute, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Silvia Jurisova
- Second Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia.,National Cancer Institute, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Daniel Pindak
- National Cancer Institute, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia.,Slovak Medical University, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Kalavska
- Second Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia.,National Cancer Institute, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Mardiak
- Second Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia.,National Cancer Institute, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gabriel Minarik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska dolina, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
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11
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Märkl B, Kazik M, Harbeck N, Jakubowicz E, Hoffmann R, Jung T, Steinfeld D, Schenkirsch G, Schlimok G, Oruzio D. Impact of uPA/PAI-1 and disseminated cytokeratin-positive cells in breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:692. [PMID: 31307406 PMCID: PMC6632216 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5857-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The protease uPA and its inhibitor PAI-1 play major roles in hemostasis and are also involved in cancer progression. This is mainly caused by their ability to degrade extracellular matrix-facilitating tumor cell migration. This study aimed to investigate the impact of uPA/PAI-1 and disseminated cytokeratin-positive cells (dCK+) on the outcome and the existence of synergistic effects. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed a cohort of 480 breast cancer cases with known uPA/PAI-1 and dCK+ status. uPA/PAI-1 was tested on fresh tumor samples using a commercial ELISA test. Bone marrow aspirates were investigated immunocytochemically for CK18. RESULTS DCK+ cells were identified in 23% of cases. uPA positivity was significantly associated with the occurrence of dCK+ cells (P = 0.028). uPA and PAI-1 were significantly associated with outcome in the subgroup of early-stage cases without chemotherapy. DCK+ cells alone were not prognostic. However, we found synergistic effects. In the subgroup of node-negative cases with and without chemotherapy, the prognostic impact of uPA and PAI-1 was enhanced in cases with additional dCK-positivity (triple +). In cases without chemotherapy, triple-positive status was independently prognostic (HR: 9.3 CI: 1.1-75) next to T stage. CONCLUSIONS uPA and PAI-1 seem to influence the metastatic potential of dCK+ cells, which underlines its important role in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Märkl
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum, Stenglinstraße 2, 86156, Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Martin Kazik
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum, Stenglinstraße 2, 86156, Augsburg, Germany.,Clinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Nadia Harbeck
- Brustzentrum, Frauenklinik, Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Elzbieta Jakubowicz
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum, Stenglinstraße 2, 86156, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard Hoffmann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Jung
- Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinfeld
- Gynecology, Gemeinschaftspraxis Gynäkologische Onkologie, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schenkirsch
- Clinical and Population-based Cancer Registry of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Günter Schlimok
- Hematology and Oncology, Diakonissenkrankenhaus, Augsburg, Germany
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12
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Wen L, Guo L, Zhang W, Li Y, Jiang W, Di X, Ma J, Feng L, Zhang K, Shou J. Cooperation Between the Inflammation and Coagulation Systems Promotes the Survival of Circulating Tumor Cells in Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients. Front Oncol 2019; 9:504. [PMID: 31263677 PMCID: PMC6590108 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients die from metastasis or recurrence after the spread of cancer to another organ, but the mechanisms underlying the intravascular survival of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have not been completely deciphered. Additionally, although elevated plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and thrombocytosis are strongly correlated and both indicate a poor prognosis for RCC patients, the bridge connecting inflammation and coagulation remains poorly understood. To explore the complicated relationship among inflammation, the coagulation system and CTC survival, we obtained viable CTC counts and clinical information from 106 treatment-naïve patients. In addition, we performed RNA sequencing on peripheral blood leukocytes from 21 of these patients. Patients with elevated CRP and fibrinogen (FIB) levels had higher CTC counts than patients with normal levels of these indexes. Each pair of the three variables (CTC count, CRP level and FIB level) was positively correlated. According to transcriptomic analysis of blood leukocytes, the functions of the 257 genes identified as being positively correlated with the CTC count indicated neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. Indeed, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) suggested that NET formation or increased levels of NET markers would promote CTC viability. Additionally, the calculated NET score was positively correlated with the plasma FIB concentration, and both of these values were increased in patients with elevated CRP levels. Moreover, immunofluorescence staining showed that NETs were entangled with viable renal cancer cells and that the NET frameworks were decorated with NET-derived tissue factor (TF). Finally, analysis of 533 RCC samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) indicated that the NET score and TF value are independent prognostic factors for RCC patients. Collectively, NETs formed by intravascular neutrophils further activate the coagulation system. Both the DNA scaffold sprouted and fibrin net triggered by NETs anchor and shield CTCs from attack. Thus, degrading this framework maybe could destroy the double shelter of CTCs, the pioneers of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wen
