Post-Cardiopulmonary Arrest Care and Functional Outcomes in Dogs and Cats Surviving to Hospital Discharge Since Publication of the RECOVER Guidelines: 2012-2022

OBJECTIVE

To describe the in-hospital postcardiac arrest (PCA) care and short- and long-term functional outcomes of dogs and cats surviving to hospital discharge after naturally occurring cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) and CPR.

DESIGN

Multicenter retrospective observational study.

SETTING

Three veterinary teaching hospitals.

ANIMALS

Client-owned dogs (n = 25) and cats (n = 15).

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

Medical records of animals that underwent CPR and survived to discharge were retrospectively reviewed, and information was recorded regarding CPR event, PCA hospitalization, and short- and long-term outcomes. Ninety-two percent of CPA events occurred in hospital and were witnessed, and 8% occurred out of hospital. Eighty-five percent of events occurred during general anesthesia or sedation. CPR efforts ranged from <1 to 18 min, and animals remained hospitalized between 0.5 and 15.5 days after return of spontaneous circulation. Seventy-three percent of animals required supplemental oxygen, 13% required mechanical ventilation, and 20% required vasopressor, positive inotropic, or glucocorticoid therapy. Hyperosmolar therapies were administered to 38% of animals, anticonvulsants were given to 18%, and 8% of animals developed new-onset PCA seizures. The median (range) modified Glasgow Coma Scale score before CPA was 18 (11-18), 12 h PCA was 16 (6-18), and 72 h PCA was 17.5 (14-18). Median survival time was 455 days (range: 11-2650 days). Twenty-five percent of owners perceived a persistent disability in their pets, from behavioral changes to required nutritional and recumbent care. Nonetheless, all owners reported their pet's PCA quality of life to be good.

CONCLUSIONS

Good short- and long-term functional outcomes post-CPA can be achieved in dogs and cats. Functional survival remains possible in some cases of out-of-hospital CPA and after prolonged CPR, suggesting a benefit of high-quality CPR in all scenarios. Patient stabilization and neurological improvement may take 48-72 h, and early discouraging findings should not prevent continuation of PCA care.

2024 RECOVER Guidelines: Updated treatment recommendations for CPR in dogs and cats

OBJECTIVE

After the 2012 Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation (RECOVER) CPR Guidelines, this is an update of evidence-based consensus guidelines for Basic Life Support (BLS), advanced life support (ALS), and periarrest monitoring.

DESIGN

These RECOVER CPR Guidelines were generated using a modified version of the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system for evidence evaluation and translation of this evidence into clear and actionable clinical instructions. Prioritized clinical questions in the Population, Intervention, Comparator, and Outcome (PICO) format were used as the basis to conduct systematic literature searches by information specialists, to extract information from relevant publications, to assess this evidence for quality, and finally to translate the findings into treatment recommendations. These recommendations were reviewed by the RECOVER writing group and opened for comment by veterinary professionals for 4 weeks.

SETTING

Transdisciplinary, international collaboration in university, specialty, and emergency practice.

RESULTS

A total of 40 worksheets were prepared to evaluate questions across the 3 domains of BLS, ALS and Monitoring, resulting in 90 individual treatment recommendations. High-dose epinephrine is no longer recommended, and atropine, if used, is only administered once. Bag-mask ventilation is prioritized over mouth-to-nose ventilation in nonintubated animals. In addition, an algorithm for initial assessment, an updated CPR algorithm, a rhythm diagnosis tool, and an updated drug dosing table are provided.

CONCLUSIONS

While the majority of the BLS and ALS recommendations remain unchanged, some noteworthy changes were made due to new evidence that emerged over the past 10 years. Indirectness of evidence remains the largest impediment to the certainty of guidelines formulation and underscores an urgent need for more studies in the target species of dogs and cats.

Recommendations for Designing, Conducting and Reporting Clinical Observational Studies in Homeopathic Veterinary Medicine

BACKGROUND

Clinical observational studies are an important methodological approach in human and veterinary research, examining and describing treatment experience with good external validity. There are currently few observational studies in the field of homeopathic veterinary medicine.

