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Aupperle-Lellbach H, Kehl A, de Brot S, van der Weyden L. Clinical Use of Molecular Biomarkers in Canine and Feline Oncology: Current and Future. Vet Sci 2024; 11:199. [PMID: 38787171 PMCID: PMC11126050 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11050199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular biomarkers are central to personalised medicine for human cancer patients. It is gaining traction as part of standard veterinary clinical practice for dogs and cats with cancer. Molecular biomarkers can be somatic or germline genomic alterations and can be ascertained from tissues or body fluids using various techniques. This review discusses how these genomic alterations can be determined and the findings used in clinical settings as diagnostic, prognostic, predictive, and screening biomarkers. We showcase the somatic and germline genomic alterations currently available to date for testing dogs and cats in a clinical setting, discussing their utility in each biomarker class. We also look at some emerging molecular biomarkers that are promising for clinical use. Finally, we discuss the hurdles that need to be overcome in going 'bench to bedside', i.e., the translation from discovery of genomic alterations to adoption by veterinary clinicians. As we understand more of the genomics underlying canine and feline tumours, molecular biomarkers will undoubtedly become a mainstay in delivering precision veterinary care to dogs and cats with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Aupperle-Lellbach
- Laboklin GmbH&Co.KG, Steubenstr. 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany; (H.A.-L.); (A.K.)
- School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Trogerstr. 18, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kehl
- Laboklin GmbH&Co.KG, Steubenstr. 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany; (H.A.-L.); (A.K.)
- School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Trogerstr. 18, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Simone de Brot
- Institute of Animal Pathology, COMPATH, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
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Zhu Z, Kitano T, Morimatsu M, Ochiai K, Ishiguro-Oonuma T, Oosumi K, Lin X, Orino K, Yoshikawa Y. A Highly Conserved Region in BRCA2 Suppresses the RAD51-Interaction Activity of BRC Repeats. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020145. [PMID: 36851449 PMCID: PMC9959916 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammary tumors are the most prevalent type of tumors in female dogs. Breast cancer 2, early onset (BRCA2) malignant mutations are associated with tumorigenesis in humans and dogs. BRCA2 plays a pivotal role in homologous recombination repair by recruiting RAD51 recombinase to DNA damage sites to maintain genome stability. To recruit RAD51, BRCA2 must interact with RAD51 via BRC repeats, but the regulation of this interaction has been unclear. In this study, we focused on a highly conserved region (HCR) near BRC repeats. Using co-immunoprecipitation and mammalian two-hybrid assay, we found that HCR suppressed the RAD51-interaction activity of BRC repeats and that substitutions of HCR phosphorylation sites affected it. In canine tumor samples, we found ten mutations, including a novel HCR mutation (I1110M) from canine tumor samples. The effect of four HCR mutations, including I1110M, on the RAD51-interaction activity of BRC repeats was tested. One of the HCR mutations found in canine mammary tumors increased the interaction, but the two mutations found in human breast cancers decreased it. This study suggested that the HCR regulated the RAD51-interacting activity of BRC repeats through HCR phosphorylation and that mutations in HCR may be related to tumorigenesis in both dogs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zida Zhu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628, Japan
| | - Taisuke Kitano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628, Japan
| | - Masami Morimatsu
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ochiai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Toshina Ishiguro-Oonuma
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
| | - Kosuke Oosumi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628, Japan
| | - Xianghui Lin
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628, Japan
| | - Koichi Orino
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628, Japan
| | - Yasunaga Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628, Japan
- Correspondence:
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Kaszak I, Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Domrazek K, Jurka P. The Novel Diagnostic Techniques and Biomarkers of Canine Mammary Tumors. Vet Sci 2022; 9:526. [PMID: 36288138 PMCID: PMC9610006 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) are considered a serious clinical problem in older bitches. Due to the high malignancy rate and poor prognosis, an early diagnosis is essential. This article is a summary of novel diagnostic techniques as well as the main biomarkers of CMTs. So far, CMTs are detected only when changes in mammary glands are clinically visible and surgical removal of the mass is the only recommended treatment. Proper diagnostics of CMT is especially important as they represent a very diverse group of tumors and therefore different treatment approaches may be required. Recently, new diagnostic options appeared, like a new cytological grading system of CMTs or B-mode ultrasound, the Doppler technique, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, and real-time elastography, which may be useful in pre-surgical evaluation. However, in order to detect malignancies before macroscopic changes are visible, evaluation of serum and tissue biomarkers should be considered. Among them, we distinguish markers of the cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis, metastatic potential and prognosis, hormone receptors, inflammatory and more recent: metabolomic, gene expression, miRNA, and transcriptome sequencing markers. The use of a couple of the above-mentioned markers together seems to be the most useful for the early diagnosis of neoplastic diseases as well as to evaluate response to treatment, presence of tumor progression, or further prognosis. Molecular aspects of tumors seem to be crucial for proper understanding of tumorigenesis and the application of individual treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Kaszak
- Laboratory of Small Animal Reproduction, Department of Small Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga Witkowska-Piłaszewicz
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kinga Domrazek
- Laboratory of Small Animal Reproduction, Department of Small Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Jurka
- Laboratory of Small Animal Reproduction, Department of Small Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
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Di Giacomo D, Di Domenico M, Defourny SVP, Malatesta D, Di Teodoro G, Martino M, Viola A, D’Alterio N, Cammà C, Modesto P, Petrini A. Validation of AmpliSeq NGS Panel for BRCA1 and BRCA2 Variant Detection in Canine Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Mammary Tumors. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12060851. [PMID: 35743882 PMCID: PMC9225004 DOI: 10.3390/life12060851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary carcinomas are the most common neoplasms observed in women and in female dogs. Canine mammary tumors show epidemiological, clinical, genetic, and prognostic characteristics comparable to human breast cancers. The recent introduction of next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies has greatly improved research and diagnostics for humans, while these new tools still need to be implemented in animal models. In this study we developed and validated an AmpliSeq Panel assay for the identification of BRCA variants in twenty-two different dogs. The amplicon mean coverage was 5499× and uniformity was higher than 98% in all samples. The results of germline single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and insertions/deletions (INDELs) were fully concordant regardless of the types of samples considered (blood, fresh and FFPE tissues). Moreover, despite the high DNA degradation observed in older FFPE blocks (>5 years), the assay allowed full coverage of all amplicons for downstream analyses. We consider the NGS panel developed in this study as a useful tool for expanding information on BRCA genes in the veterinary field and for human health from a comparative oncology perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Di Giacomo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.D.D.); (S.V.P.D.); (D.M.); (G.D.T.); (M.M.); (N.D.); (C.C.); (A.P.)
- National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens: Database and Bioinformatic Analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Marco Di Domenico
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.D.D.); (S.V.P.D.); (D.M.); (G.D.T.); (M.M.); (N.D.); (C.C.); (A.P.)
- National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens: Database and Bioinformatic Analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Sabrina Vanessa Patrizia Defourny
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.D.D.); (S.V.P.D.); (D.M.); (G.D.T.); (M.M.); (N.D.); (C.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Daniela Malatesta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.D.D.); (S.V.P.D.); (D.M.); (G.D.T.); (M.M.); (N.D.); (C.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Giovanni Di Teodoro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.D.D.); (S.V.P.D.); (D.M.); (G.D.T.); (M.M.); (N.D.); (C.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Michele Martino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.D.D.); (S.V.P.D.); (D.M.); (G.D.T.); (M.M.); (N.D.); (C.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Antonello Viola
- Veterinary Practitioner, Centro Veterinario Nova Julia, Via Galileo Galilei 177, 64021 Giulianova, Italy;
| | - Nicola D’Alterio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.D.D.); (S.V.P.D.); (D.M.); (G.D.T.); (M.M.); (N.D.); (C.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Cesare Cammà
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.D.D.); (S.V.P.D.); (D.M.); (G.D.T.); (M.M.); (N.D.); (C.C.); (A.P.)
- National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens: Database and Bioinformatic Analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Paola Modesto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy;
| | - Antonio Petrini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.D.D.); (S.V.P.D.); (D.M.); (G.D.T.); (M.M.); (N.D.); (C.C.); (A.P.)
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Colombo J, Moschetta-Pinheiro MG, Novais AA, Stoppe BR, Bonini ED, Gonçalves FM, Fukumasu H, Coutinho LL, Chuffa LGDA, Zuccari DAPDC. Liquid Biopsy as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Tool for Women and Female Dogs with Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5233. [PMID: 34680380 PMCID: PMC8533706 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast cancer (BC) is the malignant neoplasm with the highest mortality rate in women and female dogs are good models to study BC. OBJECTIVE We investigated the efficacy of liquid biopsy to detect gene mutations in the diagnosis and follow-up of women and female dogs with BC. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, 57 and 37 BC samples were collected from women and female dogs, respectively. After core biopsy and plasma samples were collected, the DNA and ctDNA of the tumor fragments and plasma were processed for next generation sequencing (NGS) assay. After preprocessing of the data, they were submitted to the Genome Analysis ToolKit (GATK). RESULTS In women, 1788 variants were identified in tumor fragments and 221 variants in plasma; 66 variants were simultaneously detected in tumors and plasma. Conversely, in female dogs, 1430 variants were found in plasma and 695 variants in tumor fragments; 59 variants were simultaneously identified in tumors and plasma. The most frequently mutated genes in the tumor fragments of women were USH2A, ATM, and IGF2R; in female dogs, they were USH2A, BRCA2, and RRM2. Plasma of women showed the most frequent genetic variations in the MAP3K1, BRCA1, and GRB7 genes, whereas plasma from female dogs had variations in the NF1, ERBB2, and KRT17 genes. Mutations in the AKT1, PIK3CA, and BRIP genes were associated with tumor recurrence, with a highly pathogenic variant in PIK3CA being particularly prominent. We also detected a gain-of-function mutation in the GRB7, MAP3K1, and MLH1 genes. CONCLUSION Liquid biopsy is useful to identify specific genetic variations at the beginning of BC manifestation and may be accompanied over the entire follow-up period, thereby supporting the clinicians in refining interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jucimara Colombo
- Laboratory of Molecular Investigation in Cancer (LIMC), Department of Molecular Biology, Faculdade de Medicina de São José, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil; (J.C.); (M.G.M.-P.); (A.A.N.); (B.R.S.); (E.D.B.); (F.M.G.)
| | - Marina Gobbe Moschetta-Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Investigation in Cancer (LIMC), Department of Molecular Biology, Faculdade de Medicina de São José, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil; (J.C.); (M.G.M.-P.); (A.A.N.); (B.R.S.); (E.D.B.); (F.M.G.)
| | - Adriana Alonso Novais
- Laboratory of Molecular Investigation in Cancer (LIMC), Department of Molecular Biology, Faculdade de Medicina de São José, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil; (J.C.); (M.G.M.-P.); (A.A.N.); (B.R.S.); (E.D.B.); (F.M.G.)
| | - Bruna Ribeiro Stoppe
- Laboratory of Molecular Investigation in Cancer (LIMC), Department of Molecular Biology, Faculdade de Medicina de São José, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil; (J.C.); (M.G.M.-P.); (A.A.N.); (B.R.S.); (E.D.B.); (F.M.G.)
| | - Enrico Dumbra Bonini
- Laboratory of Molecular Investigation in Cancer (LIMC), Department of Molecular Biology, Faculdade de Medicina de São José, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil; (J.C.); (M.G.M.-P.); (A.A.N.); (B.R.S.); (E.D.B.); (F.M.G.)
| | - Francine Moraes Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Molecular Investigation in Cancer (LIMC), Department of Molecular Biology, Faculdade de Medicina de São José, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil; (J.C.); (M.G.M.-P.); (A.A.N.); (B.R.S.); (E.D.B.); (F.M.G.)
| | - Heidge Fukumasu
- Laboratory of Comparative and Translational Oncology (LOCT), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil;
| | - Luiz Lehmann Coutinho
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil;
| | - Luiz Gustavo de Almeida Chuffa
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil;
| | - Debora Aparecida Pires de Campos Zuccari
- Laboratory of Molecular Investigation in Cancer (LIMC), Department of Molecular Biology, Faculdade de Medicina de São José, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil; (J.C.); (M.G.M.-P.); (A.A.N.); (B.R.S.); (E.D.B.); (F.M.G.)
