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Taketa TT, Rosenkrantz WS, Griffin CE, Bidot WA. In vitro efficacy of a topical antimicrobial mousse and shampoo at proximal and distal hair locations against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus schleiferi. Vet Dermatol 2024; 35:156-165. [PMID: 37749747 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topical therapy is essential in assisting with the resolution of pyoderma. OBJECTIVES (i) Evaluate the in vitro efficacy and residual activity of two different hair segments treated with shampoo and mousse against meticillin-sensitive and meticillin-resistant staphylococci; (ii) compare proximal and distal hair portions treated with the products and (iii) describe a new disc diffusion method for assessing residual efficacy. ANIMALS Eleven privately owned, medium-haired dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this randomised, blinded and negatively controlled study, dogs were treated once with a 3% chlorhexidine digluconate-0.5% ophytrium shampoo on the lateral thorax, and the corresponding mousse on the opposite side. Hairs were plucked before treatment, two hours post-treatment, and day (D)2, D4, D7, D10 and D14. Hairs were weighed (0.01 g) and cut (1.0 cm) from the proximal portion, moistened with saline and placed on a sterile diffusion disc to absorb the solution. Proximal and distal hair bundles and diffusion discs were placed onto agar inoculated with an isolate of meticillin-sensitive or meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius or Staphylococcus schleiferi. Inhibition zones were measured following incubation. RESULTS Distal hairs had larger (p < 0.001) inhibition zones compared to proximal hairs. Mousse had significant differences (p < 0.05) between time points and locations for both the hair bundles and discs, while shampoo only had a significant difference (p < 0.001) between time points for the hairs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Mousse was effective, and shampoo was only minimally effective in inhibiting bacterial growth in vitro, with the greatest effect occurring at the two hours time point. The distal hair shafts had greater inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tia T Taketa
- Animal Dermatology Clinic, Tustin, California, USA
| | | | | | - Willie A Bidot
- Office of Animal Resources, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
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Wu CY, Parsiola R, Mitchell M, Mitchell M, Ramos S, Ravera I, Pucheu-Haston C. Evaluation of residual antibacterial effects on canine skin surface and hair following treatment with five commercial mousse products against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Vet Dermatol 2023; 34:495-504. [PMID: 37434336 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibacterial effect studies of commercial antiseptics typically have evaluated hair and not the skin. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the antibacterial effects of mousse products on both canine skin and hair. ANIMALS Fifteen short-haired and eight long-haired dogs without skin disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five mousses were applied once: (1) 2% chlorhexidine and 2% miconazole; (2) 0.05% phytosphingosine; (3) 2% salicylic acid and 10% ethyl lactate; (4) 3% chlorhexidine and 0.5% climbazole; and (5) 2% chlorhexidine and 1% ketoconazole. Skin swabs and hair were collected from application sites before treatment, and at 1 h and at Day (D)2, D4, D8, D10 and D14 post-treatment. Skin swabs and hair were placed on Mueller-Hinton plates inoculated with Staphylococcus pseudintermedius inoculum suspension. Inhibition zones were measured after incubation. RESULTS Inhibition was not noted with mousses 2 and 3. In mousse 5, inhibition zone sizes produced by swabs from long- and short-haired dogs were not significantly different (p = 0.105), and all swabs and hair produced inhibition until D14, regardless of hair length. By contrast, in mousse 1, inhibition zones produced by swabs from long-haired dogs were smaller than those from short-haired dogs (p < 0.001), and swabs from long-haired dogs produced a shorter duration of bacterial inhibition than hair. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The antibacterial effects of mousse 5 were not affected by hair length. Hair may be acceptable for evaluating effects on the skin in short-haired dogs. However, long hair may interfere with product distribution and duration of bacterial inhibition. Therefore, the evaluation of hair alone may overestimate clinically relevant antibacterial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yen Wu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Mark Mitchell
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Maria Mitchell
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sara Ramos
- Capital Area Veterinary Specialists, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ivan Ravera
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Cherie Pucheu-Haston
