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Luo X, Yang Y, Lin X, Xiao J. Deciphering spike architecture formation towards yield improvement in wheat. J Genet Genomics 2023; 50:835-845. [PMID: 36907353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2023.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Wheat is the most widely grown crop globally, providing 20% of the daily consumed calories and protein content around the world. With the growing global population and frequent occurrence of extreme weather caused by climate change, ensuring adequate wheat production is essential for food security. The architecture of the inflorescence plays a crucial role in determining the grain number and size, which is a key trait for improving yield. Recent advances in wheat genomics and gene cloning techniques have improved our understanding of wheat spike development and its applications in breeding practices. Here, we summarize the genetic regulation network governing wheat spike formation, the strategies used for identifying and studying the key factors affecting spike architecture, and the progress made in breeding applications. Additionally, we highlight future directions that will aid in the regulatory mechanistic study of wheat spike determination and targeted breeding for grain yield improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xumei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiman Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Xuelei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Jun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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2
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Sabir K, Rose T, Wittkop B, Stahl A, Snowdon RJ, Ballvora A, Friedt W, Kage H, Léon J, Ordon F, Stützel H, Zetzsche H, Chen TW. Stage-specific genotype-by-environment interactions determine yield components in wheat. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1688-1696. [PMID: 37735253 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01516-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
In cereal crops, environmental fluctuations affect different physiological processes during various developmental phases associated with the formation of yield components. Because these effects are coupled with cultivar-specific phenology, studies investigating environmental responses in different cultivars can give contradictory results regarding key phases impacting yield performance. To dissect how genotype-by-environment interactions affect grain yield in winter wheat, we estimated the sensitivities of yield components to variation in global radiation, temperature and precipitation in 220 cultivars across 81 time-windows ranging from double ridge to seed desiccation. Environmental sensitivity responses were prominent in the short-term physiological subphases of spike and kernel development, causing phenologically dependent, stage-specific genotype-by-environment interactions. Here we reconcile contradicting findings from previous studies and show previously undetected effects; for example, the positive impact of global radiation on kernel weight during canopy senescence. This deep insight into the three-way interactions between phenology, yield formation and environmental fluctuations provides comprehensive new information for breeding and modelling cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Sabir
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Till Rose
- Department of Agronomy and Crop Science, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Benjamin Wittkop
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Stahl
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Julius Kuehn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Rod J Snowdon
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Agim Ballvora
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Friedt
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Henning Kage
- Department of Agronomy and Crop Science, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jens Léon
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Field Lab Campus Klein-Altendorf, University of Bonn, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Frank Ordon
- Julius Kuehn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Stützel
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Holger Zetzsche
- Julius Kuehn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Tsu-Wei Chen
- Group of Intensive Plant Food Systems, Albrecht Daniel Thaer Institut of Agricultural and Horticultural Science, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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3
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Liu Y, Chen J, Yin C, Wang Z, Wu H, Shen K, Zhang Z, Kang L, Xu S, Bi A, Zhao X, Xu D, He Z, Zhang X, Hao C, Wu J, Gong Y, Yu X, Sun Z, Ye B, Liu D, Zhang L, Shen L, Hao Y, Ma Y, Lu F, Guo Z. A high-resolution genotype-phenotype map identifies the TaSPL17 controlling grain number and size in wheat. Genome Biol 2023; 24:196. [PMID: 37641093 PMCID: PMC10463835 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-023-03044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large-scale genotype-phenotype association studies of crop germplasm are important for identifying alleles associated with favorable traits. The limited number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in most wheat genome-wide association studies (GWASs) restricts their power to detect marker-trait associations. Additionally, only a few genes regulating grain number per spikelet have been reported due to sensitivity of this trait to variable environments. RESULTS We perform a large-scale GWAS using approximately 40 million filtered SNPs for 27 spike morphology traits. We detect 132,086 significant marker-trait associations and the associated SNP markers are located within 590 associated peaks. We detect additional and stronger peaks by dividing spike morphology into sub-traits relative to GWAS results of spike morphology traits. We propose that the genetic dissection of spike morphology is a powerful strategy to detect signals for grain yield traits in wheat. The GWAS results reveal that TaSPL17 positively controls grain size and number by regulating spikelet and floret meristem development, which in turn leads to enhanced grain yield per plant. The haplotypes at TaSPL17 indicate geographical differentiation, domestication effects, and breeding selection. CONCLUSION Our study provides valuable resources for genetic improvement of spike morphology and a fast-forward genetic solution for candidate gene detection and cloning in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Changbin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10011, China
| | - Ziying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - He Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kuocheng Shen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhiliang Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10011, China
| | - Lipeng Kang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10011, China
| | - Song Xu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10011, China
| | - Aoyue Bi
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10011, China
| | - Xuebo Zhao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10011, China
| | - Daxing Xu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10011, China
| | - Zhonghu He
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100081, China
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) China Office, c/o CAAS, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xueyong Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chenyang Hao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Gong
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xuchang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhiwen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Botao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Danni Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Liping Shen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yuanfeng Hao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Youzhi Ma
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Fei Lu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10011, China.
- CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Zifeng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Kartseva T, Alqudah AM, Aleksandrov V, Alomari DZ, Doneva D, Arif MAR, Börner A, Misheva S. Nutritional Genomic Approach for Improving Grain Protein Content in Wheat. Foods 2023; 12:1399. [PMID: 37048220 PMCID: PMC10093644 DOI: 10.3390/foods12071399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Grain protein content (GPC) is a key aspect of grain quality, a major determinant of the flour functional properties and grain nutritional value of bread wheat. Exploiting diverse germplasms to identify genes for improving crop performance and grain nutritional quality is needed to enhance food security. Here, we evaluated GPC in a panel of 255 Triticum aestivum L. accessions from 27 countries. GPC determined in seeds from three consecutive crop seasons varied from 8.6 to 16.4% (11.3% on average). Significant natural phenotypic variation in GPC among genotypes and seasons was detected. The population was evaluated for the presence of the trait-linked single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers via a genome-wide association study (GWAS). GWAS analysis conducted with calculated best linear unbiased estimates (BLUEs) of phenotypic data and 90 K SNP array using the fixed and random model circulating probability unification (FarmCPU) model identified seven significant genomic regions harboring GPC-associated markers on chromosomes 1D, 3A, 3B, 3D, 4B and 5A, of which those on 3A and 3B shared associated SNPs with at least one crop season. The verified SNP-GPC associations provide new promising genomic signals on 3A (SNPs: Excalibur_c13709_2568 and wsnp_Ku_c7811_13387117) and 3B (SNP: BS00062734_51) underlying protein improvement in wheat. Based on the linkage disequilibrium for significant SNPs, the most relevant candidate genes within a 4 Mbp-window included genes encoding a subtilisin-like serine protease; amino acid transporters; transcription factors; proteins with post-translational regulatory functions; metabolic proteins involved in the starch, cellulose and fatty acid biosynthesis; protective and structural proteins, and proteins associated with metal ions transport or homeostasis. The availability of molecular markers within or adjacent to the sequences of the detected candidate genes might assist a breeding strategy based on functional markers to improve genetic gains for GPC and nutritional quality in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Kartseva
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Block 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (T.K.); (V.A.); (D.D.)
| | - Ahmad M. Alqudah
- Biological Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Art and Science, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar;
| | - Vladimir Aleksandrov
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Block 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (T.K.); (V.A.); (D.D.)
| | - Dalia Z. Alomari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan;
| | - Dilyana Doneva
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Block 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (T.K.); (V.A.); (D.D.)
| | - Mian Abdur Rehman Arif
- Wheat Breeding Group, Plant Breeding and Genetics Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Andreas Börner
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plants Research (IPK Gatersleben), Corrensstraße 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany;
| | - Svetlana Misheva
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Block 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (T.K.); (V.A.); (D.D.)
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5
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Slafer GA, Foulkes MJ, Reynolds MP, Murchie EH, Carmo-Silva E, Flavell R, Gwyn J, Sawkins M, Griffiths S. A 'wiring diagram' for sink strength traits impacting wheat yield potential. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:40-71. [PMID: 36334052 PMCID: PMC9786893 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Identifying traits for improving sink strength is a bottleneck to increasing wheat yield. The interacting processes determining sink strength and yield potential are reviewed and visualized in a set of 'wiring diagrams', covering critical phases of development (and summarizing known underlying genetics). Using this framework, we reviewed and assembled the main traits determining sink strength and identified research gaps and potential hypotheses to be tested for achieving gains in sink strength. In pre-anthesis, grain number could be increased through: (i) enhanced spike growth associated with optimized floret development and/or a reduction in specific stem-internode lengths and (ii) improved fruiting efficiency through an accelerated rate of floret development, improved partitioning between spikes, or optimized spike cytokinin levels. In post-anthesis, grain, sink strength could be augmented through manipulation of grain size potential via ovary size and/or endosperm cell division and expansion. Prospects for improving spike vascular architecture to support all rapidly growing florets, enabling the improved flow of assimilate, are also discussed. Finally, we considered the prospects for enhancing grain weight realization in relation to genetic variation in stay-green traits as well as stem carbohydrate remobilization. The wiring diagrams provide a potential workspace for breeders and crop scientists to achieve yield gains in wheat and other field crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew P Reynolds
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Km. 45, Carretera Mexico, El Batan, Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Erik H Murchie
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | | | - Richard Flavell
- International Wheat Yield Partnership, 1500 Research Parkway, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jeff Gwyn
- International Wheat Yield Partnership, 1500 Research Parkway, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Mark Sawkins
- International Wheat Yield Partnership, 1500 Research Parkway, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Simon Griffiths
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Ln, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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6
