1
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Jagoš J, Kohút J, Novotný T, Křivka T, Hájek P, Formánek M, Lisický O, Burša J. In silico hemodynamical simulations show additional benefits of artery wall softening induced by antihypertensive drugs. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2024; 245:108016. [PMID: 38237451 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2024.108016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Age-related arterial stiffening increases peripheral resistance and decreases arterial distensibility, thus contributing to hypertension, an important risk factor of atherosclerosis. It causes abnormal blood flow, endothelial dysfunction, higher pulse wave velocity, and consequently elevated pressure wave amplitude. METHODS This paper presents the influence of these changes via multiscale 3D-0D transient computational fluid dynamics simulations of blood flow in five patient-specific geometries of human carotid bifurcation using archetypal flow waveforms for young and old subjects. RESULTS The proposed model shows a significant decrease in the time-averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS) for the old archetypal flow waveform. This is in good agreement with clinical data on a straight segment of common carotid arteries available for young and old subjects. Moreover, our study showed that the decrease of area-averaged TAWSS related to the old flow waveform is much more pronounced (2.5 ÷ 4.5 times higher) at risk areas (areas showing TAWSS below its threshold value of 0.48 Pa) than in straight segments commonly considered in clinical studies. CONCLUSIONS Since arterial stiffness can be lowered through long-term usage of any of the five basic groups of antihypertensives, possible benefits of such medical therapy could be not only lowering blood pressure and peripheral resistance but also in increasing the TAWSS and thus attenuating an important mechanism of the atherosclerotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Jagoš
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2896/2, 616 69, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Kohút
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2896/2, 616 69, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Novotný
- St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Pekařská 664/53, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Křivka
- St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Pekařská 664/53, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hájek
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2896/2, 616 69, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Formánek
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2896/2, 616 69, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Lisický
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2896/2, 616 69, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Burša
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2896/2, 616 69, Brno, Czech Republic
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2
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Katoh K. Effects of Mechanical Stress on Endothelial Cells In Situ and In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16518. [PMID: 38003708 PMCID: PMC10671803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells lining blood vessels are essential for maintaining vascular homeostasis and mediate several pathological and physiological processes. Mechanical stresses generated by blood flow and other biomechanical factors significantly affect endothelial cell activity. Here, we review how mechanical stresses, both in situ and in vitro, affect endothelial cells. We review the basic principles underlying the cellular response to mechanical stresses. We also consider the implications of these findings for understanding the mechanisms of mechanotransducer and mechano-signal transduction systems by cytoskeletal components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Katoh
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tsukuba University of Technology, Tsukuba 305-8521, Japan
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3
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Effect of Subject-Specific, Spatially Reduced, and Idealized Boundary Conditions on the Predicted Hemodynamic Environment in the Murine Aorta. Ann Biomed Eng 2021; 49:3255-3266. [PMID: 34528150 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-021-02851-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models of atherosclerosis have become effective resources to study atherogenesis, including the relationship between hemodynamics and lesion development. Computational methods aid the prediction of the in vivo hemodynamic environment in the mouse vasculature, but careful selection of inflow and outflow boundary conditions (BCs) is warranted to promote model accuracy. Herein, we investigated the impact of animal-specific versus reduced/idealized flow boundary conditions on predicted blood flow patterns in the mouse thoracic aorta. Blood velocities were measured in the aortic root, arch branch vessel, and descending aorta in ApoE-/- mice using phase-contrast MRI. Computational geometries were derived from micro-CT imaging and combinations of high-fidelity or reduced/idealized MR-derived BCs were applied to predict the bulk flow field and hemodynamic metrics (e.g., wall shear stress, WSS; cross-flow index, CFI). Results demonstrate that pressure-free outlet BCs significantly overestimate outlet flow rates as compared to measured values. When compared to models that incorporate 3-component inlet velocity data [[Formula: see text]] and time-varying outlet mass flow splits [[Formula: see text]] (i.e., high-fidelity model), neglecting in-plane inlet velocity components (i.e., [Formula: see text])) leads to errors in WSS and CFI values ranging from 10 to 30% across the model domain whereas the application of a steady outlet mass flow splits results in negligible differences in these hemodynamics metrics. This investigation highlights that 3-component inlet velocity data and at least steady mass flow splits are required for accurate predictions of flow patterns in the mouse thoracic aorta.
