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Khan B, Nippolainen E, Shahini F, Torniainen J, Mikkonen S, Nonappa, Popov A, Töyräs J, Afara IO. Refractive index of human articular cartilage varies with tissue structure and composition. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2023; 40:2205-2214. [PMID: 38086029 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.498722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Optical properties of biological tissues, such as refractive index, are fundamental properties, intrinsically linked to a tissue's composition and structure. This study aims to investigate the variation of refractive index (RI) of human articular cartilage along the tissue depth (via collagen fibril orientation and optical density) and integrity (based on Mankin and Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) scores). The results show the relationship between RI and PG content (p=0.042), collagen orientation (p=0.037), and OARSI score (p=0.072). When taken into account, the outcome of this study suggests that the RI of healthy cartilage differs from that of pathological cartilage (p=0.072). This could potentially provide knowledge on how progressive tissue degeneration, such as osteoarthritis, affects changes in cartilage RI, which can, in turn, be used as a potential optical biomarker of tissue pathology.
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Detection of subtle cartilage and bone tissue degeneration in the equine joint using polarisation-sensitive optical coherence tomography. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2022; 30:1234-1243. [PMID: 35714759 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the ability of polarisation-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) to rapidly identify subtle signs of tissue degeneration in the equine joint. METHOD Polarisation-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) images were systematically acquired in four locations along the medial and lateral condyles of the third metacarpal bone in five dissected equine specimens. Intensity and retardation PS-OCT images, and anomalies observed therein, were then compared and validated with high resolution images of the tissue sections obtained using Differential Interference contrast (DIC) optical light microscopy. RESULTS The PS-OCT system was capable of imaging the entire equine osteochondral unit, and allowed delineation of the three structurally differentiated zones of the joint, that is, the articular cartilage matrix, zone of calcified cartilage and underlying subchondral bone. Importantly, PS-OCT imaging was able to detect underlying matrix and bone changes not visible without dissection and/or microscopy. CONCLUSION PS-OCT has substantial potential to detect, non-invasively, sub-surface microstructural changes that are known to be associated with the early stages of joint tissue degeneration.
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Lichtenegger A, Mukherjee P, Zhu L, Morishita R, Tomita K, Oida D, Leskovar K, Abd El-Sadek I, Makita S, Kirchberger S, Distel M, Baumann B, Yasuno Y. Non-destructive characterization of adult zebrafish models using Jones matrix optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:2202-2223. [PMID: 35519284 PMCID: PMC9045912 DOI: 10.1364/boe.455876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish is a valuable vertebrate animal model in pre-clinical cancer research. A Jones matrix optical coherence tomography (JM-OCT) prototype operating at 1310 nm and an intensity-based spectral-domain OCT setup at 840 nm were utilized to investigate adult wildtype and a tumor-developing zebrafish model. Various anatomical features were characterized based on their inherent scattering and polarization signature. A motorized translation stage in combination with the JM-OCT prototype enabled large field-of-view imaging to investigate adult zebrafish in a non-destructive way. The diseased animals exhibited tumor-related abnormalities in the brain and near the eye region. The scatter intensity, the attenuation coefficients and local polarization parameters such as the birefringence and the degree of polarization uniformity were analyzed to quantify differences in tumor versus control regions. The proof-of-concept study in a limited number of animals revealed a significant decrease in birefringence in tumors found in the brain and near the eye compared to control regions. The presented work showed the potential of OCT and JM-OCT as non-destructive, high-resolution, and real-time imaging modalities for pre-clinical research based on zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Lichtenegger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- Computational Optics Group, Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Pradipta Mukherjee
- Computational Optics Group, Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Lida Zhu
- Computational Optics Group, Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Rion Morishita
- Computational Optics Group, Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kiriko Tomita
- Computational Optics Group, Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Daisuke Oida
- Computational Optics Group, Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Konrad Leskovar
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Ibrahim Abd El-Sadek
- Computational Optics Group, Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, Egypt
| | - Shuichi Makita
- Computational Optics Group, Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Martin Distel
- St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Austria
| | - Bernhard Baumann
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Yoshiaki Yasuno
- Computational Optics Group, Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, Japan
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Khan B, Kafian-Attari I, Nippolainen E, Shaikh R, Semenov D, Hauta-Kasari M, Töyräs J, Afara IO. Articular cartilage optical properties in the near-infrared (NIR) spectral range vary with depth and tissue integrity. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:6066-6080. [PMID: 34745722 PMCID: PMC8548021 DOI: 10.1364/boe.430053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Optical properties of biological tissues in the NIR spectral range have demonstrated significant potential for in vivo diagnostic applications and are critical parameters for modelling light interaction in biological tissues. This study aims to investigate the optical properties of articular cartilage as a function of tissue depth and integrity. The results suggest consistent wavelength-dependent variation in optical properties between cartilage depth-wise zones, as well as between healthy and degenerated tissue. Also, statistically significant differences (p<0.05) in both optical properties were observed between the different cartilage depth-wise zones and as a result of tissue degeneration. When taken into account, the outcome of this study could enable accurate modelling of light interaction in cartilage matrix and could provide useful diagnostic information on cartilage integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilour Khan
