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Urlings P, Gramer I, Jones C, Dirrig H. Computed tomographic features of canine prostatic carcinoma. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2024. [PMID: 38687009 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Canine prostatic carcinoma (PC) has incompletely defined CT features. The purpose of this multicenter retrospective case series was to assess prostatic, regional, and distant findings of PC. Thirty dogs were enrolled. Consistent prostatic features included postcontrast heterogeneity with hypoattenuating, nonenhancing areas (30/30), capsular distortion (29/30), prostatic urethral effacement, displacement, or invasion (28/30), precontrast heterogeneity (27/30), and mineralization (24/30) which was always within or at the margin of the hypoattenuating areas. Consistent extraprostatic features included medial iliac lymph node enlargement (20/30), internal iliac lymph node enlargement (15/30), and periprostatic fat streaking or fluid (15/29). In a minority of dogs, there was lymph node mineralization, bladder trigone invasion, ureteral dilation, ductus deferens invasion, and bony changes consistent with hypertrophic osteopathy. Strongly suspected and potential bony metastases were noted infrequently (8/26), all in vertebrae regional to the prostate. In conclusion, these findings provide guidance on the expected CT features of canine PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Urlings
- Southpaws Specialty, Emergency and Referral Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- The Animal Hospital, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Irina Gramer
- Southpaws Specialty, Emergency and Referral Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Coleen Jones
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Helen Dirrig
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
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2
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Specchi S, Bertolini G. CT angiography identifies collaterals in dogs with splenic vein obstruction and presumed regional splenic vein hypertension. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2020; 61:636-640. [PMID: 32996204 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Occlusion of the splenic vein, without occlusion of the portal vein, can lead to a localized, regional splenic hypertension, referred as sinistral or left-sided portal hypertension in the human radiology literature. In people, may cause gastrointestinal hemorrhages from the esophageal and gastric varices and the primary pathology usually includes pancreatitis and pancreatic neoplasms. The final diagnosis of localized splenic hypertension necessitates accompanying normal liver functions and a patent extrahepatic portal vein. Following obstruction, the resultant elevated splenic bed venous pressure causes formation of collateral routes, the extent of which depends upon the level and degree of obstruction. In this retrospective descriptive study, authors assessed the collateral pathways in dogs with isolated splenic vein occlusion and possible regional splenic vein hypertension. Out of the 46 patients initially recruited, 25 were excluded due to the presence of concomitant portal thrombosis and direct/indirect CT signs of portal hypertension. The remaining 21 dogs had clinicopathological tests suggesting normal liver function. The causes of obstruction identified included splenic pedicle torsion, tumoral splenic vein invasion, and splenic vein thrombosis. Four of 21 dogs with isolated splenic vein obstruction showed collateral pathways through the left gastroepiploic vein (4/4), left gastric vein (2/4), and splenogonadal vein (1/4). The diagnosis of isolated, regional splenic hypertension should be based on clinical, biochemical, and radiological evaluation. Computed tomography is an excellent tool to assess the collateral patterns and to determine the underlying cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swan Specchi
- Ospedale Veterinario i Portoni Rossi, Anicura, Bologna, Italy.,Antech Imaging Service, Fountain Valley, California
| | - Giovanna Bertolini
- San Marco Veterinary Clinic and Laboratory, Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Division, Veggiano, Padova, Italy
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3
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Percutaneous Cava Stenting in a Dog with Symptomatic Azygos Continuation of the Caudal Vena Cava. Case Rep Vet Med 2020; 2020:7523247. [PMID: 32908777 PMCID: PMC7450353 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7523247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes the successful placement of a nitinol stent within the azygos continuation of the caudal vena cava in a 2-year-old, neutered female, English Bulldog with clinical and imaging signs related to venous return chronic obstruction, renal venous thrombi, and chronic renal insufficiency. This noninvasive, interventional radiology procedure was safe and clinically effective for the patient. The clinical signs were rapidly eliminated, and three years later, the patient is still in good clinical condition, with normal renal function. Venous stenting appears to be a useful, new, minimally invasive treatment option for symptomatic cavo-azygos vascular connection.