AIM

The aim of the study was to develop recommendations for designing, conducting and reporting observational studies in homeopathic veterinary medicine.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A literature review was performed using various search strategies for identifying guidelines and checklist tools relevant for observational studies, veterinary research and homeopathy. Useful guidelines were selected. Prior recommendations for designing and conducting observational studies in human homeopathic medicine were supplemented with recommendations for homeopathic veterinary medicine that were evaluated by an expert panel.

RESULTS

The veterinary extension of the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology - Veterinary (STROBE-Vet) statement was identified as a useful tool to improve the reporting quality of observational studies, and it has been supplemented here with additional recommendations that are applicable to homeopathy. STROBE-Vet is complemented in the literature by several reports, checklists and guidelines on veterinary medicine in general, such as the Checklist for One Health Epidemiological Reporting of Evidence (COHERE) and the Animal Health Surveillance Reporting Guidelines (AHSURED). Identified items that related to laboratory animal research were excluded as non-relevant to our study.

CONCLUSION

Clinical observational studies are an important methodological approach, having currently unrealized potential in the field of homeopathic veterinary medicine. With relatively minor adjustments, the practical guidelines and checklists available to researchers in designing, conducting and reporting observational studies in human homeopathic medicine have been adapted for homeopathic veterinary medicine, for which high quality can be assured by implementing recommendations such as those in STROBE-Vet. With the emergence of the One Health concept, the COHERE checklist can be viewed with growing significance.

Recommendations in the design and conduction of randomised controlled trials in human and veterinary homeopathic medicine

BACKGROUND

Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are an established research method to investigate the effects of an intervention. Several recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses of RCTs with homeopathic interventions have identified shortcomings in design, conduct, analysis, and reporting of trials. Guidelines for RCTs in homeopathic medicine are lacking.

OBJECTIVES

This paper aims to fill this gap in order to enhance the quality of RCTs in the field of homeopathy.

METHODS

Identification of the homeopathy-specific requirements for RCTs by reviewing literature and experts' communications. Systematization of the findings using a suitable checklist for planning, conducting, and reporting RCTs, namely the SPIRIT statement, and high-quality homeopathy RCTs as examples. Cross-checking of the created checklist with the RedHot-criteria, the PRECIS criteria, and a qualitative evaluation checklist. Consideration of the REFLECT statement and the ARRIVE Guidelines 2.0 for veterinary homeopathy.

RESULTS

Recommendations for future implementation of RCTs in homeopathy are summarized in a checklist. Alongside, identified useful solutions to the issues encountered when designing and conducting homeopathy RCTs are presented.

CONCLUSIONS

The formulated recommendations present guidelines additional to those in the SPIRIT checklist, on how to better plan, design, conduct, and report RCTs in homeopathy.

Prevalence and factors associated with initial and subsequent shockable cardiac arrest rhythms and their association with patient outcomes in dogs and cats undergoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A RECOVER registry study

OBJECTIVE

To report the prevalence of initial shockable cardiac arrest rhythms (I-SHKR), incidence of subsequent shockable cardiac arrest rhythms (S-SHKR), and factors associated with I-SHKRs and S-SHKRs and explore their association with return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) rates in dogs and cats undergoing CPR.

DESIGN

Multi-institutional prospective case series from 2016 to 2021, retrospectively analyzed.

SETTING

Eight university and eight private practice veterinary hospitals.

ANIMALS

A total of 457 dogs and 170 cats with recorded cardiac arrest rhythm and event outcome reported in the Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation CPR registry.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

