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Cai K, Anderson J, Utiger E, Ferreira G. Viral clearance capability of monoclonal antibody purification. Biologicals 2024; 85:101751. [PMID: 38387156 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2024.101751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral clearance steps are routinely included in monoclonal antibody purification processes to safeguard product from potential virus contamination. These steps are often experimentally studied using product-specific feeds and parameters for each project to demonstrate viral clearance capability. However, published evidence suggests that viral clearance capability of many of these steps are not significantly impacted by variations in feed material or process parameter within commonly used ranges. The current investigation confirms robust retrovirus inactivation by low pH treatment and parvovirus removal by second-generation virus filters, independent to individual antibody molecules. Our results also reveal robust retrovirus removal by flowthrough anion exchange chromatography, inside the limits of protein load and host cell protein content. The cumulative viral clearance capability from these steps leads to an excess clearance safety factor of 10,000-fold for endogenous retrovirus-like particles. These results further justify the use of prior knowledge-based modular viral clearance estimation as opposed to repetitive experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Cai
- Purification Process and Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA.
| | - Jennifer Anderson
- Purification Process and Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Etienne Utiger
- Purification Process and Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Gisela Ferreira
- Purification Process and Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA.
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2
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Afzal MA, Zydney AL. Impact of proteins and protein fouling on virus retention during virus removal filtration. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:710-718. [PMID: 37994529 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Virus filtration is a crucial step in ensuring the high levels of viral clearance required in the production of biotherapeutics produced in mammalian cells or derived from human plasma. Previous studies have reported that virus retention is often reduced in the presence of therapeutic proteins due to membrane fouling; however, the underlying mechanisms controlling this behavior are still not well understood. Experimental studies were performed with a single layer of the commercially available dual-layer PegasusTM SV4 virus removal filter to more easily interpret the experimental results. Bacteriophage ФX174 was used as a model parvovirus, and human immunoglobulin (hIgG) and Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) were used as model proteins. Data obtained with 5 g/L solutions of hIgG showed more than a 100-fold reduction in virus retention compared to that in the protein-free solution. Similar effects were seen with membranes that were pre-fouled with hIgG and then challenged with ФX174. The experimental data were well-described using an internal polarization model that accounts for virus capture and accumulation within the virus filter, with the hIgG nearly eliminating the irreversible virus capture while also facilitating the release of previously captured virus. These results provide important insights into the performance and validation of virus removal filters in bioprocessing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Afzal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew L Zydney
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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Gröner A. Integration of Planova filters in manufacturing processes of biologicals improve the virus safety effectively: A review of publicly available data. Biotechnol Prog 2024; 40:e3398. [PMID: 37985214 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The capacity to remove viruses by Planova filters produced by Asahi Kasei, primarily by small virus-retentive filters, were compiled from data in peer-reviewed publications and, partly, publicly available data from presentations at conferences (Planova workshops). Data from more than 100 publications and presentations at conferences covering Planova filters were assessed. The data were grouped according to the different virus filters regarding mean pore sizes and viruses of different sizes for plasma and cell culture derived products. Planova 15N and 20N filters removed parvoviruses below the limit of detection of viruses in the filtrate in approx. 50% of all studies and mean LRFs (log reduction factors) for viruses detected in the filtrate were above 4, demonstrating effective parvovirus reduction. Parvovirus removal capacity increased for Planova BioEX filters as well as for 2 Planova 20N in series. Large viruses as retroviruses (e.g., HIV and MuLV), herpesviruses, flaviviruses and togaviruses were removed effectively by Planova 15N, 20N and BioEX filters and also by Planova 35N filters. Flow interruption, transmembrane pressure, volume and protein concentration per filter area had had no substantial impact on virus removal capacity at manufacturing specification. In conclusion, the incorporation of Planova filters in manufacturing processes of biologicals remove, depending on the filter pore size, small and large viruses from the feed stream reliably. This virus reduction step with an orthogonal mechanism integrated in the manufacturing processes of biologicals, based primarily on size exclusion of viruses, improves the virus safety of these biopharmaceutical products considerably.
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4
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Burnouf T, Chou ML, Lundy DJ, Chuang EY, Tseng CL, Goubran H. Expanding applications of allogeneic platelets, platelet lysates, and platelet extracellular vesicles in cell therapy, regenerative medicine, and targeted drug delivery. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:79. [PMID: 37704991 PMCID: PMC10500824 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00972-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets are small anucleated blood cells primarily known for their vital hemostatic role. Allogeneic platelet concentrates (PCs) collected from healthy donors are an essential cellular product transfused by hospitals to control or prevent bleeding in patients affected by thrombocytopenia or platelet dysfunctions. Platelets fulfill additional essential functions in innate and adaptive immunity and inflammation, as well as in wound-healing and tissue-repair mechanisms. Platelets contain mitochondria, lysosomes, dense granules, and alpha-granules, which collectively are a remarkable reservoir of multiple trophic factors, enzymes, and signaling molecules. In addition, platelets are prone to release in the blood circulation a unique set of extracellular vesicles (p-EVs), which carry a rich biomolecular cargo influential in cell-cell communications. The exceptional functional roles played by platelets and p-EVs explain the recent interest in exploring the use of allogeneic PCs as source material to develop new biotherapies that could address needs in cell therapy, regenerative medicine, and targeted drug delivery. Pooled human platelet lysates (HPLs) can be produced from allogeneic PCs that have reached their expiration date and are no longer suitable for transfusion but remain valuable source materials for other applications. These HPLs can substitute for fetal bovine serum as a clinical grade xeno-free supplement of growth media used in the in vitro expansion of human cells for transplantation purposes. The use of expired allogeneic platelet concentrates has opened the way for small-pool or large-pool allogeneic HPLs and HPL-derived p-EVs as biotherapy for ocular surface disorders, wound care and, potentially, neurodegenerative diseases, osteoarthritis, and others. Additionally, allogeneic platelets are now seen as a readily available source of cells and EVs that can be exploited for targeted drug delivery vehicles. This article aims to offer an in-depth update on emerging translational applications of allogeneic platelet biotherapies while also highlighting their advantages and limitations as a clinical modality in regenerative medicine and cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Burnouf
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- International Ph.D. Program in Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Li Chou
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - David J Lundy
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Er-Yuan Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Li Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hadi Goubran
- Saskatoon Cancer Centre and College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
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5
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Polasek D, Flicker A, Fiedler C, Farcet MR, Purtscher M, Kreil TR. On-column virus inactivation by solvent/detergent treatment for a recombinant biological product. Biologicals 2023; 83:101693. [PMID: 37516085 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2023.101693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Each process step in the manufacture of biological products requires expensive resources and reduces total process productivity. Since downstream processing of biologicals is the main cost driver, process intensification is a persistent topic during the entire product life cycle. We present here one approach for the intensification of bioprocesses by applying on-column virus inactivation using solvent/detergent (S/D) treatment during ion-exchange chromatography. The established purification process of a recombinant protein was used as a model to compare key process parameters (i.e., product yield, specific activity, impurity clearance) of the novel approach to the standard process protocol. Additional wash and incubation steps with and without S/D-containing buffers were introduced to ensure sufficient contact time to effectively eliminate enveloped viruses and to significantly decrease the amount of S/D reagents. Comparison of key process parameters demonstrated equivalent process performance. To assess the viral clearance capacity of the novel approach, XMuLV was spiked as model virus to the chromatographic load and all resulting fractions were analyzed by TCID50 and RT-qPCR. Data indicates the inactivation capability of on-column virus inactivation even at 10% of the nominal S/D concentration, although the mechanism of viral clearance needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Polasek
- R&D Pharmaceutical Science, Baxalta Innovations GmbH (part of Takeda), Industriestraße 131, 1220, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Flicker
- Global Pathogen Safety, Takeda Manufacturing Austria AG, Benatzkygasse 2-6, 1221, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christian Fiedler
- R&D Pharmaceutical Science, Baxalta Innovations GmbH (part of Takeda), Industriestraße 131, 1220, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria R Farcet
- Global Pathogen Safety, Takeda Manufacturing Austria AG, Benatzkygasse 2-6, 1221, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Purtscher