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Goldshmidt A, Ziegler T, Zhou D, Brower‐Toland B, Preuss S, Slewinski T. Tuning of meristem maturation rate increases yield in multiple Triticum aestivum cultivars. PLANT DIRECT 2022; 6:e459. [PMID: 36447652 PMCID: PMC9694431 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Breeding programs aim to improve crop yield and environmental stability for enhanced food security. The principal methodology in breeding for stable yield gain relies on the indirect selection of beneficial genetics by yield evaluation across diverse environmental conditions. This methodology requires substantial resources while delivering a slow pace of yield gain and environmental adaptation. Alternative methods are required to accelerate gain and adaptation, becoming even more imperative in a changing climate. New molecular tools and approaches can enable accelerated creation and deployment of multiple alleles of genes identified to control key traits. With the advent of tools that enable breeding by targeted allelic selection, identifying gene targets associated with an improved crop performance ideotype will become crucial. Previous studies have shown that altered photoperiod regimes increase yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum). In the current study, we have employed such treatments to study the resulting yield ideotype in five spring wheat cultivars. We found that the photoperiod treatment creates a yield ideotype arising from delayed spike establishment rates that are accompanied by increased early shoot expression of TARGET OF EAT1 (TaTOE1) genes. Genes identified in this way could be used for ideotype-based improve crop performance through targeted allele creation and selection in relevant environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Goldshmidt
- Bayer Crop ScienceChesterfieldMissouriUSA
- Present address:
The Volcani Agriculture InstituteRishon LeZionIsrael
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7
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Coast O, Posch BC, Rognoni BG, Bramley H, Gaju O, Mackenzie J, Pickles C, Kelly AM, Lu M, Ruan YL, Trethowan R, Atkin OK. Wheat photosystem II heat tolerance: evidence for genotype-by-environment interactions. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:1368-1382. [PMID: 35781899 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
High temperature stress inhibits photosynthesis and threatens wheat production. One measure of photosynthetic heat tolerance is Tcrit - the critical temperature at which incipient damage to photosystem II (PSII) occurs. This trait could be improved in wheat by exploiting genetic variation and genotype-by-environment interactions (GEI). Flag leaf Tcrit of 54 wheat genotypes was evaluated in 12 thermal environments over 3 years in Australia, and analysed using linear mixed models to assess GEI effects. Nine of the 12 environments had significant genetic effects and highly variable broad-sense heritability (H2 ranged from 0.15 to 0.75). Tcrit GEI was variable, with 55.6% of the genetic variance across environments accounted for by the factor analytic model. Mean daily growth temperature in the month preceding anthesis was the most influential environmental driver of Tcrit GEI, suggesting biochemical, physiological and structural adjustments to temperature requiring different durations to manifest. These changes help protect or repair PSII upon exposure to heat stress, and may improve carbon assimilation under high temperature. To support breeding efforts to improve wheat performance under high temperature, we identified genotypes superior to commercial cultivars commonly grown by farmers, and demonstrated potential for developing genotypes with greater photosynthetic heat tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onoriode Coast
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, Faculty of Science Agriculture Business and Law, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Bradley C Posch
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Bethany G Rognoni
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Leslie Research Facility, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Helen Bramley
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Plant Breeding Institute, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney, Narrabri, NSW, 2390, Australia
| | - Oorbessy Gaju
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Lincoln Institute of Agri-Food Technology, University of Lincoln, Riseholme Park, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, LN2 2LG, UK
| | - John Mackenzie
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Claire Pickles
- Birchip Cropping Group, 73 Cumming Avenue, Birchip, VIC, 3483, Australia
| | - Alison M Kelly
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Leslie Research Facility, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Meiqin Lu
- Australian Grain Technologies, 12656 Newell Highway, Narrabri, NSW, 2390, Australia
| | - Yong-Ling Ruan
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Richard Trethowan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Plant Breeding Institute, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney, Narrabri, NSW, 2390, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Plant Breeding Institute, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney, Cobbitty, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Owen K Atkin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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8
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Chen Z, Ke W, He F, Chai L, Cheng X, Xu H, Wang X, Du D, Zhao Y, Chen X, Xing J, Xin M, Guo W, Hu Z, Su Z, Liu J, Peng H, Yao Y, Sun Q, Ni Z. A single nucleotide deletion in the third exon of FT-D1 increases the spikelet number and delays heading date in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:920-933. [PMID: 34978137 PMCID: PMC9055817 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The spikelet number and heading date are two crucial and correlated traits for yield in wheat. Here, a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis was conducted in F8 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from crossing two common wheats with different spikelet numbers. A total of 15 stable QTL influencing total spikelet number (TSN) and heading date (HD) were detected. Notably, FT-D1, a well-known flowering time gene in wheat, was located within the finely mapped interval of a major QTL on 7DS (QTsn/Hd.cau-7D). A causal indel of one G in the third exon of FT-D1 was significantly associated with total spikelet number and heading date. Consistently, CRISPR/Cas9 mutant lines with homozygous mutations in FT-D1 displayed an increase in total spikelet number and heading date when compared with wild type. Moreover, one simple and robust marker developed according to the polymorphic site of FT-D1 revealed that this one G indel had been preferentially selected to adapt to different environments. Collectively, these data provide further insights into the genetic basis of spikelet number and heading date, and the diagnostic marker of FT-D1 will be useful for marker-assisted pyramiding in wheat breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- National Plant Gene Research CentreBeijingChina