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4
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Asgharzadeh H, Shahmohammadi A, Varble N, Levy EI, Meng H, Borazjani I. A Simple Flow Classification Parameter Can Discriminate Rupture Status in Intracranial Aneurysms. Neurosurgery 2020; 87:E557-E564. [PMID: 32421804 PMCID: PMC7566542 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyaa189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A simple dimensionless aneurysm number ($An$), which depends on geometry and flow pulsatility, was previously shown to distinguish the flow mode in intracranial aneurysms (IA): vortex mode with a dynamic vortex formation/evolution if $An > 1$, and cavity mode with a steady shear layer if $An < 1$. OBJECTIVE To hypothesize that $An\ > \ 1$ can distinguish rupture status because vortex mode is associated with high oscillatory shear index, which, in turn, is statistically associated with rupture. METHODS The above hypothesis is tested on a retrospective, consecutively collected database of 204 patient-specific IAs. The first 119 cases are assigned to training and the remainder to testing dataset. $An$ is calculated based on the pulsatility index (PI) approximated either from the literature or solving an optimization problem (denoted as$\ \widehat {PI}$). Student's t-test and logistic regression (LR) are used for hypothesis testing and data fitting, respectively. RESULTS $An$ can significantly discriminate ruptured and unruptured status with 95% confidence level (P < .0001). $An$ (using PI) and $\widehat {An}$ (using $\widehat {PI}$) significantly predict the ruptured IAs (for training dataset $An\!:\ $AUC = 0.85, $\widehat {An}\!:\ $AUC = 0.90, and for testing dataset $An\!:\ $sensitivity = 94%, specificity = 33%, $\widehat {An}\!:\ $sensitivity = 93.1%, specificity = 52.85%). CONCLUSION $An > 1$ predicts ruptured status. Unlike traditional hemodynamic parameters such as wall shear stress and oscillatory shear index, $An$ has a physical threshold of one (does not depend on statistical analysis) and does not require time-consuming flow simulations. Therefore, $An$ is a simple, practical discriminator of IA rupture status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafez Asgharzadeh
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Ali Shahmohammadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Nicole Varble
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
- Cannon Stroke and Vascular Research Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Elad I Levy
- Cannon Stroke and Vascular Research Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Neurosurgery, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Hui Meng
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
- Cannon Stroke and Vascular Research Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Neurosurgery, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Iman Borazjani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
- J. Mike Walker ’66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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5
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Blood flow simulations in patient-specific geometries of the carotid artery: A systematic review. J Biomech 2020; 111:110019. [PMID: 32905972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) are currently widely applied in the study of blood flow parameters and their alterations under pathological conditions, which are important indicators for diagnosis of atherosclerosis. In this manuscript, a systematic review of the published literature was conducted, according to the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, on the simulation studies of blood flow in patient-specific geometries of the carotid artery bifurcation. Scopus, PubMed and ScienceDirect databases were used in the literature search, which was completed on the 3rd of August 2020. Forty-nine articles were included after the selection process and were organized in two distinct categories: the CFD studies (36/49 articles), which comprise only the fluid analysis and the FSI studies (13/49 articles), which includes both fluid and Fluid-Structure domain in the analysis. The data of the research works was structured in different categories (Geometry, Viscosity models, Type of Flow, Boundary Conditions, Flow Parameters, Type of Solver and Validation). The aim of this systematic review is to demonstrate the methodology in the modelling, simulation and analysis of carotid blood flow and also identify potential gaps and challenges in this research field.
