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Nan K, Jiang YN, Li M, Wang B. Recent Progress in Diboronic-Acid-Based Glucose Sensors. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:618. [PMID: 37366983 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Non-enzymatic sensors with the capability of long-term stability and low cost are promising in glucose monitoring applications. Boronic acid (BA) derivatives offer a reversible and covalent binding mechanism for glucose recognition, which enables continuous glucose monitoring and responsive insulin release. To improve selectivity to glucose, a diboronic acid (DBA) structure design has been explored and has become a hot research topic for real-time glucose sensing in recent decades. This paper reviews the glucose recognition mechanism of boronic acids and discusses different glucose sensing strategies based on DBA-derivatives-based sensors reported in the past 10 years. The tunable pKa, electron-withdrawing properties, and modifiable group of phenylboronic acids were explored to develop various sensing strategies, including optical, electrochemical, and other methods. However, compared to the numerous monoboronic acid molecules and methods developed for glucose monitoring, the diversity of DBA molecules and applied sensing strategies remains limited. The challenges and opportunities are also highlighted for the future of glucose sensing strategies, which need to consider practicability, advanced medical equipment fitment, patient compliance, as well as better selectivity and tolerance to interferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Nan
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Probe Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yu-Na Jiang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Probe Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Meng Li
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Probe Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo 315300, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Probe Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo 315300, China
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2
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Li S, Chen Y, He P, Ma Y, Cai Y, Hou X, Zhang G, Zhang X, Wang Z. Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE) Photosensitizer Combined Polydopamine Nanomaterials for Organelle-Targeting Photodynamic and Photothermal Therapy by the Recognition of Sialic Acid. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200242. [PMID: 35613621 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The construction of organelle-targeting nanomaterials is an effective way to improve tumor imaging and treatment. Here, a new type of composite nanomaterial named as PTTPB is developed. PTTPB is composed of organelle-targeting aggregation-induced emission photosensitizer TTPB and polydopamine nanomaterials. With the functional modification of TTPB, PTTPB can recognize sialic acid on the cell membrane and present mitochondrial targeted capabilities. The intake of PTTPB in cancerous cells can be increased by the recognition process of cell membrane. PTTPB can generate singlet oxygen for photodynamic therapy (PDT), and present good photothermal conversion ability with irradiation. The PTTPB with organelle-targeting imaging-guided can realize the tumor ablation with the synergistic effect of PDT and photothermal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Yuzhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Peinan He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering College of Chemistry Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Yufan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Yajie Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Xinhui Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Guoyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering College of Chemistry Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
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3
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Marfavi A, Yeo JH, Leslie KG, New EJ, Rendina LM. New boron-based coumarin fluorophores for bioimaging applications
†. Aust J Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/ch21320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Dennyson Savariraj A, Salih A, Alam F, Elsherif M, AlQattan B, Khan AA, Yetisen AK, Butt H. Ophthalmic Sensors and Drug Delivery. ACS Sens 2021; 6:2046-2076. [PMID: 34043907 PMCID: PMC8294612 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Advances in multifunctional materials and technologies have allowed contact lenses to serve as wearable devices for continuous monitoring of physiological parameters and delivering drugs for ocular diseases. Since the tear fluids comprise a library of biomarkers, direct measurement of different parameters such as concentration of glucose, urea, proteins, nitrite, and chloride ions, intraocular pressure (IOP), corneal temperature, and pH can be carried out non-invasively using contact lens sensors. Microfluidic contact lens sensor based colorimetric sensing and liquid control mechanisms enable the wearers to perform self-examinations at home using smartphones. Furthermore, drug-laden contact lenses have emerged as delivery platforms using a low dosage of drugs with extended residence time and increased ocular bioavailability. This review provides an overview of contact lenses for ocular diagnostics and drug delivery applications. The designs, working principles, and sensing mechanisms of sensors and drug delivery systems are reviewed. The potential applications of contact lenses in point-of-care diagnostics and personalized medicine, along with the significance of integrating multiplexed sensing units together with drug delivery systems, have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Salih
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University
of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fahad Alam
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University
of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Elsherif
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University
