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Pe'er O, Gantz L, Gal E, Ofri R. A retinoscopic survey of donkeys and goats. Vet Ophthalmol 2023; 26:385-392. [PMID: 37386869 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Assess the refractive states of donkeys and goats. METHODS Forty-two donkeys and 28 goats were enrolled. The mean ± SD ages were 7.68 ± 7.33 years for donkeys and 4.26 ± 2.33 years for goats. Seven donkeys and one goat were <6 months old. Retinoscopy was performed in alert animals, following cycloplegia in goats but not in donkeys. Normality was determined using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The two primary meridians and two eyes were compared using Pearson's correlation and paired Student's t-tests. The association between refractive states and age was examined using one-way ANOVA in donkeys and a paired Student's t-test in goats. One-sample t-tests were conducted to assess if the refractive error distributions were significantly different from "0". RESULTS The mean ± SD spherical equivalent (SE) refractive errors of the right and left donkey eyes were -0.80 ± 1.03 D and -0.35 ± 0.95 D, respectively. The majority (86%) of the donkeys had an astigmatic refraction and eight (19%) had anisometropia. The mean SE refractive errors of the right and left goat eyes were -0.15 ± 1.1 D and -0.18 ± 1.2 D, respectively. The majority (54%) of the goat eyes had an astigmatic refraction and five (18%) had anisometropia. The right and left eye SE refractive errors were positively correlated in both species (both p = .9). Age was not correlated with refractive error in both donkeys (p = .09) and goats (p = .6). CONCLUSIONS Both goats and donkeys are emmetropic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Pe'er
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Liat Gantz
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, Hadassah Academic College, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eyal Gal
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, Hadassah Academic College, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ron Ofri
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Yamada K, Yamagiwa Y, Masatsugu M, Haranosono Y. Two cases of cartilaginous metaplasia in the sclera of Japanese White rabbits. J Toxicol Pathol 2023; 36:45-48. [PMID: 36683725 PMCID: PMC9837471 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2022-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous cartilaginous metaplasia of the sclera has not been reported in rabbits. Herein, we report two cases of spontaneous cartilaginous metaplasia in the sclera of Japanese White (JW) rabbits. Case 1 was noted in a 14-week-old male Kbs:JW rabbit that received a single ocular instillation of 20% isoproterenol (IP) a day before necropsy, and showed no abnormalities in clinical signs, ophthalmological assessments, and necropsy. Case 2 was noted in a 38-week-old male Kbs:JW rabbit that was housed under light-emitting diode (LED) lighting for 26 weeks and showed no effects of LED on clinical signs, ophthalmological assessments, and necropsy. Histological sections of the eyes of both animals were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Alcian blue, and immunohistochemical staining for vimentin was performed. The H&E-stained specimens showed focal hyaline cartilage-like tissues distributed between the scleral fibers at the posterior pole in both cases. The surrounding scleral fibers were compressed and/or partially destroyed by the cartilage-like tissue. The cartilage-like matrix was stained blue by Alcian blue, and immunohistochemistry showed that chondrocyte-like cells were positive for vimentin. Based on these findings, we diagnosed cartilaginous metaplasia in the sclera of Kbs:JW rabbits. The lesion was farther from the IP administration site in Case 1 and was not accompanied by other ophthalmological or histopathological abnormalities in either of the cases. This implies that the lesions occurred spontaneously owing to the abnormal differentiation of neural crest-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Yamada
- Central Research Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co.,
Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan,*Corresponding author: K Yamada (e-mail: )
| | - Yoshinori Yamagiwa
- Central Research Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co.,
Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Miki Masatsugu
- Central Research Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co.,
Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yu Haranosono
- Central Research Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co.,
Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
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Teodoro TG, Campos MES, Silva LA, Watanabe TT, Alves CEF, Laufer-Amorim R, Wouters F, Wouters AT. Characterization of nonpathological intrascleral cartilage in the domestic sheep (Ovis aries). PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-7142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Birds, cartilaginous and teleost fish, reptiles, and some amphibians have intrascleral cartilage and/or bone; however, these are rarely reported in therian mammals. This study aimed to investigate and characterize a nonpathological formation of cartilage in the posterior sclera of sheep macroscopically, histologically, and by immunohistochemical exam (IHC). Ninety eyes from 45 domestic sheep were collected, underwent gross examination, fixed in formalin, and embedded in paraffin for the microscopical assessment. Sections with histological shreds of cartilage were selected to perform IHC to confirm the presence of cartilage. Intrascleral cartilage was detected in 60 eyeballs (66.66%) from 37 sheep (82.22%). A slight whitish thickening was grossly seen in the posterior sclera. The histologic exam revealed a few scattered, isolated chondrocytes to larger aggregates of cartilaginous islands in the posterior sclera. Eighteen (30%) of 60 eyeballs revealed marked anti-collagen type II immunolabeling. The development of cartilaginous structures in the eyes is considered rare in mammalian animals. The high occurrence of intrascleral cartilage in the examined sheep eyes suggests that this finding corresponds to an anatomical component of sheep sclera, despite the age, breed, or body condition.