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Ricciardi M, Casali A. Internal thoracic veins: Anatomy, plasticity and clinico-imaging relevance in small animal practice. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1358-1365. [PMID: 32713890 PMCID: PMC7538324 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The internal thoracic veins (ITVs) are small paired vessels located on the ventral surface of the thoracic cavity that drain the ventro-cranial abdominal wall, the ventro-lateral thoracic wall, the diaphragm and part of the mediastinum, conveying blood from these regions into the cranial vena cava. These vessels demonstrate a high level of anatomic plasticity and haemodynamic adaptability in both humans and small animals with blood flow impairment of the main abdominal and thoracic venous trunks. The ITVs may act as a natural bypass between the cranial and caudal venous system and between the portal vein and the cranial vena cava, depending on the level of the obstruction, giving rise to a wide spectrum of collateral pathways: intrathoracic cavo-caval, thoraco-abdominal cavo-caval, abdomino-thoracic cavo-caval, porto-cranial caval and lateral thoracic-azygos ITV collaterals. This paper provides a brief overview of the normal and pathologic anatomy of the ITVs described in dogs with cranial and caudal vena cava obstruction and portal hypertension as shown by CT angiography. Collateral ITV pathways need to be distinguished from other vascular anomalies in dogs, and their identification during routine CT studies could help radiologists to reach a more accurate diagnosis of caval or portal flow disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ricciardi
- Ospedale Veterinario Gregorio VII. Piazza di Villa Carpegna 52, 00165-Roma, Italy.,Private practitioner, CT-MRI Support Service-70016, Noicattaro (BA), Italy
| | - Alice Casali
- Pingry Veterinary Hospital, Via Medaglie d'Oro 5-70126, Bari, Italy
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5
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Collateral vein dynamics in mouse models of venous thrombosis: Pathways consistent with humans. Thromb Res 2019; 182:116-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2019.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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6
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Specchi S, d'Anjou MA. Diagnostic imaging for the assessment of acquired abdominal vascular diseases in small animals: A pictorial review. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2019; 60:613-632. [PMID: 31243852 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in interventional radiology and surgical techniques now allow complex abdominal diseases to be more successfully treated in small animals. Abdominal vascular alterations, acquired as individual process or as complication of other lesions such as neoplasia, can be life-threatening or at least greatly limit curative interventions of underlying diseases. Computed tomography (CT) and high-definition ultrasonography are now readily available in veterinary referral centers. Yet, there is little information currently available on the use of these modalities for the diagnosis and characterization of these vascular alterations. The purpose of this article is to review the CT and ultrasonographic findings of acquired vascular diseases in the abdomen of dogs and cats, using both the veterinary and human medicine literature as references, and highlighting essential concepts through figures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swan Specchi
- Ospedale Veterinario i Portoni Rossi, Bologna, 40069, Italy.,Animages, Longueuil, Quebec, J4G 2L2, Canada
| | - Marc-André d'Anjou
- Ospedale Veterinario i Portoni Rossi, Bologna, 40069, Italy.,Animages, Longueuil, Quebec, J4G 2L2, Canada
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7
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Jang M, Choi S, Lee I, Lee I. Computed tomographic features of intra-abdominal hypertension in three dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2019; 29:185-189. [PMID: 30742356 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe computed tomographic (CT) features of intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) in 3 dogs with abdominal distension. CASE SUMMARY Three dogs with anorexia, distended abdomen, or labored breathing were presented for CT imaging. All 3 dogs were premedicated with IV butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg). A Foley urinary catheter was aseptically placed and the transvesical technique was used to obtain intra-abdominal pressure (IAP). The IAP measurements were obtained with the dogs in a standing position after a stabilization period of 5 minutes. The mean IAP values for each of the 3 dogs were 26.0, 12.0, and 13.0 mm Hg. Anesthesia was induced with IV propofol (2.0-4.0 mg/kg, to effect) in all 3 dogs and maintained with sevoflurane in 2 dogs. Compression of the caudal vena cava and elevation of the diaphragm were observed in all 3 dogs, whereas renal compression and the extension of peritoneal fluid to the vaginal canal and cavity were seen in the dog with the highest IAP. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED Compression of the caudal vena cava, direct renal compression, and the extension of peritoneal fluid into the vaginal canal and vaginal cavity are consistent with a diagnosis of IAH. Measurement of IAP and detection of these CT features should alert clinicians to the possible presence of IAH in veterinary patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Ian Animal Diagnostic, Imaging Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sooyoung Choi
- Ian Animal Diagnostic, Imaging Center, Seoul, South Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - In Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Ian Animal Diagnostic, Imaging Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Inhyung Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Bertolini G. Anomalies of the Portal Venous System in Dogs and Cats as Seen on Multidetector-Row Computed Tomography: An Overview and Systematization Proposal. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6010010. [PMID: 30678218 PMCID: PMC6466037 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This article offers an overview of congenital and acquired vascular anomalies involving the portal venous system in dogs and cats, as determined by multidetector-row computed tomography angiography. Congenital absence of the portal vein, portal vein hypoplasia, portal vein thrombosis and portal collaterals are described. Portal collaterals are further discussed as high- and low-flow connections and categorized in hepatic arterioportal malformation, arteriovenous fistula, end-to-side and side-to-side congenital portosystemic shunts, acquired portosystemic shunts, cavoportal and porto-portal collaterals. Knowledge of different portal system anomalies helps understand the underlying physiopathological mechanism and is essential for surgical and interventional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Bertolini
- San Marco Veterinary Clinic and Laboratory, via dell'Industria 3, 35030 Veggiano, Padova, Italy.