- R&D Pharmaceutical Science, Baxalta Innovations GmbH (part of Takeda), Industriestraße 131, 1220, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas R Kreil
- Global Pathogen Safety, Takeda Manufacturing Austria AG, Benatzkygasse 2-6, 1221, Vienna, Austria
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6
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Tonev DG, Momchilova AB. Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Certain Immune-Mediated Neurological Disorders: Focus on a Novel Nanomembrane-Based Technology. Biomedicines 2023; 11:328. [PMID: 36830870 PMCID: PMC9953422 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is an efficient extracorporeal blood purification technique to remove circulating autoantibodies and other pathogenic substances. Its mechanism of action in immune-mediated neurological disorders includes immediate intravascular reduction of autoantibody concentration, pulsed induction of antibody redistribution, and subsequent immunomodulatory changes. Conventional TPE with 1 to 1.5 total plasma volume (TPV) exchange is a well-established treatment in Guillain-Barre Syndrome, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy, Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder, Myasthenia Gravis and Multiple Sclerosis. There is insufficient evidence for the efficacy of so-called low volume plasma exchange (LVPE) (<1 TPV exchange) implemented either by the conventional or by a novel nanomembrane-based TPE in these neurological conditions, including their impact on conductivity and neuroregenerative recovery. In this narrative review, we focus on the role of nanomembrane-based technology as an alternative LVPE treatment option in these neurological conditions. Nanomembrane-based technology is a promising type of TPE, which seems to share the basic advantages of the conventional one, but probably with fewer adverse effects. It could play a valuable role in patient management by ameliorating neurological symptoms, improving disability, and reducing oxidative stress in a cost-effective way. Further research is needed to identify which patients benefit most from this novel TPE technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar G. Tonev
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical University of Sofia, University Hospital “Tzaritza Yoanna—ISUL”, 1527 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Albena B. Momchilova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Science, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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7
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Delila L, Nebie O, Le NTN, Barro L, Chou M, Wu Y, Watanabe N, Takahara M, Buée L, Blum D, Devos D, Burnouf T. Neuroprotective activity of a virus-safe nanofiltered human platelet lysate depleted of extracellular vesicles in Parkinson's disease and traumatic brain injury models. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10360. [PMID: 36684076 PMCID: PMC9842020 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain administration of human platelet lysates (HPL) is a potential emerging biotherapy of neurodegenerative and traumatic diseases of the central nervous system. HPLs being prepared from pooled platelet concentrates, thereby increasing viral risks, manufacturing processes should incorporate robust virus-reduction treatments. We evaluated a 19 ± 2-nm virus removal nanofiltration process using hydrophilic regenerated cellulose hollow fibers on the properties of a neuroprotective heat-treated HPL (HPPL). Spiking experiments demonstrated >5.30 log removal of 20-22-nm non-enveloped minute virus of mice-mock particles using an immuno-quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. The nanofiltered HPPL (NHPPL) contained a range of neurotrophic factors like HPPL. There was >2 log removal of extracellular vesicles (EVs), associated with decreased expression of pro-thrombogenic phosphatidylserine and procoagulant activity. LC-MS/MS proteomics showed that ca. 80% of HPPL proteins, including neurotrophins, cytokines, and antioxidants, were still found in NHPPL, whereas proteins associated with some infections and cancer-associated pathways, pro-coagulation and EVs, were removed. NHPPL maintained intact neuroprotective activity in Lund human mesencephalic dopaminergic neuron model of Parkinson's disease (PD), stimulated the differentiation of SH-SY5Y neuronal cells and showed preserved anti-inflammatory function upon intranasal administration in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Therefore, nanofiltration of HPL is feasible, lowers the viral, prothrombotic and procoagulant risks, and preserves the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties in neuronal pre-clinical models of PD and TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liling Delila
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical EngineeringTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Ouada Nebie
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical EngineeringTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU‐Lille, U1172, Lille Neuroscience & CognitionLilleFrance
- Alzheimer & TauopathiesLabex DISTALZLilleFrance
| | - Nhi Thao Ngoc Le
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical EngineeringTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Lassina Barro
- International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical EngineeringTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Present address:
National Center of Blood TransfusionOuagadougouBurkina Faso
| | - Ming‐Li Chou