of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bader AlQattan
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University
of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ammar A. Khan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ali K. Yetisen
- Department
of Physics, Lahore University of Management
Sciences, Lahore Cantonment 54792, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Haider Butt
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University
of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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5
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Khamees HA, Revanna BN, Madegowda M, Sebastian J, Haruvegowda DB, Kumar S. Structural, Quantum Chemical and Spectroscopic Investigations on Photophysical Properties of Fluorescent Saccharide Sensor: Theoretical and Experimental Studies. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202000966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hussien A. Khamees
- Department of Studies in PhysicsManasagangotriUniversity of Mysore Mysuru 570006 Karnataka India
| | - Bhavya N. Revanna
- Department of Studies in PhysicsManasagangotriUniversity of Mysore Mysuru 570006 Karnataka India
| | - Mahendra Madegowda
- Department of Studies in PhysicsManasagangotriUniversity of Mysore Mysuru 570006 Karnataka India
| | - Jeyaseelan Sebastian
- Department of PhysicsSt. Philomena's College (Autonomous) Mysore 570015 Karnataka India
| | - Doreswamy B. Haruvegowda
- Department of Studies in PhysicsSJB Institute of Technology, Kengeri Bengaluru 560060 Karnataka India
| | - Shamantha Kumar
- Department of Studies in PhysicsSJB Institute of Technology, Kengeri Bengaluru 560060 Karnataka India
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6
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Multiscale flaked silver SERS-substrate for glycated human albumin biosensing. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1100:250-257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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7
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Chen H, Liu C, Xia Y. One-step synthesis of boronic acid functionalized gold nanoclusters for photoluminescence sensing of dopamine. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2017; 5:014006. [PMID: 28248643 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/aa5e2d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study is the first to report one-step synthesis of boronic acid functionalized gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) using mixed ligands of 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid (MPBA) and glutathione. Furthermore, the emission color of the products can be fancily tuned from green to near-infrared by simply changing the proportion of the two stabilizers. In basic media, dopamine (DA) molecules themselves polymerize each other and form polydopamine with large amounts of cis-diol groups, which then react with boronic acid groups on the AuNC's surface based on the formation of boronate esters. As a result, the photoluminescence of the AuNCs is well quenched by the electron transfer effect. Accordingly, DA molecules are assayed from 0.5 to 9 μM, and the detection limit is as low as 0.1 μM. The as-prepared AuNCs exhibit high selectivity; the existing biomolecules including various amino acids, ascorbic acid, uric acid, glucose, etc, do not interfere with the assay. The proposed method is successfully applied to the assay of DA in human serum, indicating its practical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huide Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, People's Republic of China
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8
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Electrochemical studies of self-assembled monolayers composed of various phenylboronic acid derivatives. Talanta 2014; 119:5-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Beaudoin DS, Obare SO. Dual optical and electrochemical saccharide detection based on a dipyrido[3,2-a:2′3′-c]phenazine (DPPZ) ligand. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.07.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Yan J, Fang H, Wang B. Boronolectins and fluorescent boronolectins: an examination of the detailed chemistry issues important for the design. Med Res Rev 2006; 25:490-520. [PMID: 16025498 DOI: 10.1002/med.20038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Glycans in the form of glycoproteins or glycolipids play very critical roles in various biological and pathological processes including inflammation, cancer metastasis, immune reactions, embryo development, cell-cell communications and adhesions, blood generation, etc. Proteins (lectins) that can recognize carbohydrates have played very important roles in studying glycobiology. Small molecule mimics of lectins will be very useful in the development of new therapeutics and diagnostics. Along this line, boronic acids have been widely used in the design and synthesis of small organic compounds that mimic the function of lectins. This review examines in detail the factors that are important for the design of boronic acid-based lectin mimics, boronolectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4089, USA
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11