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9
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Interventional Radiology Management of Vascular Obstruction. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2018; 48:819-841. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Ricciardi M, Lanci M. Acquired collateral venous pathways in a dog with cranial vena cava obstruction. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1772-1775. [PMID: 28924100 PMCID: PMC5709550 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An 8-year-old neutered female Yorkshire terrier with mediastinal neoplasm and subsequent cranial vena cava invasion developed multiple venous collaterals from the brachiocephalic venous trunks to the caudal vena cava. Collateral venous pathways have been described in dogs with obstruction or increased blood flow resistance of the caudal vena cava but cranial vena cava collaterals have not been reported until now in veterinary patients. In this report, the CTA characteristics of such peculiar vascular routes are described and compared to similar findings reported in human medical literature. The recognition of such ancillary CT finding could help radiologists to reach a more accurate diagnosis of superior vena cava syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ricciardi
- Pingry Veterinary Hospital, Via Medaglie d'Oro 5-70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Marcello Lanci
- Fanum Fortunae Veterinary Hospital, Via Persiutti 2-61032, Fano, Italy
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11
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Monticelli P, Jones I, Viscasillas J. Ultrasound-guided thoracic paravertebral block: cadaveric study in foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 44:968-972. [PMID: 28728944 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe an ultrasound-guided thoracic paravertebral block in canidae. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, experimental, cadaveric study. ANIMALS Twelve thawed fox cadavers. METHODS A 15 MHz linear transducer was used to visualize the paravertebral space at the level of the fifth thoracic vertebrae. Iohexol (300 mg mL-1) at 0.2 mL kg-1 was injected into the right and left paravertebral spaces under ultrasound guidance using a Tuohy needle. The needle was advanced in a lateral to medial direction using an in-plane technique. Injections were performed by two operators, each performing 12 injections in six fox cadavers. A thoracic computed tomography was then performed and evaluated by a single operator. The following features were recorded: paravertebral contrast location (yes/no), length of contrast column (number of intercostal spaces), location of contrast relative to the fifth thoracic vertebrae (cranial/caudal/mixed), epidural contrast contamination (yes/no), pleural contrast contamination (yes/no) and mediastinal contrast contamination (yes/no). RESULTS All injections resulted in paravertebral contrast distribution (24/24). The mean length of the contrast column was five intercostal spaces. Contrast spread was caudal to the injection site in 54% (7/24), cranial in 29% (4/24) and mixed in 17% (3/24). Pleural contamination was observed in 50% (12/24) of injections; 42% (10/24) and 4% (1/24) of the injections resulted in mediastinal and epidural contamination, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Injection of the paravertebral space in canidae is possible using the technique described. Possible complications include epidural, pleural and mediastinal contamination. To establish clinical efficacy and safety of this technique, further studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Monticelli
- Anaesthesia Department, Veterinary Clinical Science, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK.
| | - Ian Jones
- Diagnostic Imaging Department, Veterinary Clinical Science, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Jaime Viscasillas
- Anaesthesia Department, Veterinary Clinical Science, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
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