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical EngineeringTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Present address:
Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Yu‐Wen Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical EngineeringTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | | | | | - Luc Buée
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU‐Lille, U1172, Lille Neuroscience & CognitionLilleFrance
- Alzheimer & TauopathiesLabex DISTALZLilleFrance
- NeuroTMULilleLille Neuroscience & CognitionLilleFrance
| | - David Blum
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU‐Lille, U1172, Lille Neuroscience & CognitionLilleFrance
- Alzheimer & TauopathiesLabex DISTALZLilleFrance
- NeuroTMULilleLille Neuroscience & CognitionLilleFrance
| | - David Devos
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU‐Lille, U1172, Lille Neuroscience & CognitionLilleFrance
- NeuroTMULilleLille Neuroscience & CognitionLilleFrance
| | - Thierry Burnouf
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical EngineeringTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical EngineeringTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- NeuroTMULilleTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- International PhD Program in Cell Therapy and Regeneration MedicineTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- PhD Program in Graduate Institute of Mind Brain and Consciousness, College of Humanities and Social SciencesTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Neuroscience Research CenterTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
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8
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Hyperoncotic human albumin solutions for intravenous fluid therapy: Effectiveness of pathogen safety and purification methods, and clinical safety. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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9
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Al-Hazmi HE, Shokrani H, Shokrani A, Jabbour K, Abida O, Mousavi Khadem SS, Habibzadeh S, Sonawane SH, Saeb MR, Bonilla-Petriciolet A, Badawi M. Recent advances in aqueous virus removal technologies. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 305:135441. [PMID: 35764113 PMCID: PMC9233172 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak has triggered a massive research, but still urgent detection and treatment of this virus seems a public concern. The spread of viruses in aqueous environments underlined efficient virus treatment processes as a hot challenge. This review critically and comprehensively enables identifying and classifying advanced biochemical, membrane-based and disinfection processes for effective treatment of virus-contaminated water and wastewater. Understanding the functions of individual and combined/multi-stage processes in terms of manufacturing and economical parameters makes this contribution a different story from available review papers. Moreover, this review discusses challenges of combining biochemical, membrane and disinfection processes for synergistic treatment of viruses in order to reduce the dissemination of waterborne diseases. Certainly, the combination technologies are proactive in minimizing and restraining the outbreaks of the virus. It emphasizes the importance of health authorities to confront the outbreaks of unknown viruses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein E Al-Hazmi
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hanieh Shokrani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Shokrani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran, Iran
| | - Karam Jabbour
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait
| | - Otman Abida
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait
| | | | - Sajjad Habibzadeh
- Surface Reaction and Advanced Energy Materials Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shirish H Sonawane
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, 506004, Telangana, India
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Michael Badawi
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques LPCT UMR CNRS, 7019, Nancy, France.
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Leisi R, Rostami I, Laughhunn A, Bieri J, Roth NJ, Widmer E, Ros C. Visualizing protein fouling and its impact on parvovirus retention within distinct filter membrane morphologies. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Ajayi OO, Johnson SA, Faison T, Azer N, Cullinan JL, Dement-Brown J, Lute SC. An updated analysis of viral clearance unit operations for biotechnology manufacturing. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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12
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Johnson SA, Chen S, Bolton G, Chen Q, Lute S, Fisher J, Brorson K. Virus filtration: A Review of Current and Future Practices in Bioprocessing. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 119:743-761. [PMID: 34936091 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
For drug products manufactured in mammalian cells, safety assurance practices are needed during production to assure that the final medicinal product is safe from the potential risk of viral contamination. Virus filters provide viral retention for a range of viruses through robust, largely size-based retention mechanism. Therefore, a virus filtration step is commonly utilized in a well-designed recombinant therapeutic protein purification process and is a key component in an overall strategy to minimize the risks of adventitious and endogenous viral particles during the manufacturing of biotechnology products. This review summarizes the history of virus filtration, currently available virus filters and prefilters, and virus filtration integrity test methods and study models. There is also discussion of current understanding and gaps with an eye toward future trends and emerging filtration technologies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Johnson