- Department of Urinary Surgery, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Immunology, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yajian Li
- Department of Urinary Surgery, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Weixing Jiang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xuebing Di
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - JianHui Ma
- Department of Urinary Surgery, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kaitai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianzhong Shou
- Department of Urinary Surgery, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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13
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Zmetakova I, Kalinkova L, Smolkova B, Horvathova Kajabova V, Cierna Z, Danihel L, Bohac M, Sedlackova T, Minarik G, Karaba M, Benca J, Cihova M, Buocikova V, Miklikova S, Mego M, Fridrichova I. A disintegrin and metalloprotease 23 hypermethylation predicts decreased disease-free survival in low-risk breast cancer patients. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:1695-1704. [PMID: 30815959 PMCID: PMC6500989 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease 23 (ADAM23), a member of the ADAM family, is involved in neuronal differentiation and cancer. ADAM23 is considered a possible tumor suppressor gene and is frequently downregulated in various types of malignancies. Its epigenetic silencing through promoter hypermethylation was observed in breast cancer (BC). In the present study, we evaluated the prognostic significance of ADAM23 promoter methylation for hematogenous spread and disease-free survival (DFS). Pyrosequencing was used to quantify ADAM23 methylation in tumors of 203 BC patients. Presence of circulating tumor cells (CTC) in their peripheral blood was detected by quantitative RT-PCR. Expression of epithelial (KRT19) or mesenchymal (epithelial-mesenchymal transition [EMT]-inducing transcription factors TWIST1, SNAI1, SLUG and ZEB1) mRNA transcripts was examined in CD45-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells. ADAM23 methylation was significantly lower in tumors of patients with the mesenchymal CTC (P = .006). It positively correlated with Ki-67 proliferation, especially in mesenchymal CTC-negative patients (P = .001). In low-risk patients, characterized by low Ki-67 and mesenchymal CTC absence, ADAM23 hypermethylation was an independent predictor of DFS (P = .006). Our results indicate that ADAM23 is likely involved in BC progression and dissemination of mesenchymal CTC. ADAM23 methylation has the potential to function as a novel prognostic marker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Zmetakova
- Cancer Research InstituteBiomedical Research CenterSlovak Academy of SciencesBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Lenka Kalinkova
- Cancer Research InstituteBiomedical Research CenterSlovak Academy of SciencesBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Bozena Smolkova
- Cancer Research InstituteBiomedical Research CenterSlovak Academy of SciencesBratislavaSlovakia
| | | | - Zuzana Cierna
- Department of PathologyFaculty of MedicineComenius UniversityBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Ludovit Danihel
- Department of PathologyFaculty of MedicineComenius UniversityBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Martin Bohac
- 2nd Department of OncologyFaculty of MedicineNational Cancer InstituteComenius UniversityBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Tatiana Sedlackova
- Institute of Molecular BiomedicineFaculty of MedicineComenius UniversityBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Gabriel Minarik
- Institute of Molecular BiomedicineFaculty of MedicineComenius UniversityBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Marian Karaba
- 2nd Department of OncologyFaculty of MedicineNational Cancer InstituteComenius UniversityBratislavaSlovakia
- Department of OncosurgeryNational Cancer InstituteBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Juraj Benca
- Department of OncosurgeryNational Cancer InstituteBratislavaSlovakia
- Department of MedicineSt. Elizabeth UniversityBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Marina Cihova
- Cancer Research InstituteBiomedical Research CenterSlovak Academy of SciencesBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Verona Buocikova
- Cancer Research InstituteBiomedical Research CenterSlovak Academy of SciencesBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Svetlana Miklikova
- Cancer Research InstituteBiomedical Research CenterSlovak Academy of SciencesBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Michal Mego
- 2nd Department of OncologyFaculty of MedicineNational Cancer InstituteComenius UniversityBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Ivana Fridrichova
- Cancer Research InstituteBiomedical Research CenterSlovak Academy of SciencesBratislavaSlovakia
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14
