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Tessonnier T, Verona-Rinati G, Rank L, Kranzer R, Mairani A, Marinelli M. Diamond detectors for dose and instantaneous dose-rate measurements for ultra-high dose-rate scanned helium ion beams. Med Phys 2024; 51:1450-1459. [PMID: 37742343 PMCID: PMC10922163 DOI: 10.1002/mp.16757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The possible emergence of the FLASH effect-the sparing of normal tissue while maintaining tumor control-after irradiations at dose-rates exceeding several tens of Gy per second, has recently spurred a surge of studies attempting to characterize and rationalize the phenomenon. Investigating and reporting the dose and instantaneous dose-rate of ultra-high dose-rate (UHDR) particle radiotherapy beams is crucial for understanding and assessing the FLASH effect, towards pre-clinical application and quality assurance programs. PURPOSE The purpose of the present work is to investigate a novel diamond-based detector system for dose and instantaneous dose-rate measurements in UHDR particle beams. METHODS Two types of diamond detectors, a microDiamond (PTW 60019) and a diamond detector prototype specifically designed for operation in UHDR beams (flashDiamond), and two different readout electronic chains, were investigated for absorbed dose and instantaneous dose-rate measurements. The detectors were irradiated with a helium beam of 145.7 MeV/u under conventional and UHDR delivery. Dose-rate delivery records by the monitoring ionization chamber and diamond detectors were studied for single spot irradiations. Dose linearity at 5 cm depth and in-depth dose response from 2 to 16 cm were investigated for both measurement chains and both detectors in a water tank. Measurements with cylindrical and plane-parallel ionization chambers as well as Monte-Carlo simulations were performed for comparisons. RESULTS Diamond detectors allowed for recording the temporal structure of the beam, in good agreement with the one obtained by the monitoring ionization chamber. A better time resolution of the order of few μs was observed as compared to the approximately 50 μs of the monitoring ionization chamber. Both diamonds detectors show an excellent linearity response in both delivery modalities. Dose values derived by integrating the measured instantaneous dose-rates are in very good agreement with the ones obtained by the standard electrometer readings. Bragg peak curves confirmed the consistency of the charge measurements by the two systems. CONCLUSIONS The proposed novel dosimetric system allows for a detailed investigation of the temporal evolution of UHDR beams. As a result, reliable and accurate determinations of dose and instantaneous dose-rate are possible, both required for a comprehensive characterization of UHDR beams and relevant for FLASH effect assessment in clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tessonnier
- Heidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center Heidelberg, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Luisa Rank
- Heidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Rafael Kranzer
- PTW-Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- University Clinic for Medical Radiation Physics, Medical Campus Pius Hospital, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Mairani
- Heidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center Heidelberg, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Medical Physics department, National Centre of Oncological Hadrontherapy (CNAO), Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Marinelli
- Industrial Engineering Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Kranzer R, Schüller A, Bourgouin A, Hackel T, Poppinga D, Lapp M, Looe HK, Poppe B. Response of diamond detectors in ultra-high dose-per-pulse electron beams for dosimetry at FLASH radiotherapy. Phys Med Biol 2022; 67. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac594e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective. With increasing investigation of the so-called FLASH effect, the need for accurate real time dosimetry for ultra-high dose rates is also growing. Considering the ultra-high dose-per-pulse (DPP) necessary to produce the ultra-high dose rates for investigations of the FLASH effect, real time dosimetry is a major challenge. In particular, vented ionization chambers, as used for dosimetry in conventional radiotherapy, show significant deviations from linearity with increasing DPP. This is due to recombination losses in the sensitive air volume. Solid state detectors could be an alternative. Due to their good stability of the response with regard to the accumulated dose, diamond detectors such as the microDiamond could be suitable here. The aims of this work are to investigate the response of microDiamond and adapted microDiamond prototypes in ultra-high DPP electron beams, to understand the underlying effects and to draw conclusions for further detector developments. Approach. For the study, an electron beam with a DPP up to 6.5 Gy and a pulse duration of 2.5 μs was used to fulfill the conditions under which the FLASH effect was observed. As a dose rate-independent reference, alanine dosimeters were used. Main Results. It has been shown that the commercially available microDiamond detectors have limitations in terms of linearity at ultra-high DPP. But this is not an intrinsic limitation of the detector principle. The deviations from linearity were correlated with the series resistance and the sensitivity. It could be shown that the linear range can be extended towards ultra-high DPP range by reducing the sensitivity in combination with a low series resistance of the detectors. Significance. The work shows that synthetic single crystal diamond detectors working as Schottky photodiodes are in principle suitable for FLASH-RT dosimetry at electron linear accelerators.