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Badugu R, Lakowicz JR, Geddes CD. Wavelength-ratiometric near-physiological pH sensors based on 6-aminoquinolinium boronic acid probes. Talanta 2005; 66:569-74. [PMID: 18970022 PMCID: PMC6854444 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2004.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Revised: 11/29/2004] [Accepted: 11/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We describe the pH response of a set of isomeric water-soluble fluorescent probes based on both the 6-aminoquinolinium and boronic acid moieties. These probes show spectral shifts and intensity changes with pH, in a wavelength-ratiometric and colorimetric manner. Subsequently, changes in pH can readily be determined around the physiological level. Although boronic acid containing probes are known to exhibit pH sensitivity along with an ability for saccharide binding/chelating, the new probes reported here are considered to be unique and show an unperturbed pH response, even in the presence of high concentrations of background saccharide, such as with glucose and fructose, allowing for the predominant pH sensitivity. The response of the probes is based on the ability of the boronic acid group to interact with strong bases like OH(-), changing from the neutral form of the boronic acid group, R-B(OH)(2), to the anionic ester, R-B(-)(OH)(3), form, which is an electron donating group. The presence of an electron deficient quaternary heterocyclic nitrogen center and a strong electron donating amino group in the 6-position of the quinolinium backbone, provides for the spectral changes observed upon OH(-) complexation. In addition, by comparing the results obtained with systems separately incorporating 6-methoxy or 6-methyl substituents, the suppressed response towards monosaccharides, such as with glucose and fructose, can clearly be observed for these systems. Finally we compare our results to those of a control compound, BAQ, which does not contain the boronic acid group, allowing a rationale of the spectral changes to be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandram Badugu
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Joseph R. Lakowicz
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Chris D. Geddes
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Institute of Fluorescence, Laboratory for Advanced Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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12
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Abstract
Effective management of diabetes relies on the frequent monitoring of blood glucose concentrations. The current approach of blood sampling and glucose concentration determination in vitro) presents many problems. Therefore, there is a drive for the development of non-invasive and continuous monitoring of glucose concentrations. The use of implanted glucose fluorescent sensors represents a promising approach. Due to its strong interaction with diol moieties, the boronic acid group often plays a critical role in the design of such glucose sensors. This paper reviews the progress in this area during the last ten years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Fang
- Department of Chemistry, MSC 8L0378, Georgia State University, 33 Gilmer St. SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303-3083, USA
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13
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Badugu R, Lakowicz JR, Geddes CD. OPHTHALMIC GLUCOSE MONITORING USING DISPOSABLE CONTACT LENSES. REVIEWS IN FLUORESCENCE 2005; 2005:363-397. [PMID: 33967658 PMCID: PMC8101969 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-23690-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandram Badugu
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 W. Lombard St., Baltimore, MD, 21201. USA
| | - Joseph R. Lakowicz
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 W. Lombard St., Baltimore, MD, 21201. USA
| | - Chris D. Geddes
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 W. Lombard St., Baltimore, MD, 21201. USA
- Institute of Fluorescence, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 W. Lombard St., Baltimore, MD, 21201. USA
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14
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Smoum R, Srebnik M. Boronated saccharides: potential applications. CONTEMPORARY ASPECTS OF BORON: CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-3158(06)80008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Badugu R, Lakowicz JR, Geddes CD. Cyanide-sensitive fluorescent probes. DYES AND PIGMENTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 2005; 64:49-55. [PMID: 33814649 PMCID: PMC8015965 DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2004.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We characterize the response of several boronic acid containing fluorophores, which are widely used for sugar determination, towards aqueous cyanide. In two recent reports we have shown that boronic acid containing fluorophores can be used to sense aqueous cyanide through physiological safeguard levels. In this report we show that our new sensing mechanism is not just specific to our recently reported probes, but is indeed generic to the boronic acid moiety itself. Subsequently a wide range of cyanide-sensitive probes can now be realized, offering several modalities for fluorescence based cyanide sensing such as: intensity, lifetime, ratiometric, polarization and modulation fluorescence sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandram Badugu
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Joseph R. Lakowicz
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Chris D. Geddes
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Institute of Fluorescence and Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 West Lombard St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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16
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Badugu R, Lakowicz JR, Geddes CD. Fluorescence intensity and lifetime-based cyanide sensitive probes for physiological safeguard. Anal Chim Acta 2004; 522:9-17. [PMID: 31896835 PMCID: PMC6939468 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We characterize six new fluorescent probes that show both intensity and lifetime changes in the presence of free uncomplexed aqueous cyanide, allowing for fluorescence based cyanide sensing up to physiological safeguard levels, i.e. <30 µM. One of the probes, m-BMQBA, shows a ≈15-fold reduction in intensity and a ≈10% change in mean lifetime at this level. The response of the new probes is based on their ability to bind the cyanide anion through a boronic acid functional group, changing from the neutral form of the boronic acid group R-B(OH)2 to the anionic R-B-(CN)3 form, a new cyanide binding mechanism which we have recently reported. The presence of an electron deficient quaternary