- Office of Biotechnology Products, CDER, FDA 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, Maryland, 20903
| | - Shuang Chen
- NGM Biopharmaceuticals Inc., 333 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Glen Bolton
- Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142
| | - Qi Chen
- Genentech Inc. One DNA Way,, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Scott Lute
- Office of Biotechnology Products, CDER, FDA 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, Maryland, 20903
| | - John Fisher
- Genentech Inc. One DNA Way,, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Kurt Brorson
- Parexel International., 275 Grove Street Suite 101C, Newton, MA, 02466
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13
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Ide S. Filter made of cuprammonium regenerated cellulose for virus removal: a mini-review. CELLULOSE (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 29:2779-2793. [PMID: 34840442 PMCID: PMC8609256 DOI: 10.1007/s10570-021-04319-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In 1989, Asahi Kasei commercialized a porous hollow fiber membrane filter (Planova™) made of cuprammonium regenerated cellulose, making it possible for the first time in the world to "remove viruses from protein solutions by membrane filtration". Planova has demonstrated its usefulness in separating proteins and viruses. Filters that remove viruses from protein solutions, i.e., virus removal filters (VFs), have become one of the critical modern technologies to assure viral safety of biological products. It has also become an indispensable technology for the future. The performance characteristics of VFs can be summarized in two points: 1) the virus removal performance increases as the virus diameter increases, and 2) the recovery rate of proteins with molecular weights greater than 10,000 exceeds the practical level. This paper outlines the emergence of VF and its essential roles in the purification process of biological products, requirements for VF, phase separation studies for cuprammonium cellulose solution, comparison between Planova and other regenerated cellulose flat membranes made from other cellulose solutions, and the development of Planova. The superior properties of Planova can be attributed to its highly interconnected three-dimensional network structure. Furthermore, future trends in the VF field, the subject of this review, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichi Ide
- Planova Production Department, Bioprocess Division, Asahi Kasei Medical Co. Ltd, Asahi-machi, Nobeoka, Miyazaki 882-0847 Japan
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15
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Delabranche X, Kientz D, Tacquard C, Bertrand F, Roche A, Tran Ba Loc P, Humbrecht C, Sirlin F, Pivot X, Collange O, Levy F, Oulehri W, Gachet C, Mertes P. Impact of COVID-19 and lockdown regarding blood transfusion. Transfusion 2021; 61:2327-2335. [PMID: 34255374 PMCID: PMC8447413 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outbreak of a SARS-CoV-2 resulted in a massive afflux of patients in hospital and intensive care units with many challenges. Blood transfusion was one of them regarding both blood banks (safety, collection, and stocks) and consumption (usual care and unknown specific demand of COVID-19 patients). The risk of mismatch was sufficient to plan blood transfusion restrictions if stocks became limited. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Analyses of blood transfusion in a tertiary hospital and blood collection in the referring blood bank between February 24 and May 31, 2020. RESULTS Withdrawal of elective surgery and non-urgent care and admission of 2291 COVID-19 patients reduced global activity by 33% but transfusion by 17% only. Only 237 (10.3) % of COVID-19 patients required blood transfusion, including 45 (2.0%) with acute bleeding. Lockdown and cancellation of mobile collection resulted in an 11% reduction in blood donation compared to 2019. The ratio of reduction in blood transfusion to blood donation remained positive and stocks were slightly enhanced. DISCUSSION Reduction of admissions due to SARS-CoV-2 pandemic results only in a moderate decrease of blood transfusion. Incompressible blood transfusions concern urgent surgery, acute bleeding (including some patients with COVID-19, especially under high anticoagulation), or are supportive for chemotherapy-induced aplasia or chronic anemia. Lockdown results in a decrease of blood donation by cancellation of mobile donation but with little impact on a short period by mobilization of usual donors. No mismatch between demand and donation was evidenced and no planned restriction to blood transfusion was necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Delabranche
- Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Nouvel Hôpital CivilStrasbourg University HospitalStrasbourgFrance
| | - Daniel Kientz
- Établissement Français du Sang Grand‐Est, site de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - Charles Tacquard
- Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Nouvel Hôpital CivilStrasbourg University HospitalStrasbourgFrance
- Établissement Français du Sang Grand‐Est, site de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | | | - Anne‐Claude Roche
- Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Nouvel Hôpital CivilStrasbourg University HospitalStrasbourgFrance
| | - Pierre Tran Ba Loc
- Department for Medical InformationStrasbourg University HospitalStrasbourgFrance
| | - Catherine Humbrecht
- Établissement Français du Sang Grand‐Est, site de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | | | | | - Olivier Collange
- Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Nouvel Hôpital CivilStrasbourg University HospitalStrasbourgFrance
| | - François Levy
- Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Nouvel Hôpital CivilStrasbourg University HospitalStrasbourgFrance
- Transfusion MedicineStrasbourg University HospitalStrasbourgFrance
| | - Walid Oulehri
- Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Nouvel Hôpital CivilStrasbourg University HospitalStrasbourgFrance
| | - Christian Gachet
- Établissement Français du Sang Grand‐Est, site de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - Paul‐Michel Mertes
- Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Nouvel Hôpital CivilStrasbourg University HospitalStrasbourgFrance
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16
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Ideno S, Inoue T, Takahashi K, Urayama T, Maeno H, Takeuchi K, Sakai K. Phenotypic characterization of cell culture-derived hepatitis E virus subjected to different chemical treatments: Application in virus removal via nanofiltration. J Virol Methods 2021; 296:114244. [PMID: 34302862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Safety evaluation for the hepatitis E virus (HEV) is required for plasma fractionation products. Plasma-derived HEV (pHEV) is quite unique in that it is associated with a lipid membrane, which, when stripped during manufacturing processes, induces morphological changes in the virus, making it difficult to select proper HEV phenotypes for clearance studies. We developed a convenient system for the preparation of a high titer cell culture-derived HEV (cHEV). In this system, PLC/PRF/5 cells transfected with the wild-type HEV genome generated lipid membrane-associated cHEV for a long period even after cryopreservation. We also examined how this lipid membrane-associated cHEV can be used to verify the robustness of pHEV removal via 19-nm nanofiltration. Sodium-deoxycholate and trypsin (NaDOC/T) treatment not only dissolved lipid but also digested membrane-associated proteins from pHEV and cHEV, making the resulting cHEV particle smaller in size than any pHEV phenotypes generated by ethanol or solvent-detergent treatment in this study. In both 19-nm and 35-nm nanofiltration, cHEV behaved identically to pHEV. These results indicate that cHEV is a useful resource for viral clearance studies in term of availability, and the use of NaDOC/T-treated cHEV ensured robust pHEV removal capacity via 19-nm nanofiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Ideno
- Central Research Laboratory, Research & Development Division, Japan Blood Products Organization, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Takamasa Inoue
- Central Research Laboratory, Research & Development Division, Japan Blood Products Organization, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kadue Takahashi
- Central Research Laboratory, Research & Development Division, Japan Blood Products Organization, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takeru Urayama
- Central Research Laboratory, Research & Development Division, Japan Blood Products Organization, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hideki Maeno
- Central Research Laboratory, Research & Development Division, Japan Blood Products Organization, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kaoru Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kaoru Sakai
- Central Research Laboratory, Research & Development Division, Japan Blood Products Organization, Kobe, Japan
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17
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Barro L, Delila L, Nebie O, Wu YW, Knutson F, Watanabe N, Takahara M, Burnouf T. Removal of minute virus of mice-mock virus particles by nanofiltration of culture growth medium supplemented with 10% human platelet lysate. Cytotherapy 2021; 23:902-907. [PMID: 34238658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Platelet concentrates (PCs) are pooled to prepare human platelet lysate (HPL) supplements of growth media to expand primary human cells for transplantation; this increases the risk of contamination by known, emerging, and unknown viruses. This possibility should be of concern because viral contamination of cell cultures is difficult to detect and may have detrimental consequences for recipients of cell therapies. Viral reduction treatments of chemically defined growth media have been proposed, but they are not applicable when media contain protein supplements currently needed to expand primary cell cultures. Recently, we successfully developed a Planova 35NPlanova 20N nanofiltration sequence of growth media supplemented with two types of HPL. The nanofiltered medium was found to be suitable for mesenchymal Stromal cell (MSC) expansion. METHODS Herein, we report viral clearance achieved by this nanofiltration process used for assessing a new experimental model using non-infectious minute virus of mice-mock virus particle (MVM-MVP) and its quantification by an immunoqPCR. Then, high doses of MVM-MVP (1012 MVPs/mL) were spiked to obtain a final concentration of 1010 MVPs/mL in Planova 35N-nanofiltered growth medium supplemented with both types of HPLs [serum converted platelet lysate SCPL) and intercept human platelet lysate (I-HPL)] at 10% (v/v) and then filtering through Planova 20N. RESULTS No substantial interference of growth medium matrices by the immune-qPCR assay was first verified. Log reduction values (LRVs) were ≥ 5.43 and ≥ 5.36 respectively, SCPL and I-HPL media. MVM-MVPs were also undetectable by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. CONCLUSIONS The nanofiltration of growth media supplemented with 10% HPL provides robust removal of small nonenveloped viruses, and is an option to improve the safety of therapeutic cells expanded using HPL supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lassina Barro