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The prognostic relevance of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) in the blood of patients with metastatic breast cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2318. [PMID: 30783124 PMCID: PMC6381129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37259-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In breast cancer (BC), elevated levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) in tumor tissue have been confirmed as a strong prognostic factor in level-of-evidence-1 studies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical relevance of uPA levels in serum of metastatic BC patients and to compare uPA with other blood-based biomarkers. 252 patients were enrolled in this prospective, multicentre study. Blood samples were collected before begin of first-line or later-line systemic treatment. Serum uPA was quantified by a commercially available ELISA. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) were detected using CellSearch; other biomarkers (EGFR, VEGF, HER2, RAS p21, TIMP1, CAIX) by ELISA. Using the ROC analysis, the optimal cut-off value (determined by the Youden index) of serum uPA was 2.52 ng/ml. Using this value, 26% of patients had elevated uPA levels. Patients with visceral metastasis and more than one metastatic site were significantly more likely to present with elevated uPA levels. CTC status, serum HER2, RAS p21, CAIX, TIMP1 and VEGF correlated significantly with uPA levels. Elevated uPA levels predicted shorter overall and progression-free survival in univariate analysis (median OS: 7.5 months [95%-CI 4.5–10.5 months] vs. not reached, p < 0.001; PFS: 4.8 [95%-CI: 3.1–6.5] vs. 9.1 [7.4–10.8] months, p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, elevated uPA, presence of ≥5 CTCs, elevated RAS p21, higher grading and higher line of therapy were independent predictors of shorter OS, while elevated CTC counts, higher line of therapy and negative estrogen receptor status were independent predictors of shorter PFS. In conclusion, elevated uPA levels independently predict reduced overall survival and improved prognostication in patients with known CTC status. Whether high serum uPA might identify patients most likely to benefit from therapies targeting uPA, remains to be evaluated in future trials.
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15
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Chen X, Chang Z, Liu Z. D-dimer increase: an unfavorable factor for patients with primary liver cancer treated with TACE. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2019; 83:797-802. [PMID: 30758650 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-019-03778-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the clinical significance of plasma D-dimer increase for transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) in patients with primary liver cancer (PLC). METHODS The clinical data of 80 PLC patients who underwent TACE in our hospital from January 2015 to January 2017 were collected, including the plasma D-dimer level 1 week before TACE (D0), D-dimer level 1 month after TACE (D1) and D-dimer level when the disease begins to progress (D2). 1 Month after TACE, these patients were divided into two groups according to the mRecist criteria: disease-controlled group (CR + PR + SD) and disease-progressing group (PD). In all subjects, progression-free survival (PFS) was recorded. D0 and D1 were compared between the two groups by the rank sum test; and the relation between D-dimer level and PFS was assessed by the Kaplan-Meier test and Breslow test. RESULTS In the disease-controlled group, there was no significant difference between D0 and D1 (P > 0.05); in the disease-progressing group, D1 was significantly higher than D0 (P < 0.05) and the D1 is higher than that in disease-controlled group. In the patients with a negative D1 or D2, PFS was longer than those with a positive level (both P < 0.05), but such difference was not statistically significant in D0 (P > 0.05). In the patients with a D-dimer level increase after TACE (group 3), PFS was shorter than that in those with a D-dimer level decrease after TACE (Group 1) and that in those with a relatively stable D-dimer level before and after TACE (Group 2) (P < 0.05); survival in Group 1 was slightly but not significantly longer than that in Group 2 (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The change in plasma D-dimer level can be used as a biological index to assess the efficacy of TACE and prognosis for PLC patients, and thus, a positive D-dimer level or D-dimer increase after TACE is an unfavorable factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xujiao Chen
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhihui Chang
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhaoyu Liu
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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16
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Zhao X, Cheng C, Gou J, Yi T, Qian Y, Du X, Zhao X. Expression of tissue factor in human cervical carcinoma tissue. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:4075-4081. [PMID: 30402151 PMCID: PMC6200962 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate tissue factor (TF) expression in cervical cancer and explore its association with disease progression. A total of 258 cervical cancer tissues and their adjacent normal tissues were collected between September 2014 and September 2016. TF expression was detected in the tissue samples by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Associations between the expression of TF and clinical stage, differentiation status and metastasis of cancer cells were examined. The mean immunohistochemistry score of TF expression in cervical cancer tissues was 2.86±1.76, which was significantly increased compared with the adjacent normal tissues (0.28±0.45). The expression of TF was also significantly associated with the clinical stage, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis of cancer cells. Immunohistochemistry staining and western blot analysis demonstrated that TF expression in cervical cancer