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6
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Bondareva O, Tsaryk R, Bojovic V, Odenthal-Schnittler M, Siekmann AF, Schnittler HJ. Identification of atheroprone shear stress responsive regulatory elements in endothelial cells. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:1487-1499. [PMID: 30785199 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Oscillatory shear stress (OSS) is an atheroprone haemodynamic force that occurs in areas of vessel irregularities and is implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Changes in signalling and transcriptional programme in response to OSS have been vigorously studied; however, the underlying changes in the chromatin landscape controlling transcription remain to be elucidated. Here, we investigated the changes in the regulatory element (RE) landscape of endothelial cells under atheroprone OSS conditions in an in vitro model. METHODS AND RESULTS Analyses of H3K27ac chromatin immunoprecipitation-Seq enrichment and RNA-Seq in primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells 6 h after onset of OSS identified 2806 differential responsive REs and 33 differentially expressed genes compared with control cells kept under static conditions. Furthermore, gene ontology analyses of putative RE-associated genes uncovered enrichment of WNT/HIPPO pathway and cytoskeleton reorganization signatures. Transcription factor (TF) binding motif analysis within RE sequences identified over-representation of ETS, Zinc finger, and activator protein 1 TF families that regulate cell cycle, proliferation, and apoptosis, implicating them in the development of atherosclerosis. Importantly, we confirmed the activation of EGR1 as well as the YAP/TAZ complex early (6 h) after onset of OSS in both cultured human vein and artery endothelial cells and, by undertaking luciferase assays, functionally verified their role in RE activation in response to OSS. CONCLUSIONS Based on the identification and verification of specific responsive REs early upon OSS exposure, we propose an expanded mechanism of how OSS might contribute to the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Bondareva
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Vesaliusweg 2-4, Münster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, Waldeyerstrasse 15, Münster, Germany
| | - Roman Tsaryk
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, Waldeyerstrasse 15, Münster, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Vesna Bojovic
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Vesaliusweg 2-4, Münster, Germany
| | - Maria Odenthal-Schnittler
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Vesaliusweg 2-4, Münster, Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology, Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, Domagkstrasse 15, Muenster, Germany
| | - Arndt F Siekmann
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, Waldeyerstrasse 15, Münster, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hans-J Schnittler
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Vesaliusweg 2-4, Münster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, Waldeyerstrasse 15, Münster, Germany
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7
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Zhou X, Yin L, Xu L, Liang F. Non-periodicity of blood flow and its influence on wall shear stress in the carotid artery bifurcation: An in vivo measurement-based computational study. J Biomech 2020; 101:109617. [PMID: 31959390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although arterial blood flow is physiologically non-periodic under resting conditions, periodic flow assumption has been widely adopted in most hemodynamic studies. So far, it remains unclear how the non-periodicity of blood flow would influence local hemodynamic parameters, especially wall shear stress (WSS) that associates closely with endothelial function and vascular disease. In this study, numerical simulations of blood flows in sixteen normal carotid artery bifurcations were performed under measured non-periodic and averaged periodic flow conditions, respectively, with the obtained results being compared in terms of five typical WSS metrics (i.e., mean WSS (MWSS), time-averaged WSS (TAWSS), oscillatory shear index (OSI), transverse WSS (transWSS), and average temporal gradient of WSS (WSSTG)) in the atheroprone low-WSS regions. It was found that simplifying the physiologically non-periodic flow condition into a periodic one did not significantly alter the major features of WSS distribution, but resulted in underestimations of some WSS metrics. Specifically, the degree of underestimation was largest (27.2% ± 8.3%) for WSSTG, smallest (0.5% ± 0.4%) for MWSS, while moderate (5.1% ± 3.2% ~ 9.2% ± 4.1%) for other WSS metrics. Statistical analyses revealed that the cycle-to-cycle variability of flow velocity waveform (var-V) and the planarity of internal carotid artery correlated strongly with the periodic flow assumption-induced underestimations of WSS metrics. These findings suggest that taking the non-periodic characteristic of blood flow into consideration could be important for studying hemodynamics in arteries with a large var-V or specific morphological characteristics, especially when WSSTG is the main hemodynamic parameter of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindong Zhou
- School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lekang Yin
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Lijian Xu
- School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Fuyou Liang
- School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Key Laboratory of Hydrodynamics (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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8
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Gallo D, Bijari PB, Morbiducci U, Qiao Y, Xie YJ, Etesami M, Habets D, Lakatta EG, Wasserman BA, Steinman DA. Segment-specific associations between local haemodynamic and imaging markers of early atherosclerosis at the carotid artery: an in vivo human study. J R Soc Interface 2018; 15:rsif.2018.0352. [PMID: 30305419 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Low and oscillatory wall shear stress (WSS) has long been hypothesized as a risk factor for atherosclerosis; however, evidence has been inferred primarily from model and post-mortem studies, or clinical studies of patients with already-developed plaques. This study aimed to identify associations between local haemodynamic and imaging markers of early atherosclerosis. Comprehensive magnetic resonance imaging allowed quantification of contrast enhancement (CE) (a marker of endothelial dysfunction) and vessel wall thickness at two distinct segments: the internal carotid artery bulb and the common carotid artery (CCA). Strict criteria were applied to a large dataset to exclude inward remodelling, resulting in 41 cases for which personalized computational fluid dynamic simulations were performed. After controlling for cardiovascular risk factors, bulb wall thickening was found to be weakly, but not significantly, associated with oscillatory WSS. CE at the bulb was significantly associated with low WSS (p < 0.001) and low flow helicity (p < 0.05). No significant associations were found for the CCA segment. Local haemodynamics at the bulb were significantly correlated with blood flow rates and heart rates, but not carotid bifurcation geometry (flare and curvature). Therefore low, but not oscillatory, WSS is an early independent marker of atherosclerotic changes preceding intimal thickening at the carotid bulb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Gallo
- Biomedical Simulation Lab, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,PolitoMed Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Payam B Bijari