| | - Wensheng Ke
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- National Plant Gene Research CentreBeijingChina
| | - Fei He
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- National Plant Gene Research CentreBeijingChina
| | - Lingling Chai
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- National Plant Gene Research CentreBeijingChina
| | - Xuejiao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementJCIC‐MCPCIC‐MCPNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Huanwen Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- National Plant Gene Research CentreBeijingChina
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- National Plant Gene Research CentreBeijingChina
| | - Dejie Du
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- National Plant Gene Research CentreBeijingChina
| | - Yidi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- National Plant Gene Research CentreBeijingChina
| | - Xiyong Chen
- Hebei Crop Genetic Breeding LaboratoryInstitute of Cereal and Oil CropsHebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesShijiazhuangChina
| | - Jiewen Xing
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- National Plant Gene Research CentreBeijingChina
| | - Mingming Xin
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- National Plant Gene Research CentreBeijingChina
| | - Weilong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- National Plant Gene Research CentreBeijingChina
| | - Zhaorong Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- National Plant Gene Research CentreBeijingChina
| | - Zhenqi Su
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- National Plant Gene Research CentreBeijingChina
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- National Plant Gene Research CentreBeijingChina
| | - Huiru Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- National Plant Gene Research CentreBeijingChina
| | - Yingyin Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- National Plant Gene Research CentreBeijingChina
| | - Qixin Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- National Plant Gene Research CentreBeijingChina
| | - Zhongfu Ni
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE)Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- National Plant Gene Research CentreBeijingChina
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9
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Wen S, Zhang M, Tu K, Fan C, Tian S, Bi C, Chen Z, Zhao H, Wei C, Shi X, Yu J, Sun Q, You M. A Major Quantitative Trait Loci Cluster Controlling Three Components of Yield and Plant Height Identified on Chromosome 4B of Common Wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:799520. [PMID: 35087558 PMCID: PMC8786729 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.799520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wheat yield is not only affected by three components of yield, but also affected by plant height (PH). Identification and utilization of the quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling these four traits is vitally important for breeding high-yielding wheat varieties. In this work, we conducted a QTL analysis using the recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between two winter wheat varieties of China, "Nongda981" (ND981) and "Nongda3097" (ND3097), exhibiting significant differences in spike number per unit area (SN), grain number per spike (GNS), thousand grain weight (TGW), and PH. A total of 11 environmentally stable QTL for these four traits were detected. Among them, four major and stable QTLs (QSn.cau-4B-1.1, QGns.cau-4B-1, QTgw.cau-4B-1.1, and QPh.cau-4B-1.2) explaining the highest phenotypic variance for SN, GNS, TGW, and PH, respectively, were mapped on the same genomic region of chromosome 4B and were considered a QTL cluster. The QTL cluster spanned a genetic distance of about 12.3 cM, corresponding to a physical distance of about 8.7 Mb. Then, the residual heterozygous line (RHL) was used for fine mapping of the QTL cluster. Finally, QSn.cau-4B-1.1, QGns.cau-4B-1, and QPh.cau-4B-1.2 were colocated to the physical interval of about 1.4 Mb containing 31 annotated high confidence genes. QTgw.cau-4B-1.1 was divided into two linked QTL with opposite effects. The elite NILs of the QTL cluster increased SN and PH by 55.71-74.82% and 14.73-23.54%, respectively, and increased GNS and TGW by 29.72-37.26% and 5.81-11.24% in two environments. Collectively, the QTL cluster for SN, GNS, TGW, and PH provides a theoretical basis for improving wheat yield, and the fine-mapping result will be beneficial for marker-assisted selection and candidate genes cloning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaozhe Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Minghu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Keling Tu
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing Innovation Center for Seed Technology (MOA), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Chaofeng Fan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chan Bi
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zelin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Huanhuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoxiong Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xintian Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiazheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qixin Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingshan You
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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10