tissues significantly increased as the clinical stage increased. TF expression in tumor tissues from patients with lymph node metastasis was significantly increased compared with samples from patients without lymph node metastasis. TF expression was also significantly increased in patients with distant metastasis compared with those without. In conclusion, TF is highly expressed in cervical cancer tissues and high expression of TF may enhance the invasion and metastasis of cervical cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xitong Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, The Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Chu Cheng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, The Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jinhai Gou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, The Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Tao Yi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, The Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yanping Qian
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, The Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xue Du
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, The Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, The Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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17
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Kalinkova L, Zmetakova I, Smolkova B, Minarik G, Sedlackova T, Horvathova Kajabova V, Cierna Z, Mego M, Fridrichova I. Decreased methylation in the SNAI2 and ADAM23 genes associated with de-differentiation and haematogenous dissemination in breast cancers. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:875. [PMID: 30189837 PMCID: PMC6127923 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4783-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In breast cancer (BC), deregulation of DNA methylation leads to aberrant expressions and functions of key regulatory genes. In our study, we investigated the relationship between the methylation profiles of genes associated with cancer invasivity and clinico-pathological parameters. In detail, we studied differences in the methylation levels between BC patients with haematogenous and lymphogenous cancer dissemination. METHODS We analysed samples of primary tumours (PTs), lymph node metastases (LNMs) and peripheral blood cells (PBCs) from 59 patients with sporadic disseminated BC. Evaluation of the DNA methylation levels of six genes related to invasivity, ADAM23, uPA, CXCL12, TWIST1, SNAI1 and SNAI2, was performed by pyrosequencing. RESULTS Among the cancer-specific methylated genes, we found lower methylation levels of the SNAI2 gene in histologic grade 3 tumours (OR = 0.61; 95% CI, 0.39-0.97; P = 0.038) than in fully or moderately differentiated cancers. We also evaluated the methylation profiles in patients with different cancer cell dissemination statuses (positivity for circulating tumour cells (CTCs) and/or LNMs). We detected the significant association between reduced DNA methylation of ADAM23 in PTs and presence of CTCs in the peripheral blood of patients (OR = 0.45; 95% CI, 0.23-0.90; P = 0.023). CONCLUSION The relationships between the decreased methylation levels of the SNAI2 and ADAM23 genes and cancer de-differentiation and haematogenous dissemination, respectively, indicate novel functions of those genes in the invasive processes. After experimental validation of the association between the lower values of SNAI2 and ADAM23 methylation and clinical features of aggressive BCs, these methylation profiles could improve the management of metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Kalinkova
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Iveta Zmetakova
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Bozena Smolkova
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Gabriel Minarik
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Tatiana Sedlackova
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Viera Horvathova Kajabova
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Cierna
- Institute of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, University Hospital, Sasinkova 4, 811 08, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Michal Mego
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, National Cancer Institute, Klenova 1, 83310, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ivana Fridrichova
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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18
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Matsuo K, Ross MS, Im DD, Klobocista MM, Bush SH, Johnson MS, Takano T, Blake EA, Ikeda Y, Nishimura M, Ueda Y, Shida M, Hasegawa K, Baba T, Adachi S, Yokoyama T, Satoh S, Machida H, Yanai S, Iwasaki K, Miyake TM, Takeuchi S, Takekuma M, Nagano T, Yunokawa M, Pejovic T, Omatsu K, Shahzad MMK, Kelley JL, Ueland FR, Roman LD. Significance of venous thromboembolism in women with uterine carcinosarcoma. Gynecol Oncol 2017; 148:267-274. [PMID: 29248197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE) and to examine the association of VTE and survival in women with uterine carcinosarcoma. METHODS This multicenter retrospective study examined 906 women who underwent primary surgical treatment for stage I-IV uterine carcinosarcoma. Time-dependent analyses were performed for cumulative incidence of VTE after surgery on multivariate models. RESULTS There were 72 (7.9%) women who developed VTE after surgery with 1-, 2-, and 5-year cumulative incidences being 5.1%, 7.3%, and 10.2%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, older age (hazard ratio [HR] per year 1.03, P=0.012), non-Asian race (HR 6.28, P<0.001), large body habitus (HR per kg/m2 1.04, P=0.014), residual disease at surgery (HR 3.04, P=0.003), tumor size ≥5cm (HR 2.73, P=0.003), and stage IV