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Khan IA, Magnuson JA, Arshi A, Krueger CA, Freedman KB, Fillingham YA. Direct Anterior Approach in Hip Hemiarthroplasty for Femoral Neck Fractures: Do Short-Term Outcomes Differ with Approach?: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JBJS Rev 2022; 10:01874474-202209000-00001. [PMID: 36053029 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.21.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hip hemiarthroplasty (HA) is commonly used to treat femoral neck fractures, but it remains unclear if the surgical approach impacts patient outcomes for this commonly performed procedure. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess early postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing HA for femoral neck fracture with the direct anterior approach (DAA) compared with other approaches. METHODS The Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar databases were searched for randomized controlled trials, prospective nonrandomized trials, and retrospective studies published prior to September 7, 2021, comparing DAA with other approaches (anterolateral approach [ALA], direct lateral approach [DLA], and posterior-based approach [PA]) in HA for femoral neck fractures. This study was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Outcomes included functional outcomes, total complications, prosthetic dislocation, periprosthetic fracture, periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), reoperation, mortality, pain, operative time, and perioperative blood loss. Fixed effect odds ratios, along with their 95% confidence intervals, were used to analyze dichotomous variables. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Meta-analysis was conducted with Review Manager 5.4. RESULTS In total, 19 studies were included for qualitative analysis and 16 studies were included for quantitative analysis, with a total of 1,604 cases analyzed (723 DAA, 215 ALA, 301 DLA, and 365 PA). Compared with other approaches, the use of the DAA for HA was associated with improved early postoperative functional outcomes, lower early postoperative pain scores, fewer total complications, and fewer prosthetic hip dislocations. The rates of periprosthetic fracture, PJI, and reoperation, pain scores beyond 40 days, operative time, perioperative blood loss, and mortality were not significantly different between surgical approaches. CONCLUSIONS Utilizing the DAA while performing HA for femoral neck fractures is associated with improved functional outcomes, lower early postoperative pain scores, lower incidence of prosthetic hip dislocation, and potentially fewer total complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan A Khan
- Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Scala P, Rehak L, Giudice V, Ciaglia E, Puca AA, Selleri C, Della Porta G, Maffulli N. Stem Cell and Macrophage Roles in Skeletal Muscle Regenerative Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10867. [PMID: 34639203 PMCID: PMC8509639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In severe muscle injury, skeletal muscle tissue structure and functionality can be repaired through the involvement of several cell types, such as muscle stem cells, and innate immune responses. However, the exact mechanisms behind muscle tissue regeneration, homeostasis, and plasticity are still under investigation, and the discovery of pathways and cell types involved in muscle repair can open the way for novel therapeutic approaches, such as cell-based therapies involving stem cells and peripheral blood mononucleate cells. Indeed, peripheral cell infusions are a new therapy for muscle healing, likely because autologous peripheral blood infusion at the site of injury might enhance innate immune responses, especially those driven by macrophages. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on functions of stem cells and macrophages in skeletal muscle repairs and their roles as components of a promising cell-based therapies for muscle repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasqualina Scala
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.S.); (V.G.); (E.C.); (A.A.P.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Laura Rehak
- Athena Biomedical innovations, Viale Europa 139, 50126 Florence, Italy;
| | - Valentina Giudice
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.S.); (V.G.); (E.C.); (A.A.P.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
- Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona”, Largo Città d’Ippocrate 1, 84131 Salerno, Italy
- Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona”, Largo Città d’Ippocrate 1, 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | - Elena Ciaglia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.S.); (V.G.); (E.C.); (A.A.P.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Annibale Alessandro Puca
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.S.); (V.G.); (E.C.); (A.A.P.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, IRCCS MultiMedica, Via Milanese 300, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Carmine Selleri
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.S.); (V.G.); (E.C.); (A.A.P.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
- Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona”, Largo Città d’Ippocrate 1, 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | - Giovanna Della Porta
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.S.); (V.G.); (E.C.); (A.A.P.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