- International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liling Delila
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ouada Nebie
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Folke Knutson
- Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine IGP, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Thierry Burnouf
- International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; International Program in Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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18
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Ayano M, Sawamura Y, Hongo-Hirasaki T, Nishizaka T. Direct visualization of virus removal process in hollow fiber membrane using an optical microscope. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1095. [PMID: 33441582 PMCID: PMC7806983 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78637-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus removal filters developed for the decontamination of small viruses from biotherapeutic products are widely used in basic research and critical step for drug production due to their long-established quality and robust performance. A variety of imaging techniques have been employed to elucidate the mechanism(s) by which viruses are effectively captured by filter membranes, but they are limited to ‘static’ imaging. Here, we propose a novel method for detailed monitoring of ‘dynamic process’ of virus capture; specifically, direct examination of biomolecules during filtration under an ultra-stable optical microscope. Samples were fluorescently labeled and infused into a single hollow fiber membrane comprising cuprammonium regenerated-cellulose (Planova 20N). While proteins were able to pass through the membrane, virus-like particles (VLP) accumulated stably in a defined region of the membrane. After injecting the small amount of sample into the fiber membrane, the real-time process of trapping VLP in the membrane was quantified beyond the diffraction limit. The method presented here serves as a preliminary basis for determining optimum filtration conditions, and provides new insights into the structure of novel fiber membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miku Ayano
- Department of Physics, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8588, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sawamura
- Global Marketing Department, Bioprocess Division, Asahi Kasei Medical Co., Ltd., Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8101, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Hongo-Hirasaki
- Global Marketing Department, Bioprocess Division, Asahi Kasei Medical Co., Ltd., Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8101, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nishizaka
- Department of Physics, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8588, Japan.
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19
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Barro L, Burnouf PA, Chou ML, Nebie O, Wu YW, Chen MS, Radosevic M, Knutson F, Burnouf T. Human platelet lysates for human cell propagation. Platelets 2020; 32:152-162. [PMID: 33251940 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2020.1849602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A pathogen-free and standardized xeno-free supplement of growth media is required for the ex vivo propagation of human cells used as advanced therapeutic medicinal products and for clinical translation in regenerative medicine and cell therapies. Human platelet lysate (HPL) made from therapeutic-grade platelet concentrate (PC) is increasingly regarded as being an efficient xeno-free alternative growth medium supplement to fetal bovine serum (FBS) for clinical-grade isolation and/or propagation of human cells. Most experimental studies establishing the superiority of HPL over FBS were conducted using mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from bone marrow or adipose tissues. Data almost unanimously concur that MSCs expanded in a media supplemented with HPL have improved proliferation, shorter doubling times, and preserved clonogenicity, immunophenotype, in vitro trilineage differentiation capacity, and T-cell immunosuppressive activity. HPL can also be substituted for FBS when propagating MSCs from various other tissue sources, including Wharton jelly, the umbilical cord, amniotic fluid, dental pulp, periodontal ligaments, and apical papillae. Interestingly, HPL xeno-free supplementation is also proving successful for expanding human-differentiated cells, including chondrocytes, corneal endothelium and corneal epithelium cells, and tenocytes, for transplantation and tissue-engineering applications. In addition, the most recent developments suggest the possibility of successfully expanding immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and chimeric antigen receptor-T cells in HPL, further broadening its use as a growth medium supplement. Therefore, strong scientific rationale supports the use of HPL as a universal growth medium supplement for isolating and propagating therapeutic human cells for transplantation and tissue engineering. Efforts are underway to ensure optimal standardization and pathogen safety of HPL to secure its reliability for clinical-grade cell-therapy and regenerative medicine products and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lassina Barro
- International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering,Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pierre-Alain Burnouf
- Technological Intelligence Department, Human Protein Process Sciences, Lille, France
| | - Ming-Li Chou
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,INSERM UMRS 938, CdR Saint-Antoine, Laboratory Immune System, Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Ouada Nebie
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Sheng Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Miryana Radosevic
- Technological Intelligence Department, Human Protein Process Sciences, Lille, France
| | - Folke Knutson
- Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine IGP, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thierry Burnouf
- International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering,Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,International PhD Program in Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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20
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Johnson J, Wu YW, Blyth C, Lichtfuss G, Goubran H, Burnouf T. Prospective Therapeutic Applications of Platelet Extracellular Vesicles. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 39:598-612. [PMID: 33160678 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is much interest in the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a subcellular therapy for regenerative medicine and drug delivery. Blood-borne platelets represent a source of therapeutic EVs that is so far largely unexplored. Advantages of platelets as a cellular source of EVs include their established clinical value, regulated collection procedures, availability in a concentrated form, propensity to generate EVs, and unique composition and tissue-targeting capacity. This review analyzes the unique potential of platelet-derived (p-) EVs as therapeutic modalities and presents their inherent translational advantages for hemostasis, for regenerative medicine, and as drug-delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jancy Johnson
- Exopharm Ltd, Level 17, 31 Queen Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Yu-Wen Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chantelle Blyth
- Exopharm Ltd, Level 17, 31 Queen Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Gregor Lichtfuss
- Exopharm Ltd, Level 17, 31 Queen Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Hadi Goubran
- Saskatoon Cancer Centre and College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Thierry Burnouf
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; International PhD Program in Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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21
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Roth NJ, Dichtelmüller HO, Fabbrizzi F, Flechsig E, Gröner A, Gustafson M, Jorquera JI, Kreil TR, Misztela D, Moretti E, Moscardini M, Poelsler G, More J, Roberts P, Wieser A, Gajardo R. Nanofiltration as a robust method contributing to viral safety of plasma-derived therapeutics: 20 years' experience of the plasma protein manufacturers. Transfusion 2020; 60:2661-2674. [PMID: 32815181 PMCID: PMC7754444 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanofiltration entails the filtering of protein solutions through membranes with pores of nanometric sizes that have the capability to effectively retain a wide range of viruses. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Data were collected from 754 virus validation studies (individual data points) by Plasma Protein Therapeutics Association member companies and analyzed for the capacity of a range of nanofilters to remove viruses with different physicochemical properties and sizes. Different plasma product intermediates were spiked with viruses and filtered through nanofilters with different pore sizes using either tangential or dead-end mode under constant pressure or constant flow. Filtration was performed according to validated scaled-down laboratory conditions reflecting manufacturing processes. Effectiveness of viral removal was assessed using cell culture infectivity assays or polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS The nanofiltration process demonstrated a high efficacy and robustness for virus removal. The main factors affecting nanofiltration efficacy are nanofilter pore size and virus size. The capacity of nanofilters to remove smaller, nonenveloped viruses was dependent on filter pore size and whether the nanofiltration process was integrated and designed with the intention to provide effective parvovirus retention. Volume filtered, operating pressure, and total protein concentration did not have a significant impact on the effectiveness of virus removal capacity within the investigated ranges. CONCLUSIONS The largest and most diverse nanofiltration data collection to date substantiates the effectiveness and robustness of nanofiltration in virus removal under manufacturing conditions of different plasma-derived proteins. Nanofiltration can enhance product safety by providing very high removal capacity of viruses including small non-enveloped viruses.
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