disease (HR 2.12, P=0.025) were independently associated with increased risk of developing VTE. A risk pattern analysis identified that obese Non-Asian women with large tumors (13.7% of population) had the highest incidence of VTE (2-year cumulative rate, 26.1%) whereas Asian women with no residual disease (47.1% of population) had the lowest (2-year cumulative rate, 1.6%) (P<0.001). Presence of carcinoma/sarcoma in metastatic sites was significantly associated with increased risk of VTE compared to carcinoma alone (2-year rates, 31.2% versus 8.4%, P=0.049). VTE was independently associated with decreased progression-free survival on multivariate models (5-year rates, 24.9% versus 47.2%, HR 1.46, 95%CI 1.05-2.04, P=0.026). CONCLUSION Our study suggests that VTE represents a surrogate marker of aggressive tumor behavior and diminished patient condition in uterine carcinosarcoma; obese Non-Asian women with large tumors carry a disproportionally high risk of VTE, suggesting that long-term prophylaxis may benefit this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Matsuo
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, CA, USA.
| | - Malcolm S Ross
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Magee-Womens Hospital, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dwight D Im
- The Gynecologic Oncology Center, Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Merieme M Klobocista
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Stephen H Bush
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Moffitt Cancer Center, University of South Florida, FL, USA
| | - Marian S Johnson
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | - Tadao Takano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Erin A Blake
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado, CO, USA
| | - Yuji Ikeda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Nishimura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ueda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masako Shida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kosei Hasegawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Baba
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sosuke Adachi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takuhei Yokoyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Rosai Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinya Satoh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hiroko Machida
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, CA, USA
| | - Shiori Yanai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kurashiki Medical Center, Okayama, Japan
| | - Keita Iwasaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takahito M Miyake
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takeuchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | | | - Tadayoshi Nagano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mayu Yunokawa
- Department of Breast and Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tanja Pejovic
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, OR, USA
| | - Kohei Omatsu
- Department of Gynecology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mian M K Shahzad
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Moffitt Cancer Center, University of South Florida, FL, USA
| | - Joseph L Kelley
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Magee-Womens Hospital, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Frederick R Ueland
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | - Lynda D Roman
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, CA, USA
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Bystricky B, Reuben JM, Mego M. Circulating tumor cells and coagulation—Minireview. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 114:33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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20
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Yang X, Ren H, Sun Y, Zhang L, Yang X, Li H, Shao Y, Fu J. The prognostic value of D-dimer levels in endometrial cancer patients treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:25279-25288. [PMID: 28445972 PMCID: PMC5421929 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Explain the important role of plasma D-dimer in cancers. Plasma D-dimer is increased in various tumors. However, the predictive value of plasma D-dimer is unclear. This study is aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of the D-dimer level in patients managed with intensity-modulated radiation for endometrial cancer. The D-dimer levels of forty patients with endometrial cancer were assessed before (D1) and after (D2) intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), respectively. The D-dimer level changes (ΔD) were defined as D2 minus D1. Cox regression and log-rank tests were used to evaluate the D-dimer levels in relation to progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). The OS and PFS of patients with a low D1 were significantly longer than those with a high D1 (P< 0.001, P< 0.001). We saw the similar correlation between D2, PFS and OS (P< 0.001, P< 0.001). Multivariate survival analyses showed that D-dimer was independently associated with OS and PFS in patients with endometrial cancer. The ΔD level was not related to the OS and PFS in endometrial cancer patients. The levels of D-dimer may be considered as an important predictor of PFS and OS in endometrial cancer patients treated with IMRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanru Ren