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Szewczuk MA, Zych S, Oster N, Karakulska J. Activity of Patchouli and Tea Tree Essential Oils against Staphylococci Isolated from Pyoderma in Dogs and Their Synergistic Potential with Gentamicin and Enrofloxacin. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081279. [PMID: 37106842 PMCID: PMC10134980 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we show the effect of some essential oils (EOs) on staphylococci, including multidrug-resistant strains isolated from pyoderma in dogs. A total of 13 Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and 8 Staphylococcus aureus strains were studied. To assess the sensitivity of each strain to the antimicrobial agents, two commercial EOs from patchouli (Pogostemon cablin; PcEO) and tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia; MaEO) as well as two antibiotics (gentamicin and enrofloxacin) were used. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) followed by checkerboards in the combination of EO-antibiotic were performed. Finally, fractional inhibitory concentrations were calculated to determine possible interactions between these antimicrobial agents. PcEO MIC ranged from 0.125 to 0.5 % v/v (1.2-4.8 mg/mL), whereas MaEO MIC was tenfold higher (0.625-5% v/v or 5.6-44.8 mg/mL). Gentamicin appeared to be highly prone to interacting with EOs. Dual synergy (38.1% of cases) and PcEO additive/MaEO synergism (53.4%) were predominantly observed. On the contrary, usually, no interactions between enrofloxacin and EOs were observed (57.1%). Both commercial EOs were characterized by natural composition without artificial adulteration. Patchouli and tea tree oils can be good alternatives for treating severe cases of pyoderma in dogs, especially when dealing with multidrug-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Anna Szewczuk
- Department of Monogastric Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 29 Klemensa Janickiego, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Sławomir Zych
- Laboratory of Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Klemensa Janickiego 29, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Nicola Oster
- Department of Monogastric Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 29 Klemensa Janickiego, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jolanta Karakulska
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów 45, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland
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Lake KM, Rankin SC, Rosenkrantz WS, Sastry L, Jacob M, Campos DD, Maddock K, Cole SD. In vitro efficacy of 0.2% and 0.4% sodium oxychlorosene against meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Vet Dermatol 2023; 34:33-39. [PMID: 36097719 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need for alternative topical therapies as a consequence of the increased prevalence of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) skin infections in dogs. Sodium oxychlorosene has been used as a topical antibacterial agent in human medicine since 1955. OBJECTIVES To determine whether 0.2% and 0.4% sodium oxychlorosene solutions have a bactericidal effect (>3-log reduction) on MRSP strains isolated from canine skin infections. METHODS AND MATERIALS A genetically heterogeneous collection of MRSP isolates from dogs was assembled from laboratories across the United States. Time-kill assays were performed with 0.2% and 0.4% sodium oxychlorosene on a 0.5 McFarland standard [approximately 108 colony-forming units (cfu/ml)] suspension of each strain. The average bacterial counts (cfu/ml) of each MRSP strain then were determined at 5, 10, 20 and 60 s after exposure to sodium oxychlorosene; cfu/ml data were converted to log10 scale to calculate microbial reduction. RESULTS The average bacterial counts following exposure to the 0.2% solution at 5, 10, 20 and 60 s were 6.94 × 104 , 5.63 × 103 , 2.96 × 102 and 1.48 × 102 cfu/ml, respectively. For the 0.4% solution, the average bacterial count at 5 s was 2.12 × 103 cfu/ml. No bacterial growth was observed for any MRSP strain by 10 s. The greatest reduction in cfu/ml occurred within 5 s following exposure to each solution 3.4-log and 4.9-log reduction for 0.2% and 0.4%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE 0.2% and 0.4% sodium oxychlorosene solutions have a bactericidal effect (>99.9% reduction) against MRSP in vitro. Further in vivo studies are necessary to determine whether it is an appropriate alternative therapy for canine pyoderma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shelley C Rankin
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Lakshmi Sastry
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Megan Jacob
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dubra Diaz Campos
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kelli Maddock
- AES Veterinary Diagnostic Services, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Stephen D Cole