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6
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de Oliveira JR, Colombo J, Gonçalves FM, de Carvalho LAL, Costa DS, Henrique T, Novais AA, Moscheta-Pinheiro MG, de Almeida Chuffa LG, Coutinho LL, Santana ÁE, de Campos Zuccari DAP. Liquid Biopsy Can Detect Brca2 Gene Variants In Female Dogs With Mammary Neoplasia. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 20:164-171. [PMID: 34328705 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mammary tumors (MT) is one of the most prevalent malignancies in female dogs and women. Currently, molecular analyzes have shown that each tumor type presents its own genetic signature. In this context, liquid biopsy allows a comprehensive genetic characterization of the tumor, enabling early diagnosis and personalized treatment of patients. In women, deleterious mutations inherited in BRCA2 gene are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, resistance to therapies, and worse prognosis. In female dogs, there are many divergent data on the involvement of BRCA2 gene with mammary carcinogenesis and what its pathogenic potential is. Therefore, the objective was to identify BRCA2 gene variants in 20 plasma DNA samples, from 10 newly diagnosed dogs with mammary cancer (RD), five control (CTR), and five mastectomized (MAST) patients. Eleven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected, most of them in the exon 11, and two indels (deletion / insertion) in the BRCA2 gene. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the SNPs/indels detected between the groups. In addition, only one SNP (p.T1425P) and one deletion (p.L2307del) were considered deleterious using in silico computational models. Interestingly, most common variants were present in the plasma of all groups, except for the Ile2614Thr, Ile2614Val, Thr1425Pro, and p.L2307del variants. Thus, we observed that SNPs are common in the BRCA2 gene of female dogs with mammary tumors, with a similar condition identified in women with breast cancer. Liquid biopsy approach in dogs with MT is useful for genetic and therapeutic proposals. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jucimara Colombo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cancer Molecular Research Laboratory (LIMC), FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Francine Moraes Gonçalves
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cancer Molecular Research Laboratory (LIMC), FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Lucas Amoroso Lopes de Carvalho
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Douglas Santos Costa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cancer Molecular Research Laboratory (LIMC), FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Tiago Henrique
- Department of Molecular Biology, Molecular Markers and Bioinformatics Laboratory, FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Alonso Novais
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cancer Molecular Research Laboratory (LIMC), FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Gustavo de Almeida Chuffa
- Department of Anatomy-IBB/UNESP, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Lehmann Coutinho
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Áureo Evangelista Santana
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Debora Aparecida Pires de Campos Zuccari
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cancer Molecular Research Laboratory (LIMC), FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil.,Department of Molecular Biology - FAMERP and Collaborator Professor in Program of Post-Graduate in Genetics - UNESP/IBILCE, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Mestrinho LA, Santos RR. Translational oncotargets for immunotherapy: From pet dogs to humans. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 172:296-313. [PMID: 33705879 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies in rodent models have been a pivotal role in human clinical research, but many of them fail in the translational process. Spontaneous tumors in pet dogs have the potential to bridge the gap between preclinical models and human clinical trials. Their natural occurrence in an immunocompetent system overcome the limitations of preclinical rodent models. Due to its reasonable cellular, molecular, and genetic homology to humans, the pet dog represents a valuable model to accelerate the translation of preclinical studies to clinical trials in humans, actually with benefits for both species. Moreover, their unique genetic features of breeding and breed-related mutations have contributed to assess and optimize therapeutics in individuals with different genetic backgrounds. This review aims to outline four main immunotherapy approaches - cancer vaccines, adaptive T-cell transfer, antibodies, and cytokines -, under research in veterinary medicine and how they can serve the clinical application crosstalk with humans.