Logistic regression was used to evaluate association of animal, hospital, and arrest variables with I-SHKRs and S-SHKRs and with patient outcomes. Odds ratios (ORs) were generated, and significance was set at P < 0.05. Of 627 animals included, 28 (4%) had I-SHKRs. Odds for I-SHKRs were significantly higher in animals with a metabolic cause of arrest (OR 7.61) and that received lidocaine (OR 17.50) or amiodarone (OR 21.22) and significantly lower in animals experiencing arrest during daytime hours (OR 0.22), in the ICU (OR 0.27), in the emergency room (OR 0.13), and out of hospital (OR 0.18) and that received epinephrine (OR 0.19). Of 599 initial nonshockable rhythms, 74 (12%) developed S-SHKRs. Odds for S-SHKRs were significantly higher in animals with higher body weight (OR 1.03), hemorrhage (OR 2.85), or intracranial cause of arrest (OR 3.73) and that received epinephrine (OR 11.36) or lidocaine (OR 18.72) and significantly decreased in those arresting in ICU (OR 0.27), emergency room (OR 0.29), and out of hospital (OR 0.38). Overall, 171 (27%) animals achieved ROSC, 81 (13%) achieved sustained ROSC, and 15 (2%) survived. Neither I-SHKRs nor S-SHKRs were significantly associated with ROSC.

CONCLUSIONS

I-SHKRs and S-SHKRs occur infrequently in dogs and cats undergoing CPR and are not associated with increased ROSC rates.

Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation (RECOVER) Initiative small animal CPR registry report 2016-2021

OBJECTIVE

To introduce the Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation (RECOVER) CPR registry and report cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) and CPR event data collected to date.

DESIGN

International, multi-institutional veterinary CPR registry data report.

SETTING

Veterinary private practice and university teaching hospitals.

ANIMALS

Data from 514 dogs and 195 cats undergoing CPR entered in the RECOVER CPR registry between February 2016 and November 2021.

INTERVENTIONS

The RECOVER CPR registry is an online medical database created for standardized collection of hospital, animal, arrest, and outcome information on dogs and cats undergoing CPR. Data were collected according to the veterinary Utstein-style guidelines for standardized reporting of in-hospital CPR in dogs and cats. Case records were downloaded, duplicate and incomplete cases were removed, and summary descriptive data were reported.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

Sixteen hospitals in the United States, Europe, and Australia contributed data on 709 CPR events to the registry. One hundred and forty-two (28%) dogs and 58 (30%) cats attained return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), 62 (12%) dogs and 25 (13%) cats had ROSC >20 minutes, and 14 (3%) dogs and 4 (2%) cats survived to hospital discharge. The reason for CPR discontinuation was reported as owner choice in 321 cases (63%). The most common suspected causes for CPA were respiratory failure (n = 142, 20%), heart failure (n = 86, 12%), and hemorrhage (n = 76, 11%).

CONCLUSION

The RECOVER CPR registry contains the first multicenter data set on small animal CPR. It confirms poor outcomes associated with CPA, emphasizing the need for large-sized studies to gain adequate information on characteristics associated with favorable outcomes.

Association of point-of-care blood variables obtained from dogs and cats during cardiopulmonary resuscitation and following return of spontaneous circulation with patient outcomes

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the association of point-of-care biochemical variables obtained during CPR or within 24 hours of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) with patient outcomes.

DESIGN

Retrospective study.

SETTING

University teaching hospital.

ANIMALS

Ninety-four dogs and 27 cats undergoing CPR according to the Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation guidelines.

INTERVENTIONS

None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

Blood gas, acid-base, electrolyte, glucose, and plasma lactate values obtained during CPR or within 24 hours of ROSC were retrospectively evaluated and are described. The blood sample type and collection time with respect to CPR initiation and ROSC were recorded. Measured variables, collection times, and species were included in a multivariable logistic regression model to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval of ROSC, sustained ROSC (≥20 min), and survival to hospital discharge. Significance was set at P < 0.05. Seventy-two venous blood samples obtained during CPR and 45 first venous and arterial blood samples obtained after ROSC were included in logistic regression analysis. During CPR, PvO₂ (1.09 [1.036-1.148], P = 0.001) and venous standard base excess (SBE) (1.207 [1.094-1.331], P < 0.001) were associated with ROSC. PvO₂ (1.075 [1.028-1.124], P = 0.002), SBE (1.171 [1.013-1.353], P = 0.032), and potassium concentration (0.635 [0.426-0.946], P = 0.026) were associated with sustained ROSC. Potassium concentration (0.235 [0.083-0.667], P = 0.007) was associated with survival to hospital discharge. Following ROSC, pH (69.110 [4.393-1087], P = 0.003), potassium concentration (0.222 [0.071-0.700], P = 0.010), and chloride concentration (0.805 [0.694-0.933], P = 0.004) were associated with survival to hospital discharge.