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Türkmen E, Parmaksız S, Nigiz Ş, Sağıroğlu M, Şenel S. A safe bioadhesive system for topical delivery of combined antimicrobials in treatment of skin infections in veterinary medicine. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.104116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Santoro D, Kher L, Chala V, Navarro C. Evaluation of the effects of chlorhexidine digluconate with and without cBD103 or cCath against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Vet Dermatol 2021; 33:17-e6. [PMID: 34490674 PMCID: PMC9291178 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Because of the increased incidence of multidrug‐resistant (MDR) bacteria, the use of disinfectants over antibiotics has been encouraged. However, the interactions between disinfectants and host local immunity are poorly understood. Objective To assess the effects of chlorhexidine digluconate (Chx), with and without selected host defence peptides (HDPs), against MDR Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MDR‐SP). Methods and materials Ten clinical isolates of MDR‐SP were tested, using a modified microbroth dilution method. Four two‐fold dilutions of 2% Chx and 1 μg/mL the HDPs synthetic canine β‐defensin 103 (cBD103) or cathelicidin (cCath) were tested alone or in combination. Colony counts after 5, 15, 30 and 60 min, and a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) after 24 h were recorded. Friedman followed by Dunn’s multiple comparison tests with significance of P < 0.05 were used for statistical analysis. Synergy, additivity/neutrality or antagonism were calculated. Results Growth was not inhibited by either HDP alone. An MIC of 0.312 μg/mL Chx was achieved for nine of the isolates. One isolate had an MIC of 0.078 μg/mL Chx. A MIC90 (in nine of 10 isolates) of 0.312 µg/mL was seen for Chx in combination with either HDP. Synergy was seen in the combination Chx/cCath used at the highest concentrations of Chx (0.624 µg/mL and 0.312 µg/mL) after 30 and 60 min incubation. Additivity/neutrality was seen for most of the other concentrations and times of incubation. Conclusions and clinical importance These results suggest a synergistic/additive effect between Chx and HDPs in dogs. Further studies evaluating the mechanisms behind this effect are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Santoro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lopamudra Kher
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Vanessa Chala
- Virbac SA Laboratories, 13ème Rue LID, Carros, 06511, France
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Moriello KA. Immediate and residual antifungal activity of compounds used for whole body and adjuvant topical therapy against Microsporum canis: an in vitro study. Vet Dermatol 2020; 31:272-e64. [PMID: 31913527 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topical antifungal therapy is recommended to disinfect hairs of dermatophyte-infected animals. OBJECTIVE To determine the immediate and residual (24, 48 and 72 h) antifungal activity of commonly used products for focal (n = 11) and whole body application (n = 3). ANIMALS Hair samples from naturally infected kittens. METHODS AND MATERIALS Immediate antifungal activity was assessed using isolated infected spores. In a more robust challenge, toothbrushes containing whole infected hairs were repeatedly treated with products until culture-negative. Residual activity was determined by treating 0.04 g of uninfected hair with test products, allowing hairs to dry and then plating hairs onto fungal culture plates inoculated with Microsporum canis. Residual activity was assessed at 24, 48 and 72 h post-treatment. RESULTS All products showed good efficacy against isolated infected spores. Two products required three treatments to disinfect whole infected hairs (miconazole 0.2% and ketoconazole 0.15%); all other products were efficacious after one treatment. For each product residual activity at 24, 48 and 72 h was similar. For the whole body products, lime sulfur and enilconazole showed residual activity, but as expected none was detected for 2% miconazole nitrate/ 2% chlorhexidine shampoo. For focal therapy products, residual activity was detected for clotrimazole 1%, terbinafine 1%, miconazole at 0.2, 1 or 2% (with or without chlorhexidine), climbazole 0.5% with chlorhexidine gluconate, and ketoconazole 1% with chlorhexidine gluconate. A ketoconazole 0.15% with 0.15% chlorhexidine gluconate showed no residual activity. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Findings support twice weekly application of enilconazole and lime sulfur, and application of adjuvant focal topical therapy daily or every other day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Moriello
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive West, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Rafferty R, Robinson VH, Harris J, Argyle SA, Nuttall TJ. A pilot study of the in vitro antimicrobial activity and in vivo residual activity of chlorhexidine and acetic acid/boric acid impregnated cleansing wipes. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:382. [PMID: 31666075 PMCID: PMC6820967 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2098-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topical antimicrobials are recommended for first line treatment of surface and superficial infections in dogs. This is especially important given the increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistant infections. Antimicrobial wipes have become popular, but there are a lack of controlled studies assessing their in vitro antimicrobial and in vivo residual activity. We aimed to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of two commercial antimicrobial wipes against frequently isolated pathogens. Ten clinical and one reference isolate each of meticillin-susceptible Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MSSP), meticillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP), Escherichia coli (EC), extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli (ESBL-EC), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) and Malassezia pachydermatis (MP) were tested using a modified Kirby-Bauer technique. Each isolate was tested against 6 mm discs of chlorhexidine (CHX) and acetic acid/boric acid (AABA) wipes, and positive and negative controls either overnight (bacteria) or for 3 days (Malassezia). Healthy dogs were treated with the wipes and distilled water on a randomised flank (n = 5 each). Hair samples (1 cm; 0.1 g) taken at days 0, 1 and 3 were inoculated with an isolate of each organism. Zones of inhibition (ZI) were measured. RESULTS All isolates produced confluent growth with AABA and control wipes, except for the cleansing wipes and MP (median ZI 12 mm; 95% CI 8.2-15.8). The median (95% CI) CHX wipe ZIs (mm) were: MP 48.0 (47.0-49.0), MSSP 15.6 (14.2-17.0), MRSP 14.0 (13.6-14.4), EC 13.6 (12.0-15.2) and ESBL-EC 10.0 (9.4-10.6). PA showed confluent growth. The differences between the bacterial isolates was significant (Kruskal-Wallis p < 0.0001; post-tests MSSP = MRSP = EC > EBSL-EC > PA). Confluent growth was visible with all the hair samples. CONCLUSION CHX but not AABA showed in vitro efficacy against MSSP, MRSP, EC and MP. ESBL-EC were less susceptible and there was no activity against PA. There was no residual activity on hair. Additional studies are required to determine efficacy of these products in clinically affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rafferty
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Victoria H Robinson
- The Dermatology Referral Service, 528 Paisley Road West, Glasgow, G51 1RN, UK.
| | - Jennifer Harris
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Sally A Argyle
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Tim J Nuttall
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, EH25 9RG, UK
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Ramos SJ, Woodward M, Hoppers SM, Liu CC, Pucheu-Haston CM, Mitchell MS. Residual antibacterial activity of canine hair treated with five mousse products against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in vitro. Vet Dermatol 2019; 30:183-e57. [PMID: 30887651 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topical therapy alone can be effective in the treatment of canine pyoderma. Topical products are commercially available as shampoos, sprays, wipes and mousses. To date, no studies have evaluated the efficacy of commercially available mousse products in the treatment of canine pyoderma. OBJECTIVE To determine the residual antibacterial activity of canine hairs treated with mousse products containing different active ingredients. ANIMALS Fifteen client-owned dogs with no history of dermatological disease. METHODS AND MATERIALS Dogs were treated once with five mousse products [(i) 2% chlorhexidine and 1% ketoconazole, (ii) 2% chlorhexidine and 2% miconazole, (iii) 3% chlorhexidine and 0.5% climbazole, (iv) 2% salicylic acid 10% ethyl lactate and (v) phytosphingosine HCl 0.05%; control]. Hair samples were collected from each treatment area before application, one hour after application and on days 2, 4, 7, 10 and 14 post-treatment. Collected hairs were weighed and plated on Mueller-Hinton agar plates streaked with a Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolate showing no antimicrobial resistance. Plates were incubated for 24 h and bacterial growth inhibition zones around the hairs were measured. RESULTS Mousses 1, 2 and 3 created significant inhibition zones up to Day 10 when compared to pre-treatment samples. On Day 14, only mousse 3 produced a significant zone of inhibition when compared to the pre-treatment sample. Mousses 4 and 5 showed no statistical difference between any of the samples. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE These results suggest that three of the mousse products had residual activity in inhibiting S. pseudintermedius growth in vitro for at least 10 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Ramos
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, 1909 Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Michelle Woodward
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, 1909 Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Sarrah M Hoppers
- University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Dr, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Chin-Chi Liu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, 1909 Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Cherie M Pucheu-Haston
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, 1909 Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Maria S Mitchell
- Department of Microbiology, Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, River Road #1043, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
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