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Schregel J, Kleinschmidt S, von Altrock A, Hoeltig D, Ganter M, Wagener MG. Case report: Urolithiasis, nephrolithiasis and a urinary bladder malformation in a seven-month-old alpaca cria. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1038642. [PMID: 36583037 PMCID: PMC9794091 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1038642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Urolithiasis is a common condition in male small ruminants where predisposing factors have been identified. Occasionally, urolithiasis is diagnosed in South American camelids (SACs). However, nephrolithiasis is rarely diagnosed in ruminants. To our knowledge, this is the first report focusing on a combined appearance of nephrolithiasis and urolithiasis in an alpaca cria. A 7-month-old alpaca cria suffering from impaired urinary flow was presented for examination. On admission, the alpaca had a wet prepuce and showed a standing posture with a wide-based stance. Ultrasonographic examination of the abdomen showed a distended bladder. Clinical chemistry revealed azotemia and hypophosphatemia. After the first examination, repeated urination was observed. Conservative therapy using antibiotics, anti-inflammatory and spasmolytic drugs was started with the suspected diagnosis of urinary calculus. During the first 24 h, plasma concentrations of creatinine and urea decreased, but increased again during the following days. During the second day after admission, urination was not observed for 16 h while the concentration of urea and creatinine further increased. Therefore, the animal was euthanized due to financial concerns of the owner. Necropsy revealed that calculi were located in the left kidney as well as in the urethra. In addition, the animal exhibited uroperitoneum. The urinary bladder was intact, moderately distended with urine and showed a malformation, which was covered with a translucent mucosal membrane. Histologic examination revealed that this malformation was a bladder diverticulum. The extent to which the unilateral nephroliths affected the general condition and renal function of the animal is unclear, since the uroliths also cause azotemia, and abdominal pain. Further studies are needed for a better understanding of obstructive urinary disease in SACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Schregel
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany,*Correspondence: Johannes Schregel
| | - Sven Kleinschmidt
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Food and Veterinary Institute Braunschweig/Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Alexandra von Altrock
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Doris Hoeltig
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany,Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Ganter
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Matthias G. Wagener
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
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Cercone M. Imaging of the Urinary Tract. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2022; 38:123-140. [PMID: 35282964 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive review of imaging techniques used to evaluate the equine urinary tract. This overview includes officially recognized modalities and new applications reported in the most current literature. Technical aspects and indications for use of endoscopy and ultrasonography are highlighted. Normal endoscopic and ultrasonographic appearance of the upper and lower urinary tract is described, with characterization of common abnormalities found in patients with hematuria, stranguria, and renal failure. Visual examples of several pathologic conditions from clinical cases are provided. An outline of the main features, potentials, and limitations of radiography, nuclear scintigraphy, and computed tomography is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cercone
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Henry P, Schiavo L, Owen L, McCallum KE. Urinary incontinence secondary to a suspected congenital urethral deformity in a kitten. JFMS Open Rep 2021; 7:20551169211045642. [PMID: 34616561 PMCID: PMC8488525 DOI: 10.1177/20551169211045642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 5-month-old entire male domestic shorthair kitten was referred for investigation of a month-long history of urinary incontinence. Clinical examination, baseline blood work and imaging (plain radiography and ultrasonography) were unremarkable. Urinalysis documented a urinary tract infection and a retrograde urethrocystogram revealed an outpouching of the pelvic urethra. Surgical exploration revealed the absence of the dorsal portion of the urethral wall in this section of pelvic urethra, replaced by an epithelial lined expanded ‘pouch’. The ventral aspect of the urethra appeared grossly normal. A modified perineal urethrostomy was performed to create an anastomosis of the urethral pouch to the skin of the perineum alongside conventional castration. The kitten made a full recovery and the incontinence resolved within 48 h. A congenital urethral diverticulum and secondary urinary tract infection were deemed the most likely aetiology in this case. Relevance and novel information Urethral diverticuli are a rare condition in veterinary medicine. To our knowledge, it has only been reported in two dogs and presumptively in one cat, all of which made a complete recovery after surgical intervention. The present case reports an unusual urethral deformity as a potential differential diagnosis for lower urinary tract signs in a young cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrine Henry
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Luca Schiavo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura Owen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katie E McCallum
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Abstract
Incontinence is a frustrating condition for both pet owners and their veterinarians. Fortunately, most causes are easily diagnosed and most dogs respond to appropriate therapy. This article reviews normal urine storage and voiding, causes of incontinence, typical clinical presentation, diagnostics, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Acierno
- Department of Medicine, Midwestern University, 5715 West Utopia Road, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Mary Anna Labato
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
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