CONCLUSIONS

Biochemical variables such as PvO₂ , SBE, and potassium concentration during CPR and pH, potassium, and chloride concentration in the postarrest period may help identify dogs and cats with lower odds for ROSC or survival to hospital discharge following CPR.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation outcomes of dogs and cats at a veterinary teaching hospital before and after publication of the RECOVER guidelines

OBJECTIVES

To describe and compare cardiopulmonary resuscitation outcomes at a Swiss veterinary teaching hospital before and after publication of the Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation guidelines.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Between 2018 and 2020, hospital staff underwent various types of yearly Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation-based cardiopulmonary resuscitation trainings. Canine and feline cardiopulmonary resuscitation events during that period (post-Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation) and between 2010 and 2012 (pre-Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation) were identified and animal, arrest and outcome variables recorded retrospectively. Factors associated with return of spontaneous circulation were determined using multi-variable logistic regression, odds ratios (95% confidence interval) generated, and significance set at P < 0.05.

RESULTS

Eighty-one animals were included in the pre-Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation group and 190 in the post-Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation group. Twenty-three percent in the pre-Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation group and 28% in the post-Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation group achieved return of spontaneous circulation and 1% and 4% survived to hospital discharge, respectively. Patients undergoing anaesthesia [odds ratio 4.26 (1.76 to 10.27)], elective [odds ratio 5.16 (1.06 to 25.02)] or emergent surgery [odds ratio 3.09 (1.20 to 8.00)], or experiencing cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) due to arrhythmias [odds ratio 4.31 (1.44 to 12.93)] had higher odds of return of spontaneous circulation, while those with unknown cause of CPA [odds ratio 0.25 (0.08 to 0.78)] had lower odds. Undergoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the post-Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation period was not statistically significantly associated with return of spontaneous circulation [odds ratio 1.38 (0.68 to 2.79)].

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Unchanged odds of return of spontaneous circulation in the post-Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation period could suggest that once-yearly cardiopulmonary resuscitation training is insufficient, effects of animal and tertiary referral hospital variables confounded results, guideline benefit is limited, or that compliance during clinical cardiopulmonary resuscitation efforts is too poor for guideline recommendations to have a positive impact. More extensive cardiopulmonary resuscitation training protocols should be established, and the compliance with and outcome benefits of a Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation-based cardiopulmonary resuscitation approach re-evaluated prospectively.

Retrospective evaluation of the relationship between admission variables and brain herniation in dogs (2010-2019): 54 cases

OBJECTIVE

To document the admission systolic blood pressure (SBP), heart rate (HR), and modified Glasgow coma scale (MGCS) score in dogs with and without brain herniation and to determine their relationship with brain herniation.

DESIGN

Retrospective study between 2010 and 2019.

SETTING

University veterinary teaching hospital.

ANIMALS

Fifty-four client-owned dogs with brain herniation and 40 client-owned dogs as a control group, as determined on magnetic resonance imaging.

INTERVENTIONS

None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

SBP, HR, MGCS score, and outcome were extracted from medical records. MGCS score was retrospectively calculated based on initial neurological examination in dogs with adequate available information. Dogs with brain herniation had a significantly higher SBP (P = 0.0078), greater SBP-HR difference (P = 0.0006), and lower MGCS score (P < 0.0001) compared to control dogs. A cutoff value of an SBP ≥ 178 mm Hg, SBP-HR ≥ 60, and MGCS score ≤ 14 each provides a specificity of 90%-98%. A combination of an SBP > 140 mm Hg and HR < 80/min provided 24% sensitivity and 100% specificity to diagnose dogs with brain herniation (P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

A high SBP, a greater difference between SBP and HR, a combination of higher SBP and lower HR, and a low MGCS score were associated with brain herniation in dogs presenting with neurological signs upon admission. Early recognition of these abnormalities may help veterinarians to suspect brain herniation and determine timely treatment.

