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Alsaeedi SM, Aggarwal S. The Holistic Review on Occurrence, Biology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cureus 2022; 14:e30226. [PMID: 36381928 PMCID: PMC9651169 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A prevalent head and neck cancer type is oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). It is widespread and associated with a high death rate of around 50% in some regions of the world. We discuss the likelihood of developing OSCC and the impact of age in this review. Prior to examining the vast array of diagnostic indicators, a brief explanation of the biology of the disease is addressed. Finally, the therapeutic strategies for OSCC are listed. The complete literature for this study was compiled by searching Google Scholar and PubMed using the terms "OSCC," "oral squamous cell carcinoma," "diagnosis of OSCC," "oral cancer," and "biomarkers and OSCC." The research finds that OSCC has several critical parameters with a lot of room for additional in-depth study.
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XR (Extended Reality: Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, Mixed Reality) Technology in Spine Medicine: Status Quo and Quo Vadis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11020470. [PMID: 35054164 PMCID: PMC8779726 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, with the rapid advancement and consumerization of virtual reality, augmented reality, mixed reality, and extended reality (XR) technology, the use of XR technology in spine medicine has also become increasingly popular. The rising use of XR technology in spine medicine has also been accelerated by the recent wave of digital transformation (i.e., case-specific three-dimensional medical images and holograms, wearable sensors, video cameras, fifth generation, artificial intelligence, and head-mounted displays), and further accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic and the increase in minimally invasive spine surgery. The COVID-19 pandemic has a negative impact on society, but positive impacts can also be expected, including the continued spread and adoption of telemedicine services (i.e., tele-education, tele-surgery, tele-rehabilitation) that promote digital transformation. The purpose of this narrative review is to describe the accelerators of XR (VR, AR, MR) technology in spine medicine and then to provide a comprehensive review of the use of XR technology in spine medicine, including surgery, consultation, education, and rehabilitation, as well as to identify its limitations and future perspectives (status quo and quo vadis).
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Bartoletti-Stella A, Gatta V, Mariani GA, Gobbi P, Falconi M, Manzoli L, Faenza I, Salucci S. Three-Dimensional Virtual Anatomy as a New Approach for Medical Student's Learning. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413247. [PMID: 34948857 PMCID: PMC8702207 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Most medical and health science schools adopt innovative tools to implement the teaching of anatomy to their undergraduate students. The increase in technological resources for educational purposes allows the use of virtual systems in the field of medicine, which can be considered decisive for improving anatomical knowledge, a requisite for safe and competent medical practice. Among these virtual tools, the Anatomage Table 7.0 represents, to date, a pivotal anatomical device for student education and training medical professionals. This review focuses attention on the potential of the Anatomage Table in the anatomical learning process and clinical practice by discussing these topics based on recent publication findings and describing their trends during the COVID-19 pandemic period. The reports documented a great interest in and a positive impact of the use of this technological table by medical students for teaching gross anatomy. Anatomage allows to describe, with accuracy and at high resolution, organ structure, vascularization, and innervation, as well as enables to familiarize with radiological images of real patients by improving knowledge in the radiological and surgical fields. Furthermore, its use can be considered strategic in a pandemic period, since it ensures, through an online platform, the continuation of anatomical and surgical training on dissecting cadavers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bartoletti-Stella
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Valentina Gatta
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.G.); (G.A.M.); (M.F.); (L.M.); (I.F.)
| | - Giulia Adalgisa Mariani
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.G.); (G.A.M.); (M.F.); (L.M.); (I.F.)
| | - Pietro Gobbi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences (DiSB), Urbino University Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy;
| | - Mirella Falconi
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.G.); (G.A.M.); (M.F.); (L.M.); (I.F.)
| | - Lucia Manzoli
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.G.); (G.A.M.); (M.F.); (L.M.); (I.F.)
| | - Irene Faenza
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.G.); (G.A.M.); (M.F.); (L.M.); (I.F.)
| | - Sara Salucci
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.G.); (G.A.M.); (M.F.); (L.M.); (I.F.)