- Interdepartment Centre BIONAM, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo I, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.S.); (V.G.); (E.C.); (A.A.P.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 275 Bancroft Road, London E1 4DG, UK
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Josh F, Soekamto TH, Adriani JR, Jonatan B, Mizuno H, Faruk M. The Combination of Stromal Vascular Fraction Cells and Platelet-Rich Plasma Reduces Malondialdehyde and Nitric Oxide Levels in Deep Dermal Burn Injury. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:3049-3061. [PMID: 34267534 PMCID: PMC8275197 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s318055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Thermal burns release reactive oxygen species, which cause profound systemic and local changes. Stromal vascular fraction cells (SVFs) combined with platelet-rich plasma accelerate burn wound healing. This study investigated the effect of a combination of locally injected SVFs and PRP on malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) serum and tissue levels in a deep dermal burn model in Wistar rats. Methods Thirty-six adult Wistar rats weighing between 150 and 250 grams were used in this study to establish a deep dermal degree burn wound model. They were randomly divided into 4 groups: locally injected the combination SVFs and PRP, the Vaseline group, the placebo group, and healthy Wistar rats (the normal control group). MDA and NO levels in blood serum and burn wound tissue were measured at 8, 24, and 48 hours. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA followed by multiple comparisons tests and regression tests. Results Local injection of SVFs and PRP in combination affected blood MDA, tissue MDA, blood NO and tissue NO levels, with reductions of 0.257µmol/L, 0.427 µmol/L, 21.78nmol/mg, and 23.777nmol/mg, respectively. Injection of SVFs and PRP in combination reduced tissue MDA levels by 1.282 times, NO blood levels by 2.305, and NO tissue levels by 2.377 times compared to Vaseline application. Conclusion The combination of SVFs and PRP undeniably reduced the MDA and NO levels in blood and tissue compared to those in the Vaseline and placebo groups. The injection of these two preparations in combination inhibited the local and systemic stress oxidative response, as illustrated by the decreased MDA and NO levels in blood serum and tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fonny Josh
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | | | - Januar Rizky Adriani
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Billy Jonatan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Hiroshi Mizuno
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Muhammad Faruk
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
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Josh F, Soekamto TH, Adriani JR, Jonatan B, Mizuno H, Faruk M. The Combination of Stromal Vascular Fraction Cells and Platelet-Rich Plasma Reduces Malondialdehyde and Nitric Oxide Levels in Deep Dermal Burn Injury. J Inflamm Res 2021; Volume 14:3049-3061. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.2147/jir.s318055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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Martins VF, Dobson CR, Begur M, Parekh J, Ball ST, Gonzalez F, Hughes-Austin JM, Schenk S. Surgical site peptidylarginine deaminase 4 (PAD4), a biomarker of NETosis, correlates with insulin resistance in total joint arthroplasty patients: A preliminary report. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245594. [PMID: 33481860 PMCID: PMC7822240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
While obesity and insulin resistance are known risk factors for wound complications after total joint arthroplasty (TJA), the biologic causes remain to be elucidated. Recently, neutrophil extracellular trap formation (NETosis) was identified as a mediator of delayed wound healing in insulin resistant states. Herein, we explored the relationship between obesity, insulin resistance and biomarkers of NET formation in TJA subjects. We enrolled 14 obese (body mass index [BMI]≥30 kg/m2), and 15 lean (BMI<30 kg/m2) subjects undergoing primary knee or hip TJA. On the day of surgery, skeletal muscle proximal to the operated joint and plasma were collected. Protein abundance of NETosis biomarkers, peptidylarginine deaminase 4 (PAD4) and neutrophil elastase (NE) were assessed in skeletal muscle by immunoblotting and metabolic parameters (glucose, insulin, triglycerides, free fatty acids) and cell-free double-stranded DNA (cf-dsDNA) were assessed in plasma and were correlated with obesity and insulin resistance (as measured by the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance). When comparing lean and obese subjects, there were no significant differences in plasma cf-dsDNA or skeletal muscle NE or PAD4 abundance. In contrast, skeletal muscle PAD4 abundance, but not NE or plasma cf-dsDNA, was positively correlated with insulin resistance. Compared to insulin sensitive subjects, insulin resistant TJA subjects have higher expression of PAD4 at the surgical site and therefore may have higher rates of NET formation, which may lead to delayed surgical site wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor F. Martins
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Christopher R. Dobson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Maedha Begur
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Jesal Parekh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Scott T. Ball