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Thirulogachandar V, Koppolu R, Schnurbusch T. Strategies of grain number determination differentiate barley row types. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:7754-7768. [PMID: 34460900 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gaining knowledge on fundamental interactions of various yield components is crucial to improve yield potential in small grain cereals. It is well known in barley that increasing grain number greatly improves yield potential; however, the yield components determining grain number and their association in barley row types are less explored. In this study, we assessed different yield components such as potential spikelet number (PSN), spikelet survival (SSL), spikelet number (SN), grain set (GS), and grain survival (GSL), as well as their interactions with grain number by using a selected panel of two- and six-rowed barley types. Also, to analyze the stability of these interactions, we performed the study in the greenhouse and the field. From this study, we found that in two-rowed barley, grain number determination is strongly influenced by PSN rather than SSL and/or GS in both growth conditions. Conversely, in six-rowed barley, grain number is associated with SSL instead of PSN and/or GS. Thus, our study showed that increasing grain number might be possible by augmenting PSN in two-rowed genotypes, while for six-rowed genotypes SSL needs to be improved. We speculate that this disparity of grain number determination in barley row types might be due to the fertility of lateral spikelets. Collectively, this study revealed that grain number in two-rowed barley largely depends on the developmental trait, PSN, while in six-rowed barley, it mainly follows the ability for SSL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatasubbu Thirulogachandar
- Independent HEISENBERG Research Group Plant Architecture, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben,Germany
| | - Ravi Koppolu
- Independent HEISENBERG Research Group Plant Architecture, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben,Germany
| | - Thorsten Schnurbusch
- Independent HEISENBERG Research Group Plant Architecture, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben,Germany
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle,Germany
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11
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Brassac J, Muqaddasi QH, Plieske J, Ganal MW, Röder MS. Linkage mapping identifies a non-synonymous mutation in FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT-B1) increasing spikelet number per spike. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1585. [PMID: 33452357 PMCID: PMC7811022 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80473-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Total spikelet number per spike (TSN) is a major component of spike architecture in wheat (Triticumaestivum L.). A major and consistent quantitative trait locus (QTL) was discovered for TSN in a doubled haploid spring wheat population grown in the field over 4 years. The QTL on chromosome 7B explained up to 20.5% of phenotypic variance. In its physical interval (7B: 6.37–21.67 Mb), the gene FLOWERINGLOCUST (FT-B1) emerged as candidate for the observed effect. In one of the parental lines, FT-B1 carried a non-synonymous substitution on position 19 of the coding sequence. This mutation modifying an aspartic acid (D) into a histidine (H) occurred in a highly conserved position. The mutation was observed with a frequency of ca. 68% in a set of 135 hexaploid wheat varieties and landraces, while it was not found in other plant species. FT-B1 only showed a minor effect on heading and flowering time (FT) which were dominated by a major QTL on chromosome 5A caused by segregation of the vernalization gene VRN-A1. Individuals carrying the FT-B1 allele with amino acid histidine had, on average, a higher number of spikelets (15.1) than individuals with the aspartic acid allele (14.3) independent of their VRN-A1 allele. We show that the effect of TSN is not mainly related to flowering time; however, the duration of pre-anthesis phases may play a major role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Brassac
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr 3, 06466, Stadt Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany.
| | - Quddoos H Muqaddasi
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr 3, 06466, Stadt Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany.,European Wheat Breeding Center, BASF Agricultural Solutions GmbH, Am Schwabeplan 8, 06466, Stadt Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jörg Plieske
- TraitGenetics GmbH, Am Schwabeplan 1b, 06466, Stadt Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Martin W Ganal
- TraitGenetics GmbH, Am Schwabeplan 1b, 06466, Stadt Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Marion S Röder
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr 3, 06466, Stadt Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany
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12
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Dhariwal R, Henriquez MA, Hiebert C, McCartney CA, Randhawa HS. Mapping of Major Fusarium Head Blight Resistance from Canadian Wheat cv. AAC Tenacious. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124497. [PMID: 32599868 PMCID: PMC7350018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most devastating wheat disease due to its direct detrimental effects on grain-yield, quality and marketability. Resistant cultivars offer the most effective approach to manage FHB; however, the lack of different resistance resources is still a major bottleneck for wheat breeding programs. To identify and dissect FHB resistance, a doubled haploid wheat population produced from the Canadian spring wheat cvs AAC Innova and AAC Tenacious was phenotyped for FHB response variables incidence and severity, visual rating index (VRI), deoxynivalenol (DON) content, and agronomic traits days to anthesis (DTA) and plant height (PHT), followed by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker genotyping. A high-density map was constructed consisting of 10,328 markers, mapped on all 21 chromosomes with a map density of 0.35 cM/marker. Together, two major quantitative trait loci for FHB resistance were identified on chromosome 2D from AAC Tenacious; one of these loci on 2DS also colocated with loci for DTA and PHT. Another major locus for PHT, which cosegregates with locus for low DON, was also identified along with many minor and epistatic loci. QTL identified from AAC Tenacious may be useful to pyramid FHB resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Dhariwal
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada;
| | - Maria A. Henriquez
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research and Development Centre, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada; (M.A.H.); (C.H.); (C.A.M.)
| | - Colin Hiebert
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research and Development Centre, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada; (M.A.H.); (C.H.); (C.A.M.)
| | - Curt A. McCartney
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research and Development Centre, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada; (M.A.H.); (C.H.); (C.A.M.)