- Correspondence:
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Dolens EDS, Dourado MR, Almangush A, Salo TA, Gurgel Rocha CA, da Silva SD, Brennan PA, Coletta RD. The Impact of Histopathological Features on the Prognosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:784924. [PMID: 34858861 PMCID: PMC8631280 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.784924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Over many decades, studies on histopathological features have not only presented high-level evidence of contribution for treatment directions and prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) but also provided inconsistencies, making clinical application difficult. The 8th TNM staging system of OSCC has acknowledged the importance of some histopathological features, by incorporating depth of invasion (DOI) to T category and extranodal extension (ENE) to N category. The aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis is to determine the most clinically relevant histopathological features for risk assessment and treatment planning of OSCC and to elucidate gaps in the literature. METHODS A systematic review was conducted using PRISMA guidelines, and the eligibility criteria were based on population, exposure, comparison, outcome, and study type (PECOS). PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for articles exploring the impact of histopathological features on OSCC outcomes with Cox multivariate analysis. Pooled data were subjected to an inverse variance method with random effects or fixed effect model, and the risk of bias was evaluated using quality in prognosis studies (QUIPS). Quality of evidence was assessed with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria. RESULTS The study included 172 articles published from 1999 to 2021. Meta-analyses confirmed the prognostic potential of DOI, ENE, perineural invasion, lymphovascular invasion, and involvement of the surgical margins and brought promising results for the association of bone invasion, tumor thickness, and pattern of invasion with increased risk for poor survival. Although with a small number of studies, the results also revealed a clinical significance of tumor budding and tumor-stroma ratio on predicted survival of patients with OSCC. Most of the studies were considered with low or moderate risk of bias, and the certainty in evidence varied from very low to high. CONCLUSION Our results confirm the potential prognostic usefulness of many histopathological features and highlight the promising results of others; however, further studies are advised to apply consistent designs, filling in the literature gaps to the pertinence of histopathological markers for OSCC prognosis. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), identifier CRD42020219630.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eder da Silva Dolens
- Graduate Program in Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
- University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Rocha Dourado
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Alhadi Almangush
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula A. Salo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Clarissa Araujo Gurgel Rocha
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil
- Department of Propaedeutics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Daniela da Silva
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Segal Cancer Centre and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Peter A. Brennan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo D. Coletta
- Graduate Program in Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
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You Y, Kim CY, Kim SK, Chung BS, Har D, Choi J, Park JS. Advanced-sectioned images obtained by microsectioning of the entire male body. Clin Anat 2021; 35:79-86. [PMID: 34591338 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Realistic two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) applications for anatomical studies are being developed from true-colored sectioned images. We generated advanced-sectioned images of the entire male body and verified that anatomical structures of both normal and abnormal shapes could be visualized in them. The cadaver was serially sectioned at constant intervals using a cryomacrotome. The sectioned surfaces were photographed using a digital camera to generate horizontal advanced-sectioned images in which normal and abnormal structures were classified. Advanced-sectioned images of the entire male body were generated. The image resolution was 3.3 × 3.3 fold better than that of the first sectioned images obtained in 2002. In the advanced-sectioned images, normal and abnormal structures ranging from microscopic (≥0.06 mm × 0.06 mm; pixel size) to macroscopic (≤473.1 mm × 202 mm; body size) could be identified. Furthermore, the real shapes and actual sites of lung cancer and lymph node enlargement were ascertained in them. Such images will be useful because of their true color and high resolution in digital 2D and 3D applications for gross anatomy and clinical anatomy. In future, we plan to generate new advanced-sectioned images of abnormal cadavers with different diseases for clinical anatomy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian You
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University School of Medicine, Gyeongju, South Korea
| | - Chung Yoh Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University School of Medicine, Gyeongju, South Korea
| | - Seul Ki Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University School of Medicine, Gyeongju, South Korea
| | - Beom Sun Chung
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Donghwan Har
- College of ICT Engineering, Chung Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Jin Seo Park
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University School of Medicine, Gyeongju, South Korea
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Tirelli G, Bussani R, Marchiori V, Gardenal N, Boscolo-Rizzo P, Marcuzzo AV. Relevance of perimarginal nodes for head and neck cancer. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 279:2603-2609. [PMID: 34448944 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-021-07056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of metastasis in the perimarginal nodes (PMNs) (also known as perifacial, preglandular and retroglandual nodes) in head and neck cancer. METHODS We recruited 136 patients affected by cancers of the oral cavity, lip, oropharynx, skin and by cáncer of unknown primary (CUP), who were candidates for level IB dissection. PMNs were identified and sent separately for histological analysis. Correlation between metastasis to the PMNs and characteristics of the primary tumour were reported. RESULTS The incidence of metastasis was 17% from oral cancer, 50% from lip cancer and 12.5% from skin cancer. No metastases were reported for oropharynx cancer or CUP. The only factor that correlated with the incidence of metastases was origin of the tumour from the upper part of oral cavity. CONCLUSION PMNs represent a frequent site of metastasis in oral and lip cancers. In cancer of the oropharynx, their involvement has not been not reported, while their role in skin cancers remains to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Tirelli
- Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Clinic, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina-ASUGI, Strada di Fiume 447, 39149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Rossana Bussani
- Istituto di Anatomia Patologica, Università di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Virginia Marchiori
- Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Clinic, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina-ASUGI, Strada di Fiume 447, 39149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Gardenal
- Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Clinic, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina-ASUGI, Strada di Fiume 447, 39149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Boscolo-Rizzo
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alberto Vito Marcuzzo
- Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Clinic, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina-ASUGI, Strada di Fiume 447, 39149, Trieste, Italy.
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