Implementation of a postarrest debriefing tool in a veterinary university hospital

OBJECTIVE

To describe the use of a postarrest debriefing tool (DBT) within a university teaching hospital and to evaluate user perceptions of the tool.

DESIGN

Observational study over a 1-year period and associated hospital clinical personnel survey.

SETTING

University teaching hospital.

INTERVENTIONS

Qualitative data surrounding the use and utility of the DBT were analyzed, as well as survey results.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

Forty-four arrests occurred during the study period. Debriefing was performed after 26 of 44 (59%) cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) events, of which 22 of 26 (85%) were recorded using the DBT and four without the DBT. Return of spontaneous circulation did not significantly affect the use of the DBT (p = 0.753). Most events in which debriefing was not performed occurred outside of business hours (13/18; 72%). The most frequent positive debriefing comments related to cooperation/coordination within the team (22/167; 13%). The most frequent negative debriefing comments concerned equipment issues (36/167; 22%). Of the action points generated, 57% (34/60) were directed at equipment use/availability. Teams reported that emergency drugs were appropriately administered in 21 of 22 (95%) cases. In contrast, closed loop communication was reportedly only used during 6 of 22 (27%) events. The hospital survey response rate was 56 of 338 (17%) clinical staff, of whom 37 of 56 (66%) agreed or strongly agreed that debriefing had improved team performance during CPR. Overall, 33 of 56 (60%) staff felt that the DBT had improved the debriefing process at the hospital. However, 3 of 56 (5%) staff members felt that they were unable to state their opinions in a blame-free environment during debriefing.

CONCLUSIONS

Implementation of a DBT enabled formal identification of strengths and training needs of resuscitation teams, and its implementation was viewed positively by the majority of hospital staff. However, further refinement of the tool and prospective studies evaluating its efficacy in improving outcome are warranted.

Utstein Style for emergency care - the first 30 years

BACKGROUND

Utstein Abbey near Stavanger in Norway, hosted a meeting in 1990 on guidelines for the uniform reporting of data from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. In this paper we describe the last 30 years of the Utstein style.

METHODS

A systematic literature search identified publications from Utstein-style meetings or groups using the Utstein format.

RESULTS

30 outputs were found, describing primarily resuscitation structure, process and outcome measures. They originated from all over the world and from multiple medical disciplines. Some were co-published in multiple journals.

CONCLUSIONS

The meeting at Utstein Abbey in 1990 has had a sustained and far-reaching impact, particularly in resuscitation science, implementation and outcomes. The Utstein format will continue to evolve following the key principles from the original meeting and with the ultimate aim of improving patient care and outcomes.

Association of Veterinary Hematology and Transfusion Medicine (AVHTM) Transfusion Reaction Small Animal Consensus Statement (TRACS) Part 2: Prevention and monitoring

OBJECTIVE

To systematically review available evidence to develop guidelines for the prevention of transfusion reactions and monitoring of transfusion administration in dogs and cats.

DESIGN

Evidence evaluation of the literature (identified through Medline searches through Pubmed and Google Scholar searches) was carried out for identified transfusion reaction types in dogs and cats. Evidence was evaluated using PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) questions generated for each reaction type. Evidence was categorized by level of evidence (LOE) and quality (Good, Fair, or Poor). Guidelines for prevention and monitoring were generated based on the synthesis of the evidence. Consensus on the final recommendations and a proposed transfusion administration monitoring form was achieved through Delphi-style surveys. Draft recommendations and the monitoring form were made available through veterinary specialty listservs and comments were incorporated.

RESULTS

Twenty-nine guidelines and a transfusion administration monitoring form were formulated from the evidence review with a high degree of consensus CONCLUSIONS: This systematic evidence evaluation process yielded recommended prevention and monitoring guidelines and a proposed transfusion administration form. However, significant knowledge gaps were identified, demonstrating the need for additional research in veterinary transfusion medicine.