| | - Harpinder S. Randhawa
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-403-317-2238
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13
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Chen Z, Cheng X, Chai L, Wang Z, Du D, Wang Z, Bian R, Zhao A, Xin M, Guo W, Hu Z, Peng H, Yao Y, Sun Q, Ni Z. Pleiotropic QTL influencing spikelet number and heading date in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2020; 133:1825-1838. [PMID: 32016554 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-020-03556-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Three pleiotropic QTL regions associated with spikelet number and heading date were identified, with FT-A1 considered the candidate gene for QTspn/Hd.cau-7A. Spikelet number traits and heading date (HD) play key roles in yield improvement of wheat and its wide adaptation to different environments. Here, we used a Recombinant Inbred Lines population derived from a cross between Yi5029 (5029) and Nongda4332 (4332) to construct a high-density genetic linkage map and identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with total spikelet number per spike (TSPN), fertile spikelet number per spike (FSPN), sterile spikelet number per spike (SSPN) and HD. A total of 22 environmentally stable QTL for TSPN, FSPN, SSPN and HD were identified. Notably, three pleiotropic QTL regions for TSPN and HD were detected on chromosomes 2A, 7A and 7D. The QTL associated with TSPN and HD on chromosome 7AS was designated QTspn/Hd.cau-7A. Furthermore, the candidate gene FT-A1 located in the region of QTspn/Hd.cau-7A had a single-nucleotide polymorphism (T-G) within the third exon, which might be the cause of diversity in spikelet number and HD between the two parents. Additionally, we developed a semi-thermal asymmetric reverse PCR (STARP) marker to analyze the geographical distribution and evolution of FT-A1 (T or G) alleles. This study contributes to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the four traits (TSPN, FSPN, SSPN and HD) and provides further insights into the genetic relationship between spikelet number traits and HD in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuejiao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lingling Chai
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zihao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dejie Du
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ruolin Bian
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Aiju Zhao
- Hebei Crop Genetic Breeding Laboratory, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050035, China
| | - Mingming Xin
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Weilong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhaorong Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huiru Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yingyin Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qixin Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhongfu Ni
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China.
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14
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Sakuma S, Schnurbusch T. Of floral fortune: tinkering with the grain yield potential of cereal crops. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1873-1882. [PMID: 31509613 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing the yield potential and stability of small-grain cereals, such as wheat (Triticum sp.), rice (Oryza sativa), and barley (Hordeum vulgare), is a priority for global food security. Over the last several decades, plant breeders have increased grain yield mainly by increasing the number of grains produced in each inflorescence. This trait is determined by the number of spikelets per spike and the number of fertile florets per spikelet. Recent genetic and genomic advances in cereal grass species have identified the molecular determinants of grain number and facilitated the exchange of information across genera. In this review, we focus on the genetic basis of inflorescence architecture in Triticeae crops, highlighting recent insights that have helped to improve grain yield by, for example, reducing the preprogrammed abortion of floral organs. The accumulating information on inflorescence development can be harnessed to enhance grain yield by comparative trait reconstruction and rational design to boost the yield potential of grain crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Sakuma
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Thorsten Schnurbusch
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466, Germany
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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15
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Lichthardt C, Chen TW, Stahl A, Stützel H. Co-Evolution of Sink and Source in the Recent Breeding History of Winter Wheat in Germany. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1771. [PMID: 32117340 PMCID: PMC7019858 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Optimizing the interplay between sinks and sources is of crucial importance for breeding progress in winter wheat. However, the physiological limitations of yield from source (e.g. green canopy duration, GCD) and sink (e.g. grain number) are still unclear. Furthermore, there is little information on how the source traits have been modified during the breeding history of winter wheat. This study analyzed the breeding progress of sink and source components and their relationships to yield components. Field trials were conducted over three years with 220 cultivars representing the German breeding history of the past five decades. In addition, genetic associations of QTL for the traits were assessed with genome-wide association studies. Breeding progress mainly resulted from an increase in grain numbers per spike, a sink component, whose variations were largely explained by the photosynthetic activity around anthesis, a source component. Surprisingly, despite significant breeding progress in GCD and other source components, they showed no direct influence on thousand grain weights, indicating that grain filling was not limited by the source strength. Our results suggest that, 1) the potential longevity of the green canopy is predetermined at the time point that the number of grains is fixed; 2) a co-evolution of source and sink strength during the breeding history contribute to the yield formation of the modern cultivars. For future breeding we suggest to choose parental lines with high grain numbers per spike on the sink side, and high photosynthetic activity around anthesis and canopy duration on the source side, and to place emphasis on these traits throughout selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Lichthardt
- Vegetable Systems Modelling Section, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tsu-Wei Chen
- Vegetable Systems Modelling Section, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Stahl
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Stützel
- Vegetable Systems Modelling Section, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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16
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DeWitt N, Guedira M, Lauer E, Sarinelli M, Tyagi P, Fu D, Hao Q, Murphy JP, Marshall D, Akhunova A, Jordan K, Akhunov E, Brown‐Guedira G. Sequence-based mapping identifies a candidate transcription repressor underlying awn suppression at the B1 locus in wheat. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:326-339. [PMID: 31465541 PMCID: PMC6916393 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Awns are stiff, hair-like structures which grow from the lemmas of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and other grasses that contribute to photosynthesis and play a role in seed dispersal. Variation in awn length in domesticated wheat is controlled primarily by three major genes, most commonly the dominant awn suppressor Tipped1 (B1). This study identifies a transcription repressor responsible for awn inhibition at the B1 locus. Association mapping was combined with analysis in biparental populations to delimit B1 to a distal region of 5AL colocalized with QTL for number of spikelets per spike, kernel weight, kernel length, and test weight. Fine-mapping located B1 to a region containing only two predicted genes, including C2H2 zinc finger transcriptional repressor TraesCS5A02G542800 upregulated in developing spikes of awnless individuals. Deletions encompassing this candidate gene were present in awned mutants of an awnless wheat. Sequence polymorphisms in the B1 coding region were not observed in diverse wheat germplasm whereas a nearby polymorphism was highly predictive of awn suppression. Transcriptional repression by B1 is the major determinant of awn suppression in global wheat germplasm. It is associated with increased number of spikelets per spike and decreased kernel size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah DeWitt