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinmiao Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongling Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhui Shao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Fu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Savoy C, Van Lieshout RJ, Steiner M. Is plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 a physiological bottleneck bridging major depressive disorder and cardiovascular disease? Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 219:715-727. [PMID: 27246986 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is estimated to affect one in twenty people worldwide. MDD is highly comorbid with cardiovascular disease (CVD), itself one of the single largest causes of mortality worldwide. A number of pathological changes observed in MDD are believed to contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease, although no single mechanism has been identified. There are also no biological markers capable of predicting the future risk of developing heart disease in depressed individuals. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a prothrombotic plasma protein secreted by endothelial tissue and has long been implicated in CVD. An expanding body of literature has recently implicated it in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder as well. In this study, we review candidate pathways implicating MDD in CVD and consider how PAI-1 might act as a mediator by which MDD induces CVD development: chiefly through sleep disruption, adiposity, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) metabolism, systemic inflammation and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis dysregulation. As both MDD and CVD are more prevalent in women than in men, and incidence of either condition is dramatically increased during reproductive milestones, we also explore hormonal and sex-specific associations between MDD, PAI-1 and CVD. Of special interest is the role PAI-1 plays in perinatal depression and in cardiovascular complications of pregnancy. Finally, we propose a theoretical model whereby PAI-1 might serve as a useful biomarker for CVD risk in those with depression, and as a potential target for future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Savoy
- Women's Health Concerns Clinic; St. Joseph's Healthcare; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
- McMaster Integrated Neuroscience Discovery and Study Program; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
| | - R. J. Van Lieshout
- Women's Health Concerns Clinic; St. Joseph's Healthcare; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
- McMaster Integrated Neuroscience Discovery and Study Program; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
| | - M. Steiner
- Women's Health Concerns Clinic; St. Joseph's Healthcare; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
- McMaster Integrated Neuroscience Discovery and Study Program; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
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22
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Mikkelsen J, Matzen SH. Deep venous thrombosis as the single sign of unexpected metastatic urinary tract cancer in a patient with a history of cutaneous melanoma: A case report. Int J Surg Case Rep 2016; 28:310-313. [PMID: 27771600 PMCID: PMC5079352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer is a recognized risk factor of venous thromboembolism (VTE) as it induces a prothrombotic state through various mechanisms of activation of coagulation. Recognizing occult cancer as a risk factor is equally important. In patients with no known thromboembolic risk factors, utilizing PET/CT as a screening tool may be considered in order to reveal occult malignancy associated with otherwise unexplainable VTE. METHODS This case report has been reported in line with the SCARE criteria. PRESENTATION OF CASE We describe a case of deep venous thrombosis of the lower leg as the single sign of metastatic urinary tract cancer. The patient had a history of cutaneous melanoma but no thromboembolic risk factors. Following treatment for deep venous thrombosis, the patient was referred directly to the plastic surgery department for further examination including PET/CT due to suspicion of metastatic melanoma. DISCUSSION Screening for occult cancer in patients with unprovoked VTE has so far not been shown to benefit survival. As new treatments emerge, significant improvement in prognosis might be expected with early diagnosis of occult cancer and initiation of treatment. Thus an open mind should be kept towards utilizing advanced diagnostic tools such as PET/CT to screen for occult cancer in patients presenting with unprovoked VTE. CONCLUSION This case highlights the importance of considering all possible causes and utilizing targeted diagnostic tools when assessing a patient with seemingly unprovoked deep venous thrombosis. A whole-body PET/CT scan ultimately proved significant in revealing occult metastatic cancer of a completely different origin than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Mikkelsen
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Sygehusvej 10, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Steen Henrik Matzen
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Sygehusvej 10, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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23
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Choi JW, Yoon KH, Yun SH. Antimetastatic Effect by Targeting CTC Cluster-Response. Cancer Res 2016; 76:4910. [PMID: 27528582 PMCID: PMC4991551 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Humans
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/blood
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/enzymology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Melanoma, Experimental/blood
- Melanoma, Experimental/enzymology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/metabolism
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/pathology
- Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Woo Choi
- Wonkwang Institute of Integrative Biomedical Science and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea.