heterocyclic nitrogen nucleus, and the electron rich cyanide bound form, provides for the intensity changes observed. We have determined the disassociation constants of the probes to be in the range ≈ 15-84 µM3. In addition we have synthesized control compounds which do not contain the boronic acid moiety, allowing for a rationale of the cyanide responses between the probe isomers to be made. The lifetime of the cyanide bound probes are significantly shorter than the free R-B(OH)2 probe forms, providing for the opportunity of lifetime based cyanide sensing up to physiologically lethal levels. Finally, while fluorescent probes containing the boronic acid moiety have earned a well-deserved reputation for monosaccharide sensing, we show that strong bases such as CN- and OH- preferentially bind as compared to glucose, enabling the potential use of these probes for cyanide safeguard and determination in physiological fluids, especially given that physiologies do not experience any notable changes in pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandram Badugu
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Joseph R. Lakowicz
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Chris D. Geddes
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Institute of Fluorescence and Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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17
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Abstract
We have developed a range of disposable and colorless tear glucose sensing contact lenses, using off-the-shelf lenses embedded with new water soluble, highly fluorescent and glucose sensitive boronic acid containing fluorophores. The new lenses are readily able to track tear glucose levels and therefore blood glucose levels, which are ideally suited for potential use by diabetics. The fluorescence responses from the lenses can be monitored using simple excitation and emission detection devices. The novelty of our approach is two fold. Firstly, the notion of sensing extremely low glucose concentrations in tears, which track blood levels, by our contact lens approach, and secondly, the unique compatibility of our new glucose signaling probes with the internal mildly acidic contact lens environment. The new lenses are therefore ideal for the non-invasive and continuous monitoring of tear glucose, with about 15-min response time, and a measured shelf life in excess of 3 months. In this review article, we show that fluorescence based signaling using plastic disposable lenses, which have already been industrially optimized with regard to vision correction and oxygen/analyte permeability etc, may a notable alternative to invasive and random finger pricking, the most widely used glucose monitoring technology by diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandram Badugu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joseph R. Lakowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chris D. Geddes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Institute of Fluorescence, Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
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18
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Abstract
Noble metal nanoparticles are well known for their strong interactions with light through the resonant excitations of the collective oscillations of the conduction electrons on the particles, the so-called surface plasmon resonances. The close proximity of two nanoparticles is known to result in a red-shifted resonance wavelength peak, due to near-field coupling. We have subsequently employed this phenomenon and developed a new approach to glucose sensing, which is based on the aggregation and disassociation of 20-nm gold particles and the changes in plasmon absorption induced by the presence of glucose. High-molecular-weight dextran-coated nanoparticles are aggregated with concanavalin A (Con A), which results in a significant shift and broadening of the gold plasmon absorption. The addition of glucose competitively binds to Con A, reducing gold nanoparticle aggregation and therefore the plasmon absorption when monitored at a near-red arbitrary wavelength. We have optimized our plasmonic-type glucose nanosensors with regard to particle stability, pH effects, the dynamic range for glucose sensing, and the observation wavelength to be compatible with clinical glucose requirements and measurements. In addition, by modifying the amount of dextran or Con A used in nanoparticle fabrication, we can to some extent tune the glucose response range, which means that a single sensing platform could potentially be used to monitor microM --> mM glucose levels in many physiological fluids, such as tears, blood, and urine, where the glucose concentrations are significantly different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadir Aslan
- Institute of Fluorescence, Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 West Lombard St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Joseph R. Lakowicz
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Chris D. Geddes
- Institute of Fluorescence, Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 West Lombard St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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19
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Badugu R, Lakowicz JR, Geddes CD. A wavelength-ratiometric pH sensitive probe based on the boronic acid moiety and suppressed sugar response. DYES AND PIGMENTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 2004; 61:227-234. [PMID: 33828347 PMCID: PMC8022889 DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2003.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We characterize a new water soluble fluorescent probe sensitive to changes in pH. The new probe shows spectral shifts and intensity changes in different pH media, in a wavelength ratiometric and colorimetric manner. Subsequently, changes in pH can readily be determined around the physiological level. The new probe's response is based on the ability of the boronic acid group to interact with strong bases like OH-, changing from the neutral form of the boronic acid group [R-B(OH)2] to the anionic R-B-(OH)3 form, which is an electron donating group. The presence of an electron deficient quaternary heterocyclic nitrogen center and a strong electron donating amino group in the 6-position, on the quinolinium backbone, provides for the spectral changes observed upon OH- complexation. In addition, the presence of the amino group in the 6-position of the quinolinium backbone, suppresses the response of the boronic acid containing probe towards mono saccharides such as glucose and fructose, which are present in many biological fluids, allowing for the predominant pH sensitivity. Finally we compare our findings to those of a control compound that does not contain the boronic acid group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandram Badugu