- Department of Crop and Soil SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695USA
| | - Mohammed Guedira
- Department of Crop and Soil SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695USA
| | - Edwin Lauer
- Department of Crop and Soil SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695USA
| | - Martin Sarinelli
- Department of Crop and Soil SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695USA
| | - Priyanka Tyagi
- Department of Crop and Soil SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695USA
| | - Daolin Fu
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of IdahoMoscowID83844USA
| | - QunQun Hao
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of IdahoMoscowID83844USA
| | - J. Paul Murphy
- Department of Crop and Soil SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695USA
| | - David Marshall
- Department of Crop and Soil SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695USA
- USDA‐ARS SAAPlant Science ResearchRaleighNC27695USA
| | - Alina Akhunova
- Department of Plant PathologyKansas State UniversityManhattanKS66506USA
| | - Katherine Jordan
- Department of Plant PathologyKansas State UniversityManhattanKS66506USA
| | - Eduard Akhunov
- Department of Plant PathologyKansas State UniversityManhattanKS66506USA
| | - Gina Brown‐Guedira
- Department of Crop and Soil SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695USA
- USDA‐ARS SAAPlant Science ResearchRaleighNC27695USA
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17
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Ma J, Ding P, Liu J, Li T, Zou Y, Habib A, Mu Y, Tang H, Jiang Q, Liu Y, Chen G, Wang J, Deng M, Qi P, Li W, Pu Z, Zheng Y, Wei Y, Lan X. Identification and validation of a major and stably expressed QTL for spikelet number per spike in bread wheat. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2019; 132:3155-3167. [PMID: 31435704 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03415-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A major and stably expressed QTL for spikelet number per spike identified in a 2-cM interval on chromosome arm 2DS was validated using two populations with different genetic backgrounds. Spikelet number per spike (SNS) plays a key role in wheat yield improvement. Numerous genetic and environmental factors influencing SNS have been documented, but the number of major, stably expressed and validated loci underlying SNS is still limited. In this study, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a normal spikelet cultivar and a multiple-spikelet wheat line (with a longer spike with more canonically oriented apical spikelets) was genotyped using a Wheat55K single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. SNS was measured for this RIL population in eight environments. Five QTL were each identified in two or more environments. One of them, QSns.sau-2D (LOD = 3.47-38.24, PVE = 10.16-45.68%), was detected in all the eight environments. The QTL was located in a 2-cM interval on chromosome arm 2DS flanked by the markers AX-109836946 and AX-111956072. This QTL, QSns.sau-2D, significantly increased SNS by up to 14.72%. Several genes associated with plant growth and development were identified in the physical interval of QSns.sau-2D. This QTL was further validated by the tightly linked Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) marker, KASP-AX-94721936, in two other populations with different genetic backgrounds. The significant correlation between SNS and anthesis date, plant height, spike length, grain number per spike and thousand-grain weight were detected and discussed. These results lay the foundation for fine mapping and cloning gene(s) underlying QSns.sau-2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Puyang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jiajun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yaya Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ahsan Habib
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Yang Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Huaping Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qiantao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yaxi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Guoyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jirui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Mei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Pengfei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhien Pu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Youliang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yuming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiujin Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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18
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Wolde GM, Trautewig C, Mascher M, Schnurbusch T. Genetic insights into morphometric inflorescence traits of wheat. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2019; 132:1661-1676. [PMID: 30762083 PMCID: PMC6531419 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03305-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Modifying morphometric inflorescence traits is important for increasing grain yield in wheat. Mapping revealed nine QTL, including new QTL and a new allele for the q locus, controlling wheat spike morphometric traits. To identify loci controlling spike morphometric traits, namely spike length (SL), internode length (IL), node number per spike (NPS), and node density (ND), we studied 146 Recombinant Inbred Lines of tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) derived from standard spike and spike-branching mutant parents. Phenotypic analyses of spike morphometric traits showed low genetic coefficients of variation, resulting in high heritabilities. The phenotypic correlation between NPS with growing degree days (GDD) suggested the importance of GDD in the determination of node number in wheat. The major effect QTL for GDD or heading date was mapped to chromosome 7BS carrying the flowering time gene, Vrn3-B1. Mapping also identified nine QTL controlling spike morphometric traits. Most of these loci controlled more than a single trait, suggesting a close genetic interrelationship among spike morphometric traits. For example, this study identified a new QTL, QND.ipk-4AL, controlling ND (up to 17.6% of the phenotypic variance), IL (up to 11% of the phenotypic variance), and SL (up to 20.8% of the phenotypic variance). Similarly, the major effect QTL for IL was mapped to the q locus. Sequencing of the Q/q gene further revealed a new q allele, qdel-5A, in spike-branching accessions possessing a six base pair deletion close to the miR172 target site. The identification of qdel-5A suggested that the spike-branching tetraploid wheats are double mutants for the spikelet meristem (SM) identity gene, i.e., branched headt (TtBHt), and the q gene, which is believed to be involved in the SM indeterminacy complex in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizaw M Wolde
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3 OT Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Corinna Trautewig
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3 OT Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Martin Mascher
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3 OT Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schnurbusch
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3 OT Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany.