- Biomedical Simulation Lab, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Umberto Morbiducci
- PolitoMed Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Ye Qiao
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Joyce Xie
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maryam Etesami
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Damiaan Habets
- Biomedical Simulation Lab, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edward G Lakatta
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIA, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bruce A Wasserman
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David A Steinman
- Biomedical Simulation Lab, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Quantifying Hemodynamic Changes in Moyamoya Disease Based on Two-Dimensional Cine Phase-Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computational Fluid Dynamics. World Neurosurg 2018; 120:e1301-e1309. [PMID: 30240869 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate hemodynamic changes in moyamoya disease (MMD) via two-dimensional cine phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging and computational fluid dynamics. METHODS In 18 patients with MMD and 10 healthy control subjects, phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging was performed to quantify flow rate of main supplying arteries, including internal carotid arteries (ICAs) and vertebral arteries. Mean flow rate in these vessels was adopted as the patient-specific boundary condition for computational fluid dynamics simulation of the circle of Willis in MMD and control groups. Pressure drop in both ICAs and their difference, wall shear stress and secondary flow in the carotid siphon of ICAs, and flow rate and size of posterior communicating arteries (PComAs) were compared between MMD and control groups. Four patients with MMD underwent follow-up scans for longitudinal comparison. RESULTS Phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging data revealed significantly different flow rate in the left ICA and right vertebral arteries between MMD and control groups. Computational fluid dynamics simulation demonstrated similar wall shear stress and similar secondary flow of both ICAs but significantly higher pressure drop in left ICA, higher pressure drop difference between left ICA and right ICA, and higher flow rate in PComAs in patients with MMD compared with control subjects. Significantly increased size of left PComA in patients with MMD was also found. Follow-up results confirmed that the combination of pressure drop difference, flow rate, and size of PComAs can potentially assist long-term prognosis after surgery. CONCLUSIONS Pressure drop difference, flow rate, and size of PComAs can be used to evaluate impairments in cerebrovascular reserve and indicate long-term prognosis in MMD.
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10
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Pinto SIS, Campos JBLM, Azevedo E, Castro CF, Sousa LC. Numerical study on the hemodynamics of patient-specific carotid bifurcation using a new mesh approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2018; 34:e2972. [PMID: 29470857 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.2972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The definition of a suitable mesh to simulate blood flow in the human carotid bifurcation has been investigated. In this research, a novel mesh generation method is proposed: hexahedral cells at the center of the vessel and a fine grid of tetrahedral cells near the artery wall, in order to correctly simulate the large blood velocity gradients associated with specific locations. The selected numerical examples to show the pertinence of the novel generation method are supported by carotid ultrasound image data of a patient-specific case. Doppler systolic blood velocities measured during ultrasound examination are compared with simulated velocities using 4 different combinations of hexahedral and tetrahedral meshes and different fluid dynamic simulators. The Lin's test was applied to show the concordance of the results. Wall shear stress-based descriptors and localized normalized helicity descriptor emphasize the performance of the new method. Another feature is the reduced computation time required by the developed methodology. With the accurate combined mesh, different flow rate partitions, between the internal carotid artery and external carotid artery, were studied. The overall effect of the partitions is mainly in the blood flow patterns and in the hot-spot modulation of atherosclerosis-susceptible regions, rather than in their distribution along the bifurcation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I S Pinto
- Transport Phenomena Research Center (CEFT), Engineering Faculty, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200 - 465, Porto, Portugal
| | - J B L M Campos
- Transport Phenomena Research Center (CEFT), Engineering Faculty, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200 - 465, Porto, Portugal
| | - E Azevedo
- Department of Neurology, São João Hospital Centre, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200 - 319, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200 - 319, Porto, Portugal
| | - C F Castro
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Engineering Faculty, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200 - 465, Porto, Portugal
| | - L C Sousa
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Engineering Faculty, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200 - 465, Porto, Portugal
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11
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Sousa LC, Castro CF, António CC, Sousa F, Santos R, Castro P, Azevedo E. Computational simulation of carotid stenosis and flow dynamics based on patient ultrasound data - A new tool for risk assessment and surgical planning. Adv Med Sci 2016; 61:32-9. [PMID: 26355739 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is nowadays extensive experimental and computational investigation on the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, searching correlations between its focal nature and local hemodynamic environment. The goal of this work is to present a methodology for patient-specific hemodynamics study of the carotid artery bifurcation based on the use of ultrasound (US) morphological and blood flow velocity patient data. MATERIALS/METHODS Subject-specific studies were performed for two patients, using a developed finite element code. Geometrical models were obtained from the acquisition of longitudinal and sequential cross-sectional ultrasound images and boundary conditions from Doppler velocity measurements at the common carotid artery. RESULTS There was a good agreement between ultrasound imaging data and computational simulated results. For a normal and a stenosed carotid bifurcation the velocity, wall shear stress (WSS) and WSS descriptors analysis illustrated the extremely complex hemodynamic behavior along the cardiac cycle. Different patterns were found, associated with morphology and hemodynamic patient-specific conditions. High values of time-averaged WSS (TAWSS) were found at stenosis site and for both patients TAWSS fields presented low values within areas of high oscillating shear index and relative residence time values, corresponding to recirculation zones. CONCLUSION Simulated hemodynamic parameters were able to capture the disturbed flow conditions in a normal and a stenosed carotid artery bifurcation, which play an important role in the development of local atherosclerotic plaques. Computational simulations based on clinic US might help improving diagnostic and treatment management of carotid atherosclerosis.