| | - Kwon-Ha Yoon
- Department of Radiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea.
| | - Seok Hyun Yun
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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24
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Hao W, Friedman A. Serum uPAR as Biomarker in Breast Cancer Recurrence: A Mathematical Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153508. [PMID: 27078836 PMCID: PMC4831695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There are currently over 2.5 million breast cancer survivors in the United States and, according to the American Cancer Society, 10 to 20 percent of these women will develop recurrent breast cancer. Early detection of recurrence can avoid unnecessary radical treatment. However, self-examination or mammography screening may not discover a recurring cancer if the number of surviving cancer cells is small, while biopsy is too invasive and cannot be frequently repeated. It is therefore important to identify non-invasive biomarkers that can detect early recurrence. The present paper develops a mathematical model of cancer recurrence. The model, based on a system of partial differential equations, focuses on tissue biomarkers that include the plasminogen system. Among them, only uPAR is known to have significant correlation to its concentration in serum and could therefore be a good candidate for serum biomarker. The model includes uPAR and other associated cytokines and cells. It is assumed that the residual cancer cells that survived primary cancer therapy are concentrated in the same location within a region with a very small diameter. Model simulations establish a quantitative relation between the diameter of the growing cancer and the total uPAR mass in the cancer. This relation is used to identify uPAR as a potential serum biomarker for breast cancer recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Hao
- Mathematical Biosciences Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Avner Friedman
- Mathematical Biosciences Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
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25
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Mego M, Cholujova D, Minarik G, Sedlackova T, Gronesova P, Karaba M, Benca J, Cingelova S, Cierna Z, Manasova D, Pindak D, Sufliarsky J, Cristofanilli M, Reuben JM, Mardiak J. CXCR4-SDF-1 interaction potentially mediates trafficking of circulating tumor cells in primary breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:127. [PMID: 26896000 PMCID: PMC4759765 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2143-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytokines are involved in cancer invasion and metastasis. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) play key role in tumor dissemination and are an independent survival predictor in breast cancer patients. The aim of this study was to assess correlation between CTCs and plasma cytokines in primary breast cancer (PBC) patients. Methods This study included 147 chemotherapy naïve PBC patients. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were depleted of hematopoetic cells using RossetteSep™ negative selection kit. RNA extracted from CD45-depleted PBMC was interrogated for expression of EMT (Twist1, Snail1, Slug, Zeb1) and epithelial (Ck19) gene transcripts by qRT-PCR. The concentrations of 51 plasma cytokines were measured using multiplex bead arrays. Results CTCs were detected in 25.2 % patients. CTCs exhibiting only epithelial markers (CTC_EP) and only EMT markers (CTC_EMT) were present evenly in 11.6 % patients, while CTCs co-expressing both markers were detected in 2.0 % patients. Patients with presence of CTC_EP in peripheral blood had significantly elevated levels of plasma IFN-α2, IL-3, MCP-3, β-NGF, SCF, SCGF-β, TNF-β and SDF-1 compared to patients without CTC_EP. CTC_EP exhibited overexpression of SDF-1 receptor and CXCR4, but not other corresponding cytokine receptor, and in multivariate analysis SDF-1 was independently associated with CTC_EP. There was an inverse correlation between CTC_EMT and plasma cytokines CTACK, β-NGF and TRAIL, while presence of either subtype of CTCs was associated with increased level of TGF-β2. Conclusion Using cytokine profiling, we identified cytokines associated with CTCs subpopulations in peripheral blood of PBC. Our data suggest that CXCR4-SDF-1 axis is involved in mobilization and trafficking of epithelial CTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mego
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Klenova 1, 833 10, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. .,Translational Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia. .,National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - D Cholujova
- National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - G Minarik
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - T Sedlackova
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - P Gronesova
- Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - M Karaba
- National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - J Benca
- National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - S Cingelova
- National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Z Cierna
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - D Manasova
- Translational Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia. .,National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - D Pindak
- National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia. .,Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - J Sufliarsky
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Klenova 1, 833 10, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. .,National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - M Cristofanilli
- Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - J M Reuben
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - J Mardiak
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Klenova 1, 833 10, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. .,National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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26
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Liu P, Wang Y, Tong L, Xu Y, Zhang W, Guo Z, Ni H. Elevated preoperative plasma D-dimer level is a useful predictor of chemoresistance and poor disease outcome for serous ovarian cancer patients. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2015; 76:1163-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-015-2900-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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27
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Mego M, Cierna Z, Janega P, Karaba M, Minarik G, Benca J, Sedlácková T, Sieberova G, Gronesova P, Manasova D, Pindak D, Sufliarsky J, Danihel L, Reuben JM, Mardiak J. Relationship between circulating tumor cells and epithelial to mesenchymal transition in early breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:533. [PMID: 26194471 PMCID: PMC4509773 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1548-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) play a crucial role in tumor dissemination and are an independent survival predictor in breast cancer (BC) patients. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in cancer invasion and metastasis. The aim of this study was to assess correlation between CTCs and expression of EMT transcription factors TWIST1 and SLUG in breast tumor tissue. METHODS This study included 102 early BC patients treated by primary surgery. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were depleted of hematopoietic cells using RossetteSep™ negative selection kit. RNA extracted from CD45-depleted PBMC was interrogated for expression of EMT (TWIST1, SNAIL1, SLUG, FOXC2 and ZEB1) and epithelial (KRT19) gene transcripts by qRT-PCR. Expression of TWIST1 and SLUG in surgical specimens was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and quantified by multiplicative score. RESULTS CTCs were detected in 24.5 % patients. CTCs exhibiting only epithelial markers were present in 8.8 % patients, whereas CTCs with only EMT markers were observed in 12.8 % of pts and CTCs co-expressing both markers were detected in 2.9 % pts. We observed lack of correlation between CTCs and expression of TWIST1 and SLUG in breast cancer cells or cancer associated stroma. Lack of correlation was observed for epithelial CTCs as well as for CTCs with EMT. CONCLUSIONS In this translational study, we showed a lack of association between CTCs and expression of EMT-inducing transcription factors, TWIST1 and SLUG, in breast tumor tissue. Despite the fact that EMT is involved in cancer invasion and metastasis our results suggest, that expression of EMT proteins in unselected tumor tissue is not surrogate marker of CTCs with either mesenchymal or epithelial features.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mego
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, Klenova 1, 833 10, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. .,Translational Research Unit, Bratislava, Slovakia. .,National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Z Cierna
- Department of Pathology, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - P Janega
- Department of Pathology, Bratislava, Slovakia. .,Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - M Karaba
- National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - G Minarik
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - J Benca
- National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - T Sedlácková
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - G Sieberova
- National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - P Gronesova
- Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - D Manasova
- Translational Research Unit, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - D Pindak
- National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia. .,Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - J Sufliarsky
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, Klenova 1, 833 10, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. .,National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - L Danihel
- Department of Pathology, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - J M Reuben
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - J Mardiak
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, Klenova 1, 833 10, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. .,National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Abstract
The hemostatic system is often subverted in patients with cancer, resulting in life-threatening venous thrombotic events. Despite the multifactorial and complex etiology of cancer-associated thrombosis, changes in the expression and activity of cancer-derived tissue factor (TF) - the principle initiator of the coagulation cascade - are considered key to malignant hypercoagulopathy and to the pathophysiology of thrombosis. However, many of the molecular and cellular mechanisms coupling the hemostatic degeneration to malignancy remain largely uncharacterized. In this review we discuss some of the tumor-intrinsic and tumor-extrinsic mechanisms that may contribute to the prothrombotic state of cancer, and we bring into focus the potential for circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in advancing our understanding of the field. We also summarize the current status of anti-coagulant therapy for the treatment of thrombosis in patients with cancer.
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