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio, Finland, 70120, Finland
| | - Iman Kafian-Attari
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio, Finland, 70120, Finland
| | - Ervin Nippolainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio, Finland, 70120, Finland
| | - Rubina Shaikh
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio, Finland, 70120, Finland
| | - Dmitry Semenov
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Computing, Lämsikatu 15, Joensuu, Finland, 80110, Finland
| | - Markku Hauta-Kasari
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Computing, Lämsikatu 15, Joensuu, Finland, 80110, Finland
| | - Juha Töyräs
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio, Finland, 70120, Finland
- The University of Queensland, School of Information Technology, and Electrical Engineering, St. Lucia, Australia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Isaac O. Afara
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio, Finland, 70120, Finland
- The University of Queensland, School of Information Technology, and Electrical Engineering, St. Lucia, Australia, QLD 4072, Australia
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Zhou X, Maloufi S, Louie DC, Zhang N, Liu Q, Lee TK, Tang S. Investigating the depolarization property of skin tissue by degree of polarization uniformity contrast using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:5073-5088. [PMID: 34513243 PMCID: PMC8407846 DOI: 10.1364/boe.424709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The depolarization property of skin has been found to be important for skin cancer detection. Previous techniques based on light polarization lack the capability of depth differentiation. Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) has the advantage of both depth-resolved 3D imaging and high sensitivity to polarization. In this study, we investigate the depolarization property of skin tissue using PS-OCT, especially with the degree of polarization uniformity (DOPU) contrast. Well designed skin phantoms with various surface roughness levels and optical properties mimicking skin are imaged by PS-OCT and the DOPU values are quantified. The result shows a correlation between DOPU and surface roughness, where a higher roughness corresponds to a lower DOPU value. An index matching experiment with a water layer confirms the impact of surface condition on light depolarization. Refraction of backscattered photons on the surface boundary is attributed to the broadening of backscattering angle and thus depolarization. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time the impact of surface roughness on DOPU is reported and its mechanism explained. Furthermore, through preliminary in vivo skin imaging, the capability of DOPU in detecting depolarization in skin is demonstrated. By utilizing the 3D imaging from PS-OCT, DOPU can offer a high-resolution depth differentiation and quantification of depolarization in skin tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sina Maloufi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Daniel C. Louie
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Photomedicine Institute, University of British Columbia, and Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E8, Canada
- Cancer Control Research Program, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Qihao Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Tim K. Lee
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Photomedicine Institute, University of British Columbia, and Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E8, Canada
- Cancer Control Research Program, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Shuo Tang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z4, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z4, Canada
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Zhou X, Eltit F, Yang X, Maloufi S, Alousaimi H, Liu Q, Huang L, Wang R, Tang S. Detecting human articular cartilage degeneration in its early stage with polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:2745-2760. [PMID: 32499957 DOI: 10.1364/boe.387242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Detecting articular cartilage (AC) degeneration in its early stage plays a critical role in the diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) is sensitive to the alteration and disruption of collagen organization that happens during OA progression. This study proposes an effective OA evaluating method based on PS-OCT imaging. A slope-based analysis is applied on the phase retardation images to segment articular cartilage into three zones along the depth direction. The boundaries and birefringence coefficients (BRCs) of each zone are quantified. Two parameters, namely phase homogeneity index (PHI) and zonal distinguishability (Dz), are further developed to quantify the fluctuation within each zone and the zone-to-zone variation of the tissue birefringence properties. The PS-OCT based evaluating method then combines PHI and Dz to provide a G PS score for the severity of OA. The proposed method is applied to human hip joint samples and the results are compared with the grading by histology images. The G PS score shows very strong statistical significance in differentiating different stages of OA. Compared to using the BRC of each zone or a single BRC for the entire depth, the G PS score shows great improvement in differentiating early-stage OA. The proposed method is shown to have great potential to be developed as a clinical tool for detecting OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Felipe Eltit
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xiao Yang
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital and West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Sina Maloufi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Hanadi Alousaimi
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Qihao Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Rizhi Wang
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Materials Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shuo Tang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z4, Canada
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