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12
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Chen Y, Canton G, Kerwin WS, Chiu B. Modeling hemodynamic forces in carotid artery based on local geometric features. Med Biol Eng Comput 2015; 54:1437-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-015-1417-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Kato T, Sone S, Funamoto K, Hayase T, Kadowaki H, Taniguchi N. Effects of inflow velocity profile on two-dimensional hemodynamic analysis by ordinary and ultrasonic-measurement-integrated simulations. Med Biol Eng Comput 2015; 54:1331-9. [PMID: 26307203 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-015-1376-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional ultrasonic-measurement-integrated (2D-UMI) simulation correctly reproduces hemodynamics even with an inexact inflow velocity distribution. This study aimed to investigate which is superior, a two-dimensional ordinary (2D-O) simulation with an accurate inflow velocity distribution or a 2D-UMI simulation with an inaccurate one. 2D-O and 2D-UMI simulations were performed for blood flow in a carotid artery with four upstream velocity boundary conditions: a velocity profile with backprojected measured Doppler velocities (condition A), and velocity profiles with a measured Doppler velocity distribution, a parabolic one, and a uniform one, magnitude being obtained by inflow velocity estimation (conditions B, C, and D, respectively). The error of Doppler velocity against the measurement data was sensitive to the inflow velocity distribution in the 2D-O simulation, but not in the 2D-UMI simulation with the inflow velocity estimation. Among the results in conditions B, C, and D, the error in the worst 2D-UMI simulation with condition D was 31 % of that in the best 2D-O simulation with condition B, implying the superiority of the 2D-UMI simulation with an inaccurate inflow velocity distribution over the 2D-O simulation with an exact one. Condition A resulted in a larger error than the other conditions in both the 2D-O and 2D-UMI simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaumi Kato
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Shusaku Sone
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kenichi Funamoto
- Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Hayase
- Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kadowaki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
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14
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Estimation of Inlet Flow Rates for Image-Based Aneurysm CFD Models: Where and How to Begin? Ann Biomed Eng 2015; 43:1422-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1288-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Biasetti J, Spazzini PG, Hedin U, Gasser TC. Synergy between shear-induced migration and secondary flows on red blood cells transport in arteries: considerations on oxygen transport. J R Soc Interface 2015; 11:20140403. [PMID: 24850907 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Shear-induced migration of red blood cells (RBCs) is a well-known phenomenon characterizing blood flow in the small vessels (micrometre to millimetre size) of the cardiovascular system. In large vessels, like the abdominal aorta and the carotid artery (millimetre to centimetre size), the extent of this migration and its interaction with secondary flows has not been fully elucidated. RBC migration exerts its influence primarily on platelet concentration, oxygen transport and oxygen availability at the luminal surface, which could influence vessel wall disease processes in and adjacent to the intima. Phillips' shear-induced particle migration model, coupled to the Quemada viscosity model, was employed to simulate the macroscopic behaviour of RBCs in four patient-specific geometries: a normal abdominal aorta, an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), a normal carotid bifurcation and a stenotic carotid bifurcation. Simulations show a migration of RBCs from the near-wall region with a lowering of wall haematocrit (volume fraction of RBCs) on the posterior side of the normal aorta and on the lateral-external side of the iliac arteries. A marked migration is observed on the outer wall of the carotid sinus, along the common carotid artery and in the carotid stenosis. No significant migration is observed in the AAA. The spatial and temporal patterns of wall haematocrit are correlated with the near-wall shear layer and with the secondary flows induced by the vessel curvature. In particular, secondary flows accentuate the initial lowering in RBC near-wall concentration by convecting RBCs from the inner curvature side to the outer curvature side. The results reinforce data in literature showing a decrease in oxygen partial pressure on the inner curvature wall of the carotid sinus induced by the presence of secondary flows. The lowering of wall haematocrit is postulated to induce a decrease in oxygen availability at the luminal surface through a diminished concentration of oxyhaemoglobin, hence contributing, with the reported lowered oxygen partial pressure, to local hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Biasetti
- Department of Solid Mechanics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pier Giorgio Spazzini
- Mechanics Division, National Institute of Metrological Research (INRiM), Turin, Italy
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Christian Gasser