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Francis Gonzalez
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Jan M. Hughes-Austin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Simon Schenk
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
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Ibáñez-Fonseca A, Santiago Maniega S, Gorbenko del Blanco D, Catalán Bernardos B, Vega Castrillo A, Álvarez Barcia ÁJ, Alonso M, Aguado HJ, Rodríguez-Cabello JC. Elastin-Like Recombinamer Hydrogels for Improved Skeletal Muscle Healing Through Modulation of Macrophage Polarization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:413. [PMID: 32478048 PMCID: PMC7240013 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Large skeletal muscle injuries, such as a volumetric muscle loss (VML), often result in an incomplete regeneration due to the formation of a non-contractile fibrotic scar tissue. This is, in part, due to the outbreak of an inflammatory response, which is not resolved over time, meaning that type-1 macrophages (M1, pro-inflammatory) involved in the initial stages of the process are not replaced by pro-regenerative type-2 macrophages (M2). Therefore, biomaterials that promote the shift from M1 to M2 are needed to achieve optimal regeneration in VML injuries. In this work, we used elastin-like recombinamers (ELRs) as biomaterials for the formation of non- (physical) and covalently (chemical) crosslinked bioactive and biodegradable hydrogels to fill the VML created in the tibialis anterior (TA) muscles of rats. These hydrogels promoted a higher infiltration of M2 within the site of injury in comparison to the non-treated control after 2 weeks (p<0.0001), indicating that the inflammatory response resolves faster in the presence of both types of ELR-based hydrogels. Moreover, there were not significant differences in the amount of collagen deposition between the samples treated with the chemical ELR hydrogel at 2 and 5 weeks, and this same result was found upon comparison of these samples with healthy tissue after 5 weeks, which implies that this treatment prevents fibrosis. The macrophage modulation also translated into the formation of myofibers that were morphologically more similar to those present in healthy muscle. Altogether, these results highlight that ELR hydrogels provide a friendly niche for infiltrating cells that biodegrades over time, leaving space to new muscle tissue. In addition, they orchestrate the shift of macrophage population toward M2, which resulted in the prevention of fibrosis in the case of the chemical hydrogel treatment and in a more healthy-like myofiber phenotype for both types of hydrogels. Further studies should focus in the assessment of the regeneration of skeletal muscle in larger animal models, where a more critical defect can be created and additional methods can be used to evaluate the functional recovery of skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Ibáñez-Fonseca
- BIOFORGE (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology), CIBER-BBN, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Darya Gorbenko del Blanco
- BIOFORGE (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology), CIBER-BBN, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Matilde Alonso
- BIOFORGE (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology), CIBER-BBN, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Héctor J. Aguado
- Servicio de Traumatología, Hospital Clínico de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - José Carlos Rodríguez-Cabello
- BIOFORGE (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology), CIBER-BBN, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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Silva MCD, Silveira RSD, Matsumura CY, Pertille A. Laser de baixa intensidade favorece a regeneração muscular em modelo experimental desnutrido e recuperado. FISIOTERAPIA E PESQUISA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-2950/17527425022018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO A terapia por laser de baixa intensidade (Low-Level Laser Therapy - LLLT) é utilizada com frequência nas lesões musculares, mas precisa ser investigada em modelo de desnutrição. O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar os efeitos da LLLT na regeneração muscular de ratos submetidos à desnutrição e recuperação proteica. Foram utilizados 40 ratos Wistar, recém-desmamados, divididos em grupo controle (C), que consumiu ração normoproteica (14% caseína), e grupo desnutrido (D), que consumiu ração hipoproteica (6% caseína) por 45 dias e ração normoproteica até o final do experimento. Posteriormente, o músculo tibial anterior direito foi criolesado e tratado com LLLT (AsGaAl 830nm, 30mW, 20J/cm²), três vezes por semana, por 7 e 21 dias. Houve redução da área de inflamação/regeneração no grupo C21 comparado ao D21 (p<0,05), sendo mais evidente com a LLLT (C21L e D21L). O conteúdo de TNF-α foi reduzido após 21 dias da lesão. A área de densidade de tecido conjuntivo (ADTC) foi menor nos grupos C21 e C21L comparados aos respectivos grupos desnutridos (p<0,05). A LLLT reduziu a ADTC no grupo D21L quando comparado do D21 (p<0,05), porém o conteúdo de TGF-β1 não foi influenciado. A área de secção transversa (AST) da fibra muscular aumentou nos grupos 21 dias. A m-TOR apresentou maior conteúdo no grupo C21L quando comparado ao D21L (p<0,05). Concluiu-se que a LLLT favoreceu a regeneração muscular na fase tardia no modelo experimental de desnutrição pós-natal e posterior recuperação proteica.