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Joseph R. Lakowicz
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Chris D. Geddes
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Institute of Fluorescence and Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 West Lombard St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Badugu R, Lakowicz JR, Geddes CD. Ophthalmic glucose sensing: a novel monosaccharide sensing disposable and colorless contact lens. Analyst 2004; 129:516-21. [PMID: 15152329 PMCID: PMC4893348 DOI: 10.1039/b314463c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a technology for continuous tear glucose monitoring, and therefore potentially blood glucose monitoring, using a daily use, disposable contact lens embedded with sugar-sensing boronic acid containing fluorophores. The novelty of our approach is two fold. Firstly, the notion of sensing extremely low glucose concentrations in tears by our approach, and secondly, the unique compatibility of our new probes with the internal environment of the disposable, off-the-shelf, contact lenses, chosen because the physiological compatibility of disposable plastic contact lenses has already been assessed and optimized with regard to vision correction, size and oxygen/analyte permeability. Our findings show that our approach is indeed suitable for the continuous monitoring of tear glucose levels in the concentration range (50-500 microM), which track blood glucose levels which are approximately 5-10 fold higher. We believe our approach offers unique opportunities for non-invasive continuous glucose monitoring for diabetics, especially since many have eye disorders and require vision correction by either contact lenses or glasses, which is thought to be due to glycation of protein in blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandram Badugu
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Joseph R. Lakowicz
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Chris D. Geddes
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Institute of Fluorescence and Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 West Lombard St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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Badugu R, Lakowicz JR, Geddes CD. Excitation and emission wavelength ratiometric cyanide-sensitive probes for physiological sensing. Anal Biochem 2004; 327:82-90. [PMID: 15033514 PMCID: PMC6857806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2003.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We characterize three new fluorescent probes that show both spectral shifts and intensity changes in the presence of aqueous cyanide, allowing for both excitation and fluorescence emission wavelength ratiometric and colorimetric sensing. The relatively high binding constants of the probes for cyanide enables a distinct colorimetric change to be visually observed with as little as 10 microM cyanide. The response of the new probes is based on the ability of the boronic acid group to interact with the CN(-) anion, changing from the neutral form of the boronic acid group R-B(OH)(2) to the anionic R-B(-)(OH)3 form, which is an electron-donating group. The presence of an electron-deficient quaternary heterocyclic nitrogen center and a strong electron-donating amino group in the 6 position on the quinolinium backbone provides for the spectral changes observed upon CN(-) complexation. We have determined the binding constants for the ortho-, meta-, and para-boronic acid probes to be 0.12, 0.17, and 0.14 microM(-3). In addition we have synthesized a control compound that does not contain the boronic acid moiety, allowing for structural comparisons and a rationale for the sensing mechanism to be made. Finally we show that the affinity for monosaccharides, such as glucose or fructose, is relatively low as compared to that for cyanide, enabling the potential detection of cyanide in physiologies up to lethal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandram Badugu
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Joseph R. Lakowicz
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Chris D. Geddes
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Institute of Fluorescence and Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 West Lombard St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Badugu R, Lakowicz JR, Geddes CD. Noninvasive continuous monitoring of physiological glucose using a monosaccharide-sensing contact lens. Anal Chem 2004; 76:610-8. [PMID: 14750854 PMCID: PMC6906081 DOI: 10.1021/ac0303721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have tested the feasibility of tear glucose sensing using a daily, disposable contact lens embedded with boronic acid-containing fluorophores as a potential alternative to current invasive glucose-monitoring techniques. Our findings show that our approach may, indeed, be suitable for the continuous monitoring of tear glucose levels in the range 50-500 microM, which track blood glucose levels that are approximately 5-10-fold higher. We compare the response of the boronic acid probes in the contact lens to solution-based measurements and can conclude that both the pH and polarity within the contact lens need to be considered with respect to choosing/designing and optimizing glucose-sensing probes for contact lenses.
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