- Department of Solid Mechanics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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The effect of inlet waveforms on computational hemodynamics of patient-specific intracranial aneurysms. J Biomech 2014; 47:3882-90. [PMID: 25446264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Due to the lack of patient-specific inlet flow waveform measurements, most computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of intracranial aneurysms usually employ waveforms that are not patient-specific as inlet boundary conditions for the computational model. The current study examined how this assumption affects the predicted hemodynamics in patient-specific aneurysm geometries. We examined wall shear stress (WSS) and oscillatory shear index (OSI), the two most widely studied hemodynamic quantities that have been shown to predict aneurysm rupture, as well as maximal WSS (MWSS), energy loss (EL) and pressure loss coefficient (PLc). Sixteen pulsatile CFD simulations were carried out on four typical saccular aneurysms using 4 different waveforms and an identical inflow rate as inlet boundary conditions. Our results demonstrated that under the same mean inflow rate, different waveforms produced almost identical WSS distributions and WSS magnitudes, similar OSI distributions but drastically different OSI magnitudes. The OSI magnitude is correlated with the pulsatility index of the waveform. Furthermore, there is a linear relationship between aneurysm-averaged OSI values calculated from one waveform and those calculated from another waveform. In addition, different waveforms produced similar MWSS, EL and PLc in each aneurysm. In conclusion, inlet waveform has minimal effects on WSS, OSI distribution, MWSS, EL and PLc and a strong effect on OSI magnitude, but aneurysm-averaged OSI from different waveforms has a strong linear correlation with each other across different aneurysms, indicating that for the same aneurysm cohort, different waveforms can consistently stratify (rank) OSI of aneurysms.
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17
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Sousa LC, Castro CF, António CC, Santos AMF, Dos Santos RM, Castro PMAC, Azevedo E, Tavares JMRS. Toward hemodynamic diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis based on ultrasound image data and computational modeling. Med Biol Eng Comput 2014; 52:971-983. [PMID: 25249277 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-014-1197-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability of using non-expensive ultrasound (US) image data together with computer fluid simulation to access various severities of carotid stenosis was inquired in this study. Subject-specific hemodynamic conditions were simulated using a developed finite element solver. Individual structured meshing of the common carotid artery (CCA) bifurcation was built from segmented longitudinal and cross-sectional US images; imposed boundary velocities were based on Doppler US measurements. Simulated hemodynamic parameters such as velocities, wall shear stress (WSS) and derived descriptors were able to predict disturbed flow conditions which play an important role in the development of local atherosclerotic plaques. Hemodynamic features from six individual CCA bifurcations were analyzed. High values of time-averaged WSS (TAWSS) were found at stenosis site. Low values of TAWSS were found at the bulb and at the carotid internal and external branches depending on the particular features of each patient. High oscillating shear index and relative residence time values assigned highly disturbed flows at the same artery surface regions that correlate only moderately with low TAWSS results. Based on clinic US examinations, results provide estimates of flow changes and forces at the carotid artery wall toward the link between hemodynamic behavior and stenosis pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa C Sousa
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica (IDMEC-Polo FEUP), Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Catarina F Castro
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica (IDMEC-Polo FEUP), Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos C António
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica (IDMEC-Polo FEUP), Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - André Miguel F Santos
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica e Gestão Industrial, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rosa Maria Dos Santos
- Departamento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital São João, Universidade do Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Miguel A C Castro
- Departamento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital São João, Universidade do Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Elsa Azevedo
- Departamento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital São João, Universidade do Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Manuel R S Tavares
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica e Gestão Industrial, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
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18
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Kato T, Funamoto K, Hayase T, Sone S, Kadowaki H, Shimazaki T, Jibiki T, Miyama K, Liu L. Development and feasibility study of a two-dimensional ultrasonic-measurement-integrated blood flow analysis system for hemodynamics in carotid arteries. Med Biol Eng Comput 2014; 52:933-943. [PMID: 25192923 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-014-1193-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takaumi Kato
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kenichi Funamoto
- Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Hayase
- Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Shusaku Sone
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kadowaki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Lei Liu
- GE Healthcare Japan, Hino, 191-8503, Japan
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Sousa LC, Castro CF, António CC, Santos A, Santos R, Castro P, Azevedo E, Tavares JMR. Haemodynamic conditions of patient-specific carotid bifurcation based on ultrasound imaging. COMPUTER METHODS IN BIOMECHANICS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING-IMAGING AND VISUALIZATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/21681163.2013.875486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Canton G, Chiu B, Chen H, Chen Y, Hatsukami TS, Kerwin WS, Yuan C. A framework for the co-registration of hemodynamic forces and atherosclerotic plaque components. Physiol Meas 2013; 34:977-90. [PMID: 23945133 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/34/9/977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Local hemodynamic forces, such as wall shear stress (WSS), are thought to trigger cellular and molecular mechanisms that determine atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability to rupture. Magnetic resonance imaging has emerged as a powerful tool to characterize human carotid atherosclerotic plaque composition and morphology, and to identify plaque features shown to be key determinants of plaque vulnerability. Image-based computational fluid dynamics has allowed researchers to obtain time-resolved WSS information of atherosclerotic carotid arteries. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms of initiation and progression of atherosclerosis can be obtained through the comparison of WSS and plaque composition and morphology. To date, however, advance in knowledge has been limited greatly due to the lack of a reliable infrastructure to perform such analysis. The aim of this study is to establish a framework that will allow for the co-registration and analysis of the three-dimensional distribution of WSS and plaque components and morphology. The use of this framework will lead to future studies targeted to determining the role of WSS in atherosclerotic plaque progression and vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gador Canton
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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21
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Campbell IC, Ries J, Dhawan SS, Quyyumi AA, Taylor WR, Oshinski JN. Effect of inlet velocity profiles on patient-specific computational fluid dynamics simulations of the carotid bifurcation. J Biomech Eng 2013; 134:051001. [PMID: 22757489 DOI: 10.1115/1.4006681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Patient-specific computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a powerful tool for researching the role of blood flow in disease processes. Modern clinical imaging technology such as MRI and CT can provide high resolution information about vessel geometry, but in many situations, patient-specific inlet velocity information is not available. In these situations, a simplified velocity profile must be selected. We studied how idealized inlet velocity profiles (blunt, parabolic, and Womersley flow) affect patient-specific CFD results when compared to simulations employing a "reference standard" of the patient's own measured velocity profile in the carotid bifurcation. To place the magnitude of these effects in context, we also investigated the effect of geometry and the use of subject-specific flow waveform on the CFD results. We quantified these differences by examining the pointwise percent error of the mean wall shear stress (WSS) and the oscillatory shear index (OSI) and by computing the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) between axial profiles of the mean WSS and OSI in the internal carotid artery bulb. The parabolic inlet velocity profile produced the most similar mean WSS and OSI to simulations employing the real patient-specific inlet velocity profile. However, anatomic variation in vessel geometry and the use of a nonpatient-specific flow waveform both affected the WSS and OSI results more than did the choice of inlet velocity profile. Although careful selection of boundary conditions is essential for all CFD analysis, accurate patient-specific geometry reconstruction and measurement of vessel flow rate waveform are more important than the choice of velocity profile. A parabolic velocity profile provided results most similar to the patient-specific velocity profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Campbell
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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22
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Bijari PB, Antiga L, Gallo D, Wasserman BA, Steinman DA. Improved prediction of disturbed flow via hemodynamically-inspired geometric variables. J Biomech 2012; 45:1632-7. [PMID: 22552156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Arterial geometry has long been considered as a pragmatic alternative for inferring arterial flow disturbances, and their impact on the natural history and treatment of vascular diseases. Traditionally, definition of geometric variables is based on convenient shape descriptors, with only superficial consideration of their influence on flow and wall shear stress patterns. In the present study we demonstrate that a more studied consideration of the actual (cf. nominal) local hemodynamics can lead to substantial improvements in the prediction of disturbed flow by geometry. Starting from a well-characterized computational fluid dynamics (CFD) dataset of 50 normal carotid bifurcations, we observed that disturbed flow tended to be confined proximal to the flow divider, whereas geometric variables previously shown to be significant predictors of disturbed flow included features distal to the flow divider in their definitions. Flaring of the bifurcation leading to flow separation was redefined as the maximum relative expansion of the common carotid artery (CCA), proximal to the flow divider. The beneficial effect of primary curvature on flow inertia, via suppression of flow separation, was characterized by the in-plane tortuosity of CCA as it enters the flare region. Multiple linear regressions of these redefined geometric variables against various metrics of disturbed flow revealed R(2) values approaching 0.6, better than the roughly 0.3 achieved using the conventional shape-based variables, while maintaining their demonstrated real-world reproducibility. Such a hemodynamically-inspired approach to the definition of geometric variables may reap benefits for other applications where geometry is used as a surrogate marker of local hemodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam B Bijari
- Biomedical Simulation Laboratory, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, and Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G8
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23
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Sensitivity of the gradient oscillatory number to flow input waveform shapes. J Biomech 2012; 45:985-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Hoi Y, Wasserman BA, Lakatta EG, Steinman DA. Effect of common carotid artery inlet length on normal carotid bifurcation hemodynamics. J Biomech Eng 2011; 132:121008. [PMID: 21142322 DOI: 10.1115/1.4002800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Controversy exists regarding the suitability of fully developed versus measured inlet velocity profiles for image-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies of carotid bifurcation hemodynamics. Here, we attempt to resolve this by investigating the impact of the reconstructed common carotid artery (CCA) inlet length on computed metrics of "disturbed" flow. Twelve normal carotid bifurcation geometries were reconstructed from contrast-enhanced angiograms acquired as part of the Vascular Aging--The Link That Bridges Age to Atherosclerosis study (VALIDATE). The right carotid artery lumen geometry was reconstructed from its brachiocephalic origin to well above the bifurcation, and the CCA was truncated objectively at locations one, three, five, and seven diameters proximal to where it flares into the bifurcation. Relative to the simulations carried out using the full CCA, models truncated at one CCA diameter strongly overestimated the amount of disturbed flow. Substantial improvement was offered by using three CCA diameters, with only minor further improvement using five CCA diameters. With seven CCA diameters, the amounts of disturbed flow agreed unambiguously with those predicted by the corresponding full-length models. Based on these findings, we recommend that image-based CFD models of the carotid bifurcation should incorporate at least three diameters of CCA length if fully developed velocity profiles are to be imposed at the inlet. The need for imposing measured inlet velocity profiles would seem to be relevant only for those cases where the CCA is severely truncated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiemeng Hoi
- Biomedical Simulation Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G8
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25
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Geers AJ, Larrabide I, Radaelli AG, Bogunovic H, Kim M, Gratama van Andel HAF, Majoie CB, VanBavel E, Frangi AF. Patient-specific computational hemodynamics of intracranial aneurysms from 3D rotational angiography and CT angiography: an in vivo reproducibility study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2011; 32:581-6. [PMID: 21183614 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a2306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Patient-specific simulations of the hemodynamics in intracranial aneurysms can be constructed by using image-based vascular models and CFD techniques. This work evaluates the impact of the choice of imaging technique on these simulations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten aneurysms, imaged with 3DRA and CTA, were analyzed to assess the reproducibility of geometric and hemodynamic variables across the 2 modalities. RESULTS Compared with 3DRA models, we found that CTA models often had larger aneurysm necks (P = .05) and that most of the smallest vessels (between 0.7 and 1.0 mm in diameter) could not be reconstructed successfully with CTA. With respect to the values measured in the 3DRA models, the flow rate differed by 14.1 ± 2.8% (mean ± SE) just proximal to the aneurysm and 33.9 ± 7.6% at the aneurysm neck. The mean WSS on the aneurysm differed by 44.2 ± 6.0%. Even when normalized to the parent vessel WSS, a difference of 31.4 ± 9.9% remained, with the normalized WSS in most cases being larger in the CTA model (P = .04). Despite these substantial differences, excellent agreement (κ ≥ 0.9) was found for qualitative variables that describe the flow field, such as the structure of the flow pattern and the flow complexity. CONCLUSIONS Although relatively large differences were found for all evaluated quantitative hemodynamic variables, the main flow characteristics were reproduced across imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Geers
- Center for Computational Imaging and Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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