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Sena CDSPD, Freire ECB, Giese EG, Mesquita EYE, Galvão GR, Perlmann E, Branco É, Lima AR. Ocular microscopy of Bradypus variegatus. Anat Histol Embryol 2021; 51:85-90. [PMID: 34820880 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bradypus variegatus, popularly known as common sloth or brown-throated sloth, is a species with wide geographical distribution in Brazil. Expand on the literature about the species, we aimed to describe the morphology of its eye and its main annexes. For this study, six frozen specimens donated to the Animal Morphological Research Laboratory of the Federal Rural University of Amazonia were used. The specimens were fixed in a 10% aqueous solution of formaldehyde. The structures that constitute the ocular apparatus were identified and described after dissection and histological analysis using light microscopy. The bulbar conjunctiva presented a stratified cuboidal epithelium, with a considerable number of serous glands. The stroma layer and the posterior limiting lamina were found well defined in the species. The corneoscleral meshwork possessed a large opening for drainage of aqueous humour, followed by a wide retinal region, in which a layer of photoreceptors was visualized. Cones and rods could not be discriminated from each other. Microscopy of the medial angle of the eye revealed the cartilage and glands of the third eyelid, and a well-developed lacrimal gland structure. Bradypus variegatus distinguishing features and similarities in comparison with other domestic and wild mammal and bird species already described were investigated, which expounded the limited knowledge that is presently available on the morphology of wild fauna. The data extend the limited knowledge that are presently available on the ocular histology of B. variegatus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisa Carla Barra Freire
- Laboratory of Morphological Animal Research (LaPMA), Federal Rural University of Amazonian, Belém, Brazil
| | - Elane Guerreiro Giese
- Laboratory of Animal Histology and Embriology (LHEA), Federal Rural University of Amazonian, Belém, Brazil
| | - Ellen Yasmin Eguchi Mesquita
- Laboratory of Morphological Animal Research (LaPMA), Federal Rural University of Amazonian, Belém, Brazil.,Center for Biological and Health Sciences (CCBS), University of Amazonia, Belém, Brazil
| | - Gilvando Rodrigues Galvão
- Hospital Veterinário Mário Dias Teixeira (HOVET UFRA), Federal Rural University of Amazonian, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Érika Branco
- Laboratory of Morphological Animal Research (LaPMA), Federal Rural University of Amazonian, Belém, Brazil
| | - Ana Rita Lima
- Laboratory of Morphological Animal Research (LaPMA), Federal Rural University of Amazonian, Belém, Brazil
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Pankowski F, Bartyzel BJ, Paśko S, Moroz A, Mickiewicz M, Szaluś-Jordanow O, Bonecka J. CT appearance and measurements of the normal thyroid gland in goats. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:337. [PMID: 34696796 PMCID: PMC8547050 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03047-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Goats are increasingly being kept as companion animals, thus their owners expect advanced medical care, including modern diagnostic imaging. Computed tomography (CT) is now widely used in veterinary medicine, in both clinical practice and for scientific purposes. So far, the CT appearance of various body parts has been described in goats, but reports on thyroid gland CT are still lacking. The thyroid gland in goats may become enlarged due to dietary, genetic or neoplastic disorders. CT examination, as in other animals and humans, could aid in the diagnosis of thyroid diseases in goats and could be used for research purposes. The aim of the study was to present the CT characteristics of the normal caprine thyroid gland, in particular its dimensions, volume and density. Results Fifty-seven goats were included in the study. None of the animals had clinical, CT, post-mortem or histopathologic abnormalities in the thyroid gland. CT features of the thyroid gland were determined, such as dimensions, volume, density, location and shape. The presence of the thyroid isthmus and ectopic thyroid tissue was also assessed. The gland was visible in every animal as two homogenous, highly attenuating, well-circumscribed lobes located in the most cranial part of the trachea. The mean dimensions of the thyroid lobe were 30.3 × 12.7 × 6.7 mm, the mean density was 80.9 Hounsfield Units (HU) and the mean volume was 1.32 cm3 or 1.39 cm3, depending on the method used. Also, the internal parathyroid glands were visible in some animals. Conclusions For the first time, the normal CT appearance of the thyroid gland has been presented. CT clearly shows the thyroid gland in goats and therefore can be used in clinical practice and for research. The results of the current study may serve as a radiological guideline for practitioners and may be the basis for further CT studies on normal and diseased caprine thyroid glands. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-03047-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Pankowski
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Bartłomiej Jan Bartyzel
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sławomir Paśko
- Virtual Reality Techniques Division, Institute of Micromechanics and Photonics, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Moroz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Mickiewicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga Szaluś-Jordanow
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Bonecka
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
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Franz-Odendaal TA. Skeletons of the Eye: An Evolutionary and Developmental Perspective. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 303:100-109. [PMID: 30548203 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The ocular skeleton, composed of the scleral cartilage and scleral ossicles, is present in many vertebrates. The morphology of the scleral cartilage and ossicles varies within different extant reptiles (including birds) and also varies dramatically from the morphology in extant teleosts. This incredible range of diverse morphologies is the result of millions of years of evolution. Both the position of these elements within the eye and the timing of development vary amongst different vertebrates. While the development of both the scleral cartilage and scleral ossicles is somewhat understood in reptiles and in teleosts, the functional advantage of these elements is still debated. Most reptiles have a multi-component scleral ossicle ring composed of a series of flat bone plates and a scleral cartilage cup lining the retina, some sharks have calcified cartilage plates, and some teleosts have two bones while most others only have a ring of scleral cartilage. The data presented shows that different vertebrates have adapted to similar selective pressures in different ways. However, the reason why sarcopterygians have a series of overlapping bones in the sclera remains unclear. A better understanding of the ocular skeletal diversity in Reptilia as well as a better understanding of the mechanisms of vision within different environments (i.e., air vs. water) and that used by secondarily aquatic organisms is needed. This review discusses the observed variation in morphology and development of the ocular skeleton in the context of evolution and highlights our knowledge gaps in these areas. Anat Rec, 2018. © 2018 American Association for Anatomy.
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