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Vadori M, Cozzi E. Current challenges in xenotransplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2024; 29:205-211. [PMID: 38529696 PMCID: PMC11064916 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000001146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In recent years, the xenotransplantation science has advanced tremendously, with significant strides in both preclinical and clinical research. This review intends to describe the latest cutting-edge progress in knowledge and methodologies developed to overcome potential obstacles that may preclude the translation and successful application of clinical xenotransplantation. RECENT FINDINGS Preclinical studies have demonstrated that it is now possible to extend beyond two years survival of primate recipients of life saving xenografts. This has been accomplished thanks to the utilization of genetic engineering methodologies that have allowed the generation of specifically designed gene-edited pigs, a careful donor and recipient selection, and appropriate immunosuppressive strategies.In this light, the compassionate use of genetically modified pig hearts has been authorized in two human recipients and xenotransplants have also been achieved in human decedents. Although encouraging the preliminary results suggest that several challenges have yet to be fully addressed for a successful clinical translation of xenotransplantation. These challenges include immunologic, physiologic and biosafety aspects. SUMMARY Recent progress has paved the way for the initial compassionate use of pig organs in humans and sets the scene for a wider application of clinical xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vadori
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua
| | - Emanuele Cozzi
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua
- Transplant Immunology Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
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Goerlich CE, Singh AK, Griffith BP, Mohiuddin MM. The immunobiology and clinical use of genetically engineered porcine hearts for cardiac xenotransplantation. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2022; 1:715-726. [PMID: 36895262 PMCID: PMC9994617 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-022-00112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A summary of the scientific rationale of the advancements that led to the first genetically modified pig-to-human cardiac xenotransplantation is lacking in a complex and rapidly evolving field. Here, we aim to aid the general readership in the understanding of the gradual progression of cardiac (xeno)transplantation research, the immunobiology of cardiac xenotransplantation (including the latest immunosuppression, cardiac preservation and genetic engineering required for successful transplantation) and the regulatory landscape related to the clinical application of cardiac xenotransplantation for people with end-stage heart failure. Finally, we provide an overview of the outcomes and lessons learned from the first genetically modified pig-to-human cardiac heart xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corbin E Goerlich
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Avneesh K Singh
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bartley P Griffith
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Muhammad M Mohiuddin
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Carrier AN, Verma A, Mohiuddin M, Pascual M, Muller YD, Longchamp A, Bhati C, Buhler LH, Maluf DG, Meier RPH. Xenotransplantation: A New Era. Front Immunol 2022; 13:900594. [PMID: 35757701 PMCID: PMC9218200 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.900594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ allotransplantation has now reached an impassable ceiling inherent to the limited supply of human donor organs. In the United States, there are currently over 100,000 individuals on the national transplant waiting list awaiting a kidney, heart, and/or liver transplant. This is in contrast with only a fraction of them receiving a living or deceased donor allograft. Given the morbidity, mortality, costs, or absence of supportive treatments, xenotransplant has the potential to address the critical shortage in organ grafts. Last decade research efforts focused on creation of donor organs from pigs with various genes edited out using CRISPR technologies and utilizing non-human primates for trial. Three groups in the United States have recently moved forward with trials in human subjects and obtained initial successful results with pig-to-human heart and kidney xenotransplantation. This review serves as a brief discussion of the recent progress in xenotransplantation research, particularly as it concerns utilization of porcine heart, renal, and liver xenografts in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber N Carrier
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Anjali Verma
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Muhammad Mohiuddin
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Manuel Pascual
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yannick D Muller
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alban Longchamp
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chandra Bhati
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Leo H Buhler
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Daniel G Maluf
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Raphael P H Meier
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Mohiuddin MM, Goerlich CE, Singh AK, Zhang T, Tatarov I, Lewis B, Sentz F, Hershfeld A, Braileanu G, Odonkor P, Strauss E, Williams B, Burke A, Hittman J, Bhutta A, Tabatabai A, Gupta A, Vaught T, Sorrells L, Kuravi K, Dandro A, Eyestone W, Kaczorowski DJ, Ayares D, Griffith BP. Progressive genetic modifications of porcine cardiac xenografts extend survival to 9 months. Xenotransplantation 2022; 29:e12744. [PMID: 35357044 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We report orthotopic (life-supporting) survival of genetically engineered porcine cardiac xenografts (with six gene modifications) for almost 9 months in baboon recipients. This work builds on our previously reported heterotopic cardiac xenograft (three gene modifications) survival up to 945 days with an anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody-based immunosuppression. In this current study, life-supporting xenografts containing multiple human complement regulatory, thromboregulatory, and anti-inflammatory proteins, in addition to growth hormone receptor knockout (KO) and carbohydrate antigen KOs, were transplanted in the baboons. Selective "multi-gene" xenografts demonstrate survival greater than 8 months without the requirement of adjunctive medications and without evidence of abnormal xenograft thickness or rejection. These data demonstrate that selective "multi-gene" modifications improve cardiac xenograft survival significantly and may be foundational for paving the way to bridge transplantation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad M Mohiuddin
- Department of Surgery, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Corbin E Goerlich
- Department of Surgery, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Avneesh K Singh
- Department of Surgery, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tianshu Zhang
- Department of Surgery, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ivan Tatarov
- Department of Surgery, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Billeta Lewis
- Department of Surgery, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Faith Sentz
- Department of Surgery, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alena Hershfeld
- Department of Surgery, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gheorghe Braileanu
- Department of Surgery, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick Odonkor
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Erik Strauss
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brittney Williams
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Allen Burke
- Department of Pathology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jamie Hittman
- Department of Pathology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Adnan Bhutta
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ali Tabatabai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anuj Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | - Amy Dandro
- Revivicor, Inc., Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | | | - David J Kaczorowski
- Department of Surgery, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Bartley P Griffith
- Department of Surgery, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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