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Rosenfeld AB, Biasi G, Petasecca M, Lerch MLF, Villani G, Feygelman V. Semiconductor dosimetry in modern external-beam radiation therapy. Phys Med Biol 2020; 65:16TR01. [PMID: 32604077 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aba163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Patera V, Sarti A. Recent Advances in Detector Technologies for Particle Therapy Beam Monitoring and Dosimetry. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RADIATION AND PLASMA MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1109/trpms.2019.2951848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kaveckyte V, Persson L, Malusek A, Benmakhlouf H, Alm Carlsson G, Carlsson Tedgren Å. Investigation of a synthetic diamond detector response in kilovoltage photon beams. Med Phys 2019; 47:1268-1279. [PMID: 31880809 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE An important characteristic of radiation dosimetry detectors is their energy response which consists of absorbed-dose and intrinsic energy responses. The former can be characterized using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, whereas the latter (i.e., detector signal per absorbed dose to detector) is extracted from experimental data. Such a characterization is especially relevant when detectors are used in nonrelative measurements at a beam quality that differs from the calibration beam quality. Having in mind the possible application of synthetic diamond detectors (microDiamond PTW 60019, Freiburg, Germany) for nonrelative dosimetry of low-energy brachytherapy (BT) beams, we determined their intrinsic and absorbed-dose energy responses in 25-250 kV beams relative to a 60 Co beam, which is usually the reference beam quality for detector calibration in radiotherapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Three microDiamond detectors and, for comparison, two silicon diodes (PTW 60017) were calibrated in terms of air-kerma free in air in six x-ray beam qualities (from 25 to 250 kV) and in terms of absorbed dose to water in a 60 Co beam at the national metrology laboratory in Sweden. The PENELOPE/penEasy MC radiation transport code was used to calculate the absorbed-dose energy response of the detectors (modeled based on blueprints) relative to air and water depending on calibration conditions. The MC results were used to extract the relative intrinsic energy response of the detectors from the overall energy response. Measurements using an independent setup with a single ophthalmic BEBIG I25.S16 125 I BT seed (effective photon energy of 28 keV) were used as a qualitative check of the extracted intrinsic energy response correction factors. Additionally, the impact of the thickness of the active volume as well as the presence of extra-cameral components on the absorbed-dose energy response of a microDiamond detector was studied using MC simulations. RESULTS The relative intrinsic energy response of the microDiamond detectors was higher by a factor of 2 in 25 and 50 kV beams compared to the 60 Co beam. The variation in the relative intrinsic energy response of silicon diodes was within 10% over the investigated photon energy range. The use of relative intrinsic energy response correction factors improved the agreement among the absorbed dose to water values determined using microDiamond detectors and silicon diodes, as well as with the TG-43 formalism-based calculations for the 125 I seed. MC study of microDiamond detector design features provided a possible explanation for inter-detector response variation at low-energy photon beams by differences in the effective thickness of the active volume. CONCLUSIONS MicroDiamond detectors had a non-negligible variation in the relative intrinsic energy response (factor of 2) which was comparable to that in the absorbed-dose energy response relative to water at low-energy photon beams. Silicon diodes, in contrast, had an absorbed-dose energy dependence on photon energy that varied by a factor of 6, whereas the intrinsic energy dependence on beam quality was within 10%. It is important to decouple these two responses for a full characterization of detector energy response especially when the user and reference beam qualities differ significantly, and MC alone is not enough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaiva Kaveckyte
- Radiation Physics, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Persson
- Swedish Radiation Safety Authority, SE-171 16, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexandr Malusek
- Radiation Physics, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hamza Benmakhlouf
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gudrun Alm Carlsson
- Radiation Physics, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Åsa Carlsson Tedgren
- Radiation Physics, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
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Magrin G, Verona C, Ciocca M, Marinelli M, Mastella E, Stock M, Verona‐Rinati G. Microdosimetric characterization of clinical carbon‐ion beams using synthetic diamond detectors and spectral conversion methods. Med Phys 2019; 47:713-721. [DOI: 10.1002/mp.13926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Magrin
- EBG MedAustron Marie Curie‐Strasse 5 A‐2700Wiener Neustadt Austria
| | - Claudio Verona
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale Università di Roma “Tor Vergata” via del Politecnico 1 Roma 00133Italy
| | - Mario Ciocca
- Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica Strada Campeggi 53 Pavia 27100Italy
| | - Marco Marinelli
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale Università di Roma “Tor Vergata” via del Politecnico 1 Roma 00133Italy
| | - Edoardo Mastella
- Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica Strada Campeggi 53 Pavia 27100Italy
| | - Marcus Stock
- EBG MedAustron Marie Curie‐Strasse 5 A‐2700Wiener Neustadt Austria
| | - Gianluca Verona‐Rinati
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale Università di Roma “Tor Vergata” via del Politecnico 1 Roma 00133Italy
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Ciocca M, Magro G, Mastella E, Mairani A, Mirandola A, Molinelli S, Russo S, Vai A, Fiore MR, Mosci C, Valvo F, Via R, Baroni G, Orecchia R. Design and commissioning of the non-dedicated scanning proton beamline for ocular treatment at the synchrotron-based CNAO facility. Med Phys 2019; 46:1852-1862. [PMID: 30659616 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Only few centers worldwide treat intraocular tumors with proton therapy, all of them with a dedicated beamline, except in one case in the USA. The Italian National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy (CNAO) is a synchrotron-based hadrontherapy facility equipped with fixed beamlines and pencil beam scanning modality. Recently, a general-purpose horizontal proton beamline was adapted to treat also ocular diseases. In this work, the conceptual design and main dosimetric properties of this new proton eyeline are presented. METHODS A 28 mm thick water-equivalent range shifter (RS) was placed along the proton beamline to shift the minimum beam penetration at shallower depths. FLUKA Monte Carlo (MC) simulations were performed to optimize the position of the RS and patient-specific collimator, in order to achieve sharp lateral dose gradients. Lateral dose profiles were then measured with radiochromic EBT3 films to evaluate the dose uniformity and lateral penumbra width at several depths. Different beam scanning patterns were tested. Discrete energy levels with 1 mm water-equivalent step within the whole ocular energy range (62.7-89.8 MeV) were used, while fine adjustment of beam range was achieved using thin polymethylmethacrylate additional sheets. Depth-dose distributions (DDDs) were measured with the Peakfinder system. Monoenergetic beam weights to achieve flat spread-out Bragg Peaks (SOBPs) were numerically determined. Absorbed dose to water under reference conditions was measured with an Advanced Markus chamber, following International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Technical Report Series (TRS)-398 Code of Practice. Neutron dose at the contralateral eye was evaluated with passive bubble dosimeters. RESULTS Monte Carlo simulations and experimental results confirmed that maximizing the air gap between RS and aperture reduces the lateral dose penumbra width of the collimated beam and increases the field transversal dose homogeneity. Therefore, RS and brass collimator were placed at about 98 cm (upstream of the beam monitors) and 7 cm from the isocenter, respectively. The lateral 80%-20% penumbra at middle-SOBP ranged between 1.4 and 1.7 mm depending on field size, while 90%-10% distal fall-off of the DDDs ranged between 1.0 and 1.5 mm, as a function of range. Such values are comparable to those reported for most existing eye-dedicated facilities. Measured SOBP doses were in very good agreement with MC simulations. Mean neutron dose at the contralateral eye was 68 μSv/Gy. Beam delivery time, for 60 Gy relative biological effectiveness (RBE) prescription dose in four fractions, was around 3 min per session. CONCLUSIONS Our adapted scanning proton beamline satisfied the requirements for intraocular tumor treatment. The first ocular treatment was delivered in August 2016 and more than 100 patients successfully completed their treatment in these 2 yr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ciocca
- Fondazione CNAO, strada Campeggi 53, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Magro
- Fondazione CNAO, strada Campeggi 53, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Mairani
- Fondazione CNAO, strada Campeggi 53, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | - Stefania Russo
- Fondazione CNAO, strada Campeggi 53, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vai
- Fondazione CNAO, strada Campeggi 53, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Mosci
- Ente Ospedaliero Ospedali Galliera, via Mura delle Cappuccine 14, 16128, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Riccardo Via
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Guido Baroni
- Fondazione CNAO, strada Campeggi 53, 27100, Pavia, Italy.,Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Orecchia
- Fondazione CNAO, strada Campeggi 53, 27100, Pavia, Italy.,Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, via Ripamonti 435, 20100, Milano, Italy
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Giordanengo S, Palmans H. Dose detectors, sensors, and their applications. Med Phys 2018; 45:e1051-e1072. [DOI: 10.1002/mp.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Giordanengo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Section of Torino Via Giuria 1 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Hugo Palmans
- National Physical Laboratory Medical Radiation Science Hampton Road Teddington Middlesex TW11 0LW UK
- EBG MedAustron GmbH Marie‐Curiