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Rahimi M, Rossi A, Son T, Dadzie AK, Ebrahimi B, Abtahi M, Heiferman MJ, Yao X. Multispectral Fundus Photography of Choroidal Nevi With Trans-Palpebral Illumination. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2024; 13:25. [PMID: 38546980 PMCID: PMC10981443 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.13.3.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the spectral characteristics of choroidal nevi and assess the feasibility of quantifying the basal diameter of choroidal nevi using multispectral fundus images captured with trans-palpebral illumination. Methods The study used a widefield fundus camera with multispectral (625 nm, 780 nm, 850 nm, and 970 nm) trans-palpebral illumination to examine eight subjects diagnosed with choroidal nevi. Geometric features of nevi, including border clarity, overlying drusen, and lesion basal diameter, were characterized. Clinical imagers, including scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO), autofluorescence (AF), and optical coherence tomography (OCT), were utilized for comparative assessment. Results Fundus images depicted nevi as dark regions with high contrast against the background. Near-infrared (NIR) fundus images provided enhanced visibility of lesion borders compared to visible fundus images and SLO images. Lesion-background contrast measurements revealed 635 nm SLO at 11% and 625 nm fundus at 42%. Significantly enhanced contrasts were observed in NIR fundus images at 780 nm (73%), 850 nm (63%), and 970 nm (67%). For quantifying the diameter of nevi, NIR fundus images at 780 nm and 850 nm yielded a deviation of less than 10% when compared to OCT measurements. Conclusions NIR fundus photography with trans-palpebral illumination enhances nevi visibility and boundary definition compared to SLO. Agreement in diameter measurements with OCT validates the accuracy and reliability of this method for choroidal nevi assessment. Translational Relevance Multispectral fundus imaging with trans-palpebral illumination improves choroidal nevi visibility and accurately measures basal diameter, promising to enhance clinical practices in screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of choroidal nevi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Rahimi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alfa Rossi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Taeyoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Albert K. Dadzie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Behrouz Ebrahimi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mansour Abtahi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael J. Heiferman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, , USA
| | - Xincheng Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, , USA
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Rossi A, Rahimi M, Son T, Chan RVP, Heiferman MJ, Yao X. Preserving polarization maintaining photons for enhanced contrast imaging of the retina. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:5932-5945. [PMID: 38021139 PMCID: PMC10659774 DOI: 10.1364/boe.501636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of using polarization maintaining photons for enhanced contrast imaging of the retina. Orthogonal-polarization control has been frequently used in conventional fundus imaging systems to minimize reflection artifacts. However, the orthogonal-polarization configuration also rejects the directly reflected photons, which preserve the polarization condition of incident light, from the superficial layer of the fundus, i.e., the retina, and thus reduce the contrast of retinal imaging. We report here a portable fundus camera which can simultaneously perform orthogonal-polarization control to reject back-reflected light from the ophthalmic lens and parallel-polarization control to preserve the backscattered light from the retina which partially maintains the polarization state of the incoming light. This portable device utilizes miniaturized indirect ophthalmoscopy illumination to achieve non-mydriatic imaging, with a snapshot field of view of 101° eye-angle (67° visual-angle). Comparative analysis of retinal images acquired with a traditional orthogonal-polarization fundus camera from both normal and diseased eyes was conducted to validate the usefulness of the proposed design. The parallel-polarization control for enhanced contrast in high dynamic range imaging has also been validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfa Rossi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Mojtaba Rahimi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Taeyoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - R. V. Paul Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Michael J. Heiferman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Xincheng Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Ma F, Yuan M, Kozak I. Multispectral imaging: Review of current applications. Surv Ophthalmol 2023; 68:889-904. [PMID: 37321478 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Multispectral imaging (MSI) is a unique layer-by-layer imaging technique that allows the visualization of a wide array of retinal and choroidal pathologies including retinovascular disorders, retinal pigment epithelial changes, and choroidal lesions. Herein, we summarize the basic imaging principles and current applications of MSI together with recent technology advances in the field. MSI detects reflectance signal from both normal chorioretinal tissue and pathological lesions. Either hyperreflectance or hyporeflectance reveals the absorption activity of pigments such as hemoglobin and melanin and the reflection from interfaces such as the posterior hyaloid. Advances in MSI technique include creation of a retinal and choroidal oxy-deoxy map that could provide a better understanding of blood oxygen saturation within lesions as well as better interpretation of reflectance phenomenon of MSI images such as the different reflectance from the Sattler and Haller layers described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyan Ma
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Ophthalmology Department, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Mingzhen Yuan
- Beijing Tongren Hospital of Capital Medical University, Ophthalmology Department, Beijing, China
| | - Igor Kozak
- Moorfields Eye Hospitals UAE, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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Rossi A, Rahimi M, Le D, Son T, Heiferman MJ, Chan RVP, Yao X. Portable widefield fundus camera with high dynamic range imaging capability. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:906-917. [PMID: 36874492 PMCID: PMC9979689 DOI: 10.1364/boe.481096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fundus photography is indispensable for the clinical detection and management of eye diseases. Low image contrast and small field of view (FOV) are common limitations of conventional fundus photography, making it difficult to detect subtle abnormalities at the early stages of eye diseases. Further improvements in image contrast and FOV coverage are important for early disease detection and reliable treatment assessment. We report here a portable, wide FOV fundus camera with high dynamic range (HDR) imaging capability. Miniaturized indirect ophthalmoscopy illumination was employed to achieve the portable design for nonmydriatic, widefield fundus photography. Orthogonal polarization control was used to eliminate illumination reflectance artifacts. With independent power controls, three fundus images were sequentially acquired and fused to achieve HDR function for local image contrast enhancement. A 101° eye-angle (67° visual-angle) snapshot FOV was achieved for nonmydriatic fundus photography. The effective FOV was readily expanded up to 190° eye-angle (134° visual-angle) with the aid of a fixation target without the need for pharmacologic pupillary dilation. The effectiveness of HDR imaging was validated with both normal healthy and pathologic eyes, compared to a conventional fundus camera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfa Rossi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Mojtaba Rahimi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - David Le
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Taeyoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Michael J. Heiferman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - R. V. Paul Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Xincheng Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Light color efficiency-balanced trans-palpebral illumination for widefield fundus photography of the retina and choroid. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13850. [PMID: 35974053 PMCID: PMC9381777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide-field fundus camera, which can selectively evaluate the retina and choroid, is desirable for better detection and treatment evaluation of eye diseases. Trans-palpebral illumination has been demonstrated for wide-field fundus photography, but its application for true-color retinal imaging is challenging due to the light efficiency delivered through the eyelid and sclera is highly wavelength dependent. This study is to test the feasibility of true-color retinal imaging using efficiency-balanced visible light illumination, and to validate multiple spectral imaging (MSI) of the retina and choroid. 530 nm, 625 nm, 780 nm and 970 nm light emission diodes (LED)s are used to quantitatively evaluate the spectral efficiency of the trans-palpebral illumination. In comparison with 530 nm illumination, the 625 nm, 780 nm and 970 nm light efficiencies are 30.25, 523.05, and 1238.35 times higher. The light efficiency-balanced 530 nm and 625 nm illumination control can be used to produce true-color retinal image with contrast enhancement. The 780 nm light image enhances the visibility of choroidal vasculature, and the 970 nm image is predominated by large veins in the choroid. Without the need of pharmacological pupillary dilation, a 140° eye-angle field of view (FOV) is demonstrated in a snapshot fundus image. In coordination with a fixation target, the FOV can be readily expanded over the equator of the eye to visualize vortex ampullas.
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Burgos-Fernández FJ, Alterini T, Díaz-Doutón F, González L, Mateo C, Mestre C, Pujol J, Vilaseca M. Reflectance evaluation of eye fundus structures with a visible and near-infrared multispectral camera. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:3504-3519. [PMID: 35781951 PMCID: PMC9208594 DOI: 10.1364/boe.457412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We examined the spectral reflectance of fundus structures in the visible and near-infrared (400-1300 nm) range for contributing to the medical diagnosis of fundus diseases. Spectral images of healthy eye fundus and other ocular diseases were acquired using a novel multispectral fundus camera. Reflectance metrics were computed based on contrast to analyze the spectral features. Significant differences were observed among the structures in healthy and diseased eye fundus. Specifically, near-infrared analysis allows imaging of deeper layers, such as the choroid, which, to date, has not been retrieved using traditional color fundus cameras. Pathological structures, which were hardly observable in color fundus images owing to metamerism, were also revealed by the developed multispectral fundus camera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Burgos-Fernández
- Center for Sensors, Instruments and Systems Development, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Rambla Sant Nebridi 10, Terrassa, 08222, Spain
| | - Tommaso Alterini
- Center for Sensors, Instruments and Systems Development, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Rambla Sant Nebridi 10, Terrassa, 08222, Spain
| | - Fernando Díaz-Doutón
- Center for Sensors, Instruments and Systems Development, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Rambla Sant Nebridi 10, Terrassa, 08222, Spain
| | - Laura González
- Instituto de Microcirugía Ocular (Miranza Group), Josep Maria Lladó Street 3, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Carlos Mateo
- Instituto de Microcirugía Ocular (Miranza Group), Josep Maria Lladó Street 3, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Clara Mestre
- Indiana University School of Optometry, 800 Atwater Ave, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jaume Pujol
- Center for Sensors, Instruments and Systems Development, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Rambla Sant Nebridi 10, Terrassa, 08222, Spain
| | - Meritxell Vilaseca
- Center for Sensors, Instruments and Systems Development, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Rambla Sant Nebridi 10, Terrassa, 08222, Spain
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Huang Z, Jiang Z, Hu Y, Zou D, Yu Y, Ren Q, Liu G, Lu Y. Retinal choroidal vessel imaging based on multi-wavelength fundus imaging with the guidance of optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:5212-5224. [PMID: 33014609 PMCID: PMC7510854 DOI: 10.1364/boe.397750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A multispectral fundus camera (MSFC), as a novel noninvasive technology, uses an extensive range of monochromatic light sources that enable the view of different sectional planes of the retinal and choroidal structures. However, MSFC imaging involves complex processes affected by various factors, and the recognized theory based on light absorption above the choroid is not sufficient. In an attempt to supplement the relevant explanations, in this study, we used optical coherence tomography (OCT), a three-dimensional tomography modality, to analyze MSFC results at the retina and choroid. The swept-source OCT system at 1060 nm wavelength with a 200 kHz A-scan rate and an MSFC with 11 bands at 470 to 845 nm are employed. A quantitative evaluation procedure is proposed to compare MSFC and OCT en face images. The comparative study shows that 1) the MSFC images with the illumination wavelength of less than 605 nm could mainly provide the retinal structure information; 2) Relative choroidal layer thickness information could be inferred from the MSFC images, especially the image acquiring under the wavelength more than 605 nm. According to the results, further investigation revealed the contribution of the perivascular tissue and the sclera scattering in the difference of vascular brightness in MSFC images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhe Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yicheng Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, No. 9 Duxue Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518071, China
| | - Da Zou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiushi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, No. 9 Duxue Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518071, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Gangjun Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, No. 9 Duxue Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518071, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yanye Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Pattern Recognition Lab, Department of Computer Science, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Martensstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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