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Yoshikawa Y, Morimatsu M, Ochiai K, Ishiguro-Oonuma T, Morioka R, Okuda K, Orino K. Identification of the core motif of the BRCA2 C-terminal RAD51-binding domain by comparing canine and human BRCA2. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:759-766. [PMID: 33731496 PMCID: PMC8182314 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammary tumors are the most common tumors in women and non-spayed female dogs. One of the reasons for mammary tumors is mutations of the tumor suppressor gene, BRCA2. BRCA2 participates in homologous recombination repair by interacting with the RAD51 recombinase. BRCA2 has two RAD51-binding domains, consisting of BRC repeats and the C-terminal RAD51-binding domain, respectively. Although several studies have addressed the function of the C-terminal RAD51-binding domain of human BRCA2, the amino acid sequences required for the RAD51-interaction activity remain unclear. In this study, the C-terminal RAD51-binding domains of canine and human BRCA2 were compared; the canine domain displayed a weaker interaction with RAD51. This difference was attributed to the C-terminal portion of the domain via a comparison between canine and human domains. Furthermore, peptides shorter than those previously reported displayed RAD51-interacting activity, and a core motif of this domain consisting of 25 amino acids was identified. Since a mutation (S3323N) was reported in the core motif of this domain, the effect of this mutation was evaluated. The mutant exhibited similar RAD51-binding activity as that of the wild-type protein, suggesting that the mutation was functionally neutral. These data suggested that the C-terminal portion of the BRCA2 C-terminal RAD51-binding domain influenced its RAD51-interaction activity, and a minimum core motif of 25 amino acids was identified in this domain. These data may help clarify BRCA2 function, as well as the tumorigenic effects of BRCA2 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunaga Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Masami Morimatsu
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ochiai
- Department of Basic Science, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Toshina Ishiguro-Oonuma
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Ryo Morioka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Kento Okuda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Koichi Orino
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
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Thumser-Henner P, Nytko KJ, Rohrer Bley C. Mutations of BRCA2 in canine mammary tumors and their targeting potential in clinical therapy. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:30. [PMID: 32005245 PMCID: PMC6995156 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-2247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs develop cancer spontaneously with age, with breed-specific risk underlying differences in genetics. Mammary tumors are reported as the most frequent neoplasia in intact female dogs. Their high prevalence in certain breeds suggests a genetic component, as it is the case in human familial breast cancer, distinctly in BRCA2-associated cancers. However, the molecular genetics of BRCA2 in the pathogenesis of canine cancer are still under investigation.Genetic variations of canine BRCA2 comprised single nucleotide polymorphisms, insertions and deletions. The BRCA2 level has been shown to be reduced in tumor gland samples, suggesting that low expression of BRCA2 is contributing to mammary tumor development in dogs. Additionally, specific variations of the BRCA2 gene affect RAD51 binding strength, critically damage the BRCA2-RAD51 binding and further provoke a defective repair. In humans, preclinical and clinical data revealed a synthetic lethality interaction between BRCA2 mutations and PARP inhibition. PARP inhibitors are successfully used to increase chemo- and radiotherapy sensitivity, although they are also associated with numerous side effects and acquired resistance. Cancer treatment of canine patients could benefit from increased chemo- and radiosensitivity, as their cancer therapy protocols usually include only low doses of drugs or radiation. Early investigations show tolerability of iniparib in dogs. PARP inhibitors also imply higher therapy costs and consequently are less likely to be accepted by pet owners.We summarized the current evidence of canine BRCA2 gene alterations and their association with mammary tumors. Mutations in the canine BRCA2 gene have the potential to be exploited in clinical therapy through the usage of PARP inhibitors. However, further investigations are needed before introducing PARP inhibitors in veterinary clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Thumser-Henner
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Katarzyna J Nytko
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carla Rohrer Bley
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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