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Lolis AM, Falsone S, Beric A. Common peripheral nerve injuries in sport: diagnosis and management. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 158:401-419. [PMID: 30482369 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63954-7.00038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries are unusual in sport but impact an athlete's safe return to play. Nerve injuries result from either acute trauma (most commonly in contact/collision sports) or from repetitive microtrauma and overuse. Diagnosis of overuse nerve injuries includes nerve localization and surrounding soft-tissue anatomy, and must account for possible causes of repetitive microtrauma, including biomechanics, equipment, training schedule, and recovery. Prognosis is related to the type of nerve injury. Management should not simply be rest and gradual return to sport but should address biomechanical and training predispositions to injury. Understanding the type of injury and the tissues involved will guide appropriate rehabilitation decisions. Recognizing acute care considerations and implementing appropriate strategies can help minimize secondary trauma to an area following acute injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena M Lolis
- Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Susan Falsone
- Department of Athletic Training, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States
| | - Aleksandar Beric
- Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
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da Silva Junior EM, Mesquita-Ferrari RA, França CM, Andreo L, Bussadori SK, Fernandes KPS. Modulating effect of low intensity pulsed ultrasound on the phenotype of inflammatory cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:1147-1153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Alves AN, Ribeiro BG, Fernandes KPS, Souza NHC, Rocha LA, Nunes FD, Bussadori SK, Mesquita-Ferrari RA. Comparative effects of low-level laser therapy pre- and post-injury on mRNA expression of MyoD, myogenin, and IL-6 during the skeletal muscle repair. Lasers Med Sci 2016; 31:679-85. [PMID: 26914683 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-016-1908-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed the effect of pre-injury and post-injury irradiation with low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the mRNA expression of myogenic regulatory factors and interleukin 6 (IL-6) during the skeletal muscle repair. Male rats were divided into six groups: control group, sham group, LLLT group, injury group; pre-injury LLLT group, and post-injury LLLT group. LLLT was performed with a diode laser (wavelength 780 nm; output power 40 mW' and total energy 3.2 J). Cryoinjury was induced by two applications of a metal probe cooled in liquid nitrogen directly onto the belly of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle. After euthanasia, the TA muscle was removed for the isolation of total RNA and analysis of MyoD, myogenin, and IL-6 using real-time quantitative PCR. Significant increases were found in the expression of MyoD mRNA at 3 and 7 days as well as the expression of myogenin mRNA at 14 days in the post-injury LLLT group in comparison to injury group. A significant reduction was found in the expression of IL-6 mRNA at 3 and 7 days in the pre-injury LLLT and post-injury LLLT groups. A significant increase in IL-6 mRNA was found at 14 days in the post-injury LLLT group in comparison to the injury group. LLLT administered following muscle injury modulates the mRNA expression of MyoD and myogenin. Moreover, the both forms of LLLT administration were able to modulate the mRNA expression of IL-6 during the muscle repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnelo Neves Alves
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho-UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro, 235/249, Liberdade, CEP 01504-001, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Guimarães Ribeiro
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho-UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro, 235/249, Liberdade, CEP 01504-001, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Nadhia Helena Costa Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho-UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro, 235/249, Liberdade, CEP 01504-001, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lília Alves Rocha
- Departament of Molecular Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade de São Paulo-FOUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio Daumas Nunes
- Departament of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade de São Paulo-FOUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sandra Kalil Bussadori
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho-UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro, 235/249, Liberdade, CEP 01504-001, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho-UNINOVE, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel Agnelli Mesquita-Ferrari
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho-UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro, 235/249, Liberdade, CEP 01504-001, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho-UNINOVE, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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The need to more precisely define aspects of skeletal muscle regeneration. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 56:56-65. [PMID: 25242742 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A more precise definition of the term 'skeletal muscle regeneration' is required to reduce confusion and misconceptions. In this paper the term is used only for events that follow myofibre necrosis, to result in myogenesis and new muscle formation: other key events include early inflammation and revascularisation, and later fibrosis and re-innervation. The term 'muscle regeneration' is sometimes used casually for situations that do not involve myonecrosis; such as restoration of muscle mass by hypertrophy after atrophy, and other forms of damage to muscle tissue components. These situations are excluded from the definition in this paper which is focussed on mammalian muscles with the long-term aim of clinical translation to enhance new muscle formation after acute or chronic injury or during surgery to replace whole muscles. The paper briefly outlines the cellular events involved in myogenesis during development and post-natal muscle growth, discusses the role of satellite cells in mature normal muscles, and the likely incidence of myofibre necrosis/regeneration in healthy ageing mammals (even when subjected to exercise). The importance of the various components of regeneration is outlined to emphasise that problems in each of these aspects can influence overall new muscle formation; thus care is needed for correct interpretation of altered kinetics. Various markers used to identify regenerating myofibres are critically discussed and, since these can all occur in other conditions, caution is required for accurate interpretation of these cellular events. Finally, clinical situations are outlined where there is a need to enhance skeletal muscle regeneration: these include acute and chronic injuries or transplantation with bioengineering to form new muscles, therapeutic approaches to muscular dystrophies, and comment on proposed stem cell therapies to reduce age-related loss of muscle mass and function. This article is part of a directed issue entitled: Regenerative Medicine: the challenge of translation.
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