Association of Veterinary Hematology and Transfusion Medicine (AVHTM) transfusion reaction small animal consensus statement (TRACS). Part 3: Diagnosis and treatment

OBJECTIVE

To systematically review available evidence to develop guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of transfusion-associated reactions in dogs and cats.

DESIGN

Standardized and systemic evaluation of the literature (identified through Medline via PubMed and Google Scholar searches) was carried out for identified transfusion reaction types in dogs and cats. The available evidence was evaluated using PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) questions generated for each reaction type. The evidence was categorized by level of evidence (LOE) and quality (Good, Fair, or Poor). Guidelines, diagnostic, and treatment algorithms were generated based on the evaluation of the evidence. Consensus on the final guidelines was achieved through Delphi-style surveys. Draft recommendations were disseminated through veterinary specialty listservs for review and comments, which were evaluated and integrated prior to final publication.

RESULTS

Medline via PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched. There were 14 Population Intervention Comparison Outcome questions identified and corresponding worksheets were developed focusing on the diagnosis and treatment of transfusion-associated reactions in dogs and cats. Fourteen guidelines and four algorithms were developed with a high degree of consensus.

CONCLUSIONS

This systematic evidence evaluation process yielded recommended diagnostic and treatment algorithms for use in practice. However, significant knowledge gaps were identified, demonstrating the need for additional research in veterinary transfusion medicine.

Differences in the clinical practice of small animal CPR before and after the release of the RECOVER guidelines: Results from two electronic surveys (2008 and 2017) in the United States and Canada

OBJECTIVE

To assess whether the clinical approach to CPR has changed following the publication of the Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation (RECOVER) guidelines in 2012.

DESIGN

Internet-based survey.

SETTING

Academia and referral practice.

SUBJECTS

Four hundred and ninety-one small animal veterinarians in clinical practice in the United States and Canada.

INTERVENTIONS

An internet-based survey assessing the clinical approach to small animal CPR was circulated with the assistance of veterinary professional organizations on 2 separate occasions: prior to (2008) and following (2017) publication of the 2012 (RECOVER) guidelines. Survey questions identical to both surveys solicited details of clinician approaches to CPR preparedness, basic life support (BLS), and advanced life support (ALS). Respondents were grouped into level of expertise (board-certified specialists [BCS, n = 202] and general practitioners in emergency clinics [GPE, n = 289]), and year of response to the survey (2008, n = 171; 2017, n = 320).

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

Compliance with the RECOVER guidelines pertaining to CPR preparedness (P < 0.01), BLS (P < 0.01), and ALS P < 0.01) was consistently higher in respondents to the 2017 survey compared to those of the 2008 survey. Being a BCS was associated with significantly higher compliance with the RECOVER recommendations than GPE in the domains of preparedness (P = 0.02), BLS (P < 0.01), and ALS (P < 0.01). Increases in age of the respondent had a negative effect on compliance with the BLS guidelines (P < 0.01), while gender had no effect.

CONCLUSIONS

Compared to 2008, current practices in small animal CPR in the North American emergency and critical care community shifted toward those recommended in the RECOVER guidelines across all CPR domains. This supports the notion that uptake of the RECOVER guidelines among veterinary emergency or critical care clinicians was sufficient to lead to a change in the practice of CPR.

SnakeMap: four years of experience with a national small animal snake envenomation registry

SnakeMap is a national cloud-based, veterinary snakebite registry. It was designed to prospectively collect data of the clinical circumstances and temporospatial information on cases of snake envenomation in dogs and cats. We herein introduce the project and summarise the data from the first 4 years of SnakeMap. The registry is a veterinary community-based online database allowing case entry from veterinary hospitals across Australia. Registry data comprise hospital characteristics, patient characteristics, envenoming snake type, treatment and outcome variables, including time and geolocation of the snake bite. We present summative information on select key variables from the SnakeMap registry (1 July 2015 to 30 June 2019). Twenty-eight hospitals from 6 states/territories entered 624 cases into the registry, including 419 dogs (67%) and 205 cats (33%). Bite time was available in 216 animals of which 90 (42%) were reported to be bitten in the 3 hours between 03:00 pm and 05:59 pm; median bite to presentation interval was 60 (interquartile range [IQR] 30, 211) minutes in dogs and 95 (IQR 41, 238) minutes in cats. Bites occurred in the owner's yard in 356 dogs (85%) and 53 cats (26%). A snake venom detection kit was used in 172 cases (28%) and antivenom was administered in 523 cases (85%). Most animals (n = 534, 88%) survived to discharge (median hospitalisation of 25 [IQR 16, 62] hours). SnakeMap effectively collects relevant clinical data from dogs and cats with presumed snake bite and provides locally specific information on the epidemiology of snake envenomation in small animals.