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-University, Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany.
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Lichthardt C, Chen TW, Stahl A, Stützel H. Co-Evolution of Sink and Source in the Recent Breeding History of Winter Wheat in Germany. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019. [PMID: 32117340 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Optimizing the interplay between sinks and sources is of crucial importance for breeding progress in winter wheat. However, the physiological limitations of yield from source (e.g. green canopy duration, GCD) and sink (e.g. grain number) are still unclear. Furthermore, there is little information on how the source traits have been modified during the breeding history of winter wheat. This study analyzed the breeding progress of sink and source components and their relationships to yield components. Field trials were conducted over three years with 220 cultivars representing the German breeding history of the past five decades. In addition, genetic associations of QTL for the traits were assessed with genome-wide association studies. Breeding progress mainly resulted from an increase in grain numbers per spike, a sink component, whose variations were largely explained by the photosynthetic activity around anthesis, a source component. Surprisingly, despite significant breeding progress in GCD and other source components, they showed no direct influence on thousand grain weights, indicating that grain filling was not limited by the source strength. Our results suggest that, 1) the potential longevity of the green canopy is predetermined at the time point that the number of grains is fixed; 2) a co-evolution of source and sink strength during the breeding history contribute to the yield formation of the modern cultivars. For future breeding we suggest to choose parental lines with high grain numbers per spike on the sink side, and high photosynthetic activity around anthesis and canopy duration on the source side, and to place emphasis on these traits throughout selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Lichthardt
- Vegetable Systems Modelling Section, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tsu-Wei Chen
- Vegetable Systems Modelling Section, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Stahl
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Stützel
- Vegetable Systems Modelling Section, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Genetic modification of spikelet arrangement in wheat increases grain number without significantly affecting grain weight. Mol Genet Genomics 2018; 294:457-468. [PMID: 30591960 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-018-1523-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Crop yield is determined by the acquisition and allocation of photoassimilates in sink organs. Therefore, genetic modification of sink size is essential for understanding the complex signaling network regulating sink strength and source activities. Sink size in wheat depends on the number of spikelets per spike, floret/grain number per spikelet as well as the grain weight or dry matter accumulation. Hence, increasing spikelet number and improving sink size are targets for wheat breeding. The main objective of the present work was to genetically modify the wheat spike architecture, i.e., the sink size by introgressing the 'Miracle wheat' or the bht-A1 allele into an elite durum wheat cv. Floradur. After four generations of backcrossing to the recurrent parent, Floradur (FL), we have successfully developed Near Isogenic Lines (NILs) with a modified spikelet arrangement thereby increasing spikelet and grain number per spike. Genotyping of bht-A1 NILs using the Genotyping-By-Sequencing approach revealed that the size of the introgressed donor segments carrying bht-A1 ranged from 2.3 to 38 cM. The size of the shortest donor segment introgressed into bht-A1 NILs was estimated to be 9.8 mega base pairs (Mbp). Phenotypic analysis showed that FL-bht-A1-NILs (BC3F2 and BC3F3) carry up to seven additional spikelets per spike, leading to up to 29% increase in spike dry weight at harvest (SDWh). The increased SDWh was accompanied by up to 23% more grains per spike. More interestingly, thousand kernel weight (TKW) did not show significant differences between FL-bht-A1-NILs and Floradur, suggesting that besides increasing spikelet number, bht-A1 could also be targeted for increasing grain yield in wheat. Our study suggests that the genetic modification of spikelet number in wheat can be an entry point for improving grain yield, most interestingly and also unexpectedly without the trade-off effects on TKW. Hence, FL-bht-A1-NILs are not only essential for increasing grain number, but also for understanding the molecular and genetic mechanism of the source-sink interaction for a clearer picture of the complex signaling network regulating sink strength and source activities.
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