Prospective Evaluation of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Performed in Dogs and Cats According to the RECOVER Guidelines. Part 2: Patient Outcomes and CPR Practice Since Guideline Implementation

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) outcomes have not been prospectively described since implementation of the Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation (RECOVER) guidelines. This study aimed to prospectively describe CPR outcomes and document arrest variables in dogs and cats at a U.S. veterinary teaching hospital since implementation of the RECOVER guidelines using the 2016 veterinary Utstein-style CPR reporting guidelines. One-hundred and seventy-two dogs and 47 cats that experienced cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) underwent CPR following implementation of the RECOVER guidelines and were prospectively included. Supervising clinicians completed a data form for CPR events immediately following completion of CPR from December 2013 to June 2018. Seventy-five (44%) dogs and 26 (55%) cats attained return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), 45 dogs (26%) and 16 cats (34%) had ROSC ≥ 20 min, 13 dogs (8%) and 10 cats (21%) were alive 24 h after CPR, and 12 dogs (7%) and 9 cats (19%) survived to hospital discharge. The most common cause of death in animals with ROSC ≥ 20 min was euthanasia. Patient outcomes were not significantly different since publication of the RECOVER guidelines except for a higher feline survival to hospital discharge rate. Dogs (p = 0.02) but not cats with initial shockable rhythms had increased rates of ROSC while the development of a shockable rhythm during CPR efforts was not associated with ROSC (p = 0.30). In closed chest CPR an end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO₂) value of >16.5 mmHg was associated with a 75% sensitivity and 64% specificity for achieving ROSC. Since publication of the RECOVER guidelines, CPR practice did not clinically significantly change at our institution and no improvement of already high ROSC rates was noted. The percentage of cats surviving to hospital discharge was higher than previously reported and the reason for this improvement is not evident with these results. Euthanasia remains a major confounding factor in assessing intermediate and long-term CPR outcomes in dogs and cats.

Prospective Evaluation of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Performed in Dogs and Cats According to the RECOVER Guidelines. Part 1: Prognostic Factors According to Utstein-Style Reporting

Factors associated with positive cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) outcomes defined according to the veterinary Utstein-style CPR reporting guidelines have not been described since implementation of the Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation (RECOVER) CPR clinical guidelines in 2012. The aims of this study were to assess factors associated with positive CPR outcomes at a U.S. veterinary teaching hospital, to re-evaluate these factors since implementation of the RECOVER guidelines compared to reported factors prior to their publication, and to identify potential additional factors since guideline publication. One-hundred and seventy-two dogs and 47 cats that experienced cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) and had CPR performed were prospectively included in this observational study. Supervising clinicians were asked to complete a data form on CPR events immediately following completion of CPR efforts. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the effect of twenty hospital, animal, and arrest variables on the three patient outcomes “any return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC),” “sustained ROSC,” and survival to hospital discharge. Cats had significantly higher odds to achieve any ROSC [OR (95%CI) 2.72 (1.12–6.61), p = 0.028] and survive to hospital discharge than dogs [OR (95%CI) 4.87 (1.52–15.58), p = 0.008]. Patients had significantly lower odds of achieving any ROSC if CPA occurred during nighttime hours [OR (95%CI) nighttime = 0.52 (0.27–0.98), p = 0.043], and higher odds if CPA was witnessed [OR (95%CI) 3.45 (1.57–7.55), p = 0.002], if less people were involved in CPR efforts [OR (95%CI) 0.8 (0.66–0.96), p = 0.016], if pulses were palpable during CPR [OR (95%CI) 9.27 (4.16–20.63), p < 0.0005], and if an IV catheter was already in place at the time of CPA [OR (95%CI) 5.07 (2.12–12.07), p = 0.0003]. Odds for survival to hospital discharge were significantly higher if less people were involved in CPR efforts [OR (95%CI) 0.65 (0.46–0.91), p = 0.013] and for patients of the anesthesia service [OR (95%CI) 14.82 (3.91–56.17), p = 0.00007]. Overall, factors associated with improved CPR outcomes have remained similar since incorporation of RECOVER guidelines into daily practice. Witnessed CPA events and high-quality CPR interventions were associated with positive patient outcomes, emphasizing the importance of timely recognition and initiation of CPR efforts. An optimal CPR team size has yet to be determined.

Evaluation of end-tidal carbon dioxide as a predictor of return of spontaneous circulation in dogs and cats undergoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether the partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide (PetCO₂ ) could predict return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in patients with cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) undergoing CPR.

DESIGN

Prospective observational study.

SETTING

Two private specialty referral hospitals.

ANIMALS

Thirty-five client-owned dogs and cats in CPA in which CPR was performed and pertinent data recorded on a purpose-made form.

INTERVENTIONS

None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

PetCO₂ was recorded at 1-minute intervals during CPR. Hospital, animal, arrest, and outcome variables were also reported in the Utstein style where possible. Twelve animals (7 dogs and 5 cats) achieved ROSC; 4 of these (2 dogs and 2 cats) had sustained ROSC, of which 1 dog was discharged alive. Patients that achieved ROSC had significantly higher initial PetCO₂ (P = 0.0083), peak PetCO₂ (P < 0.0001), average PetCO₂ (P < 0.0001), and ΔPetCO₂ (difference between last and first recorded PetCO₂ ; P = 0.0004) than patients not resuscitated. The PetCO₂ accurately discriminated between ROSC and failure to achieve ROSC at minutes 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 of CPR with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.926, 0.967, 0.938, 0.933, 0.956, and 1.00, respectively. The optimal cutoff PetCO₂ was 18 mm Hg (2.4 kPa), with a sensitivity of ≥80% and a specificity of ≥95% at minutes 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8, correctly classifying 91-100% of cases.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this small study support previous recommendations to monitor PetCO₂ during CPR and suggest that PetCO₂ during CPR may be useful for determining the probability of ROSC. Absolute values and trends of PetCO₂ may assist clinicians and owners in making decisions for pets with CPA.

Clinical outcome of canine cardiopulmonary resuscitation following the RECOVER clinical guidelines at a Japanese nighttime animal hospital

A set of evidence-based consensus guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in dogs and cats (RECOVER guidelines) was published in 2012. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical outcomes of CPR performed according to those guidelines in dogs. A total of 141 dogs with cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) were identified and underwent CPR between January 2012 and December 2015 at the Sapporo Nighttime Animal Hospital. CPR was performed according to no-consensus traditional veterinary CPR procedures in 68 dogs (TRADITIONAL group), and according to the RECOVER guidelines in 73 dogs (RECOVER group). There was no significant difference in the age, body weight, or time from CPA identification to initiation of CPR between the TRADITIONAL and RECOVER groups (median [range]: 10 [0–16] vs. 11 [0–16] years; 6.6 [1.0–58.6] vs. 5.5 [1.1–30.4] kg; and 0 [0–30] vs. 0 [0–30] min, respectively). In the TRADITIONAL group, 12 dogs (17%) achieved a return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), but none survived to hospital discharge. However, 32 dogs (43%) in the RECOVER group achieved ROSC, and 4 dogs (5%) were discharged from the hospital. Incorporating the RECOVER guidelines into clinical practice significantly improved the ROSC rate (P<0.001). However, the rate of survival to hospital discharge was still low. This may suggest that a superior intensive care unit that provides advanced post-CPA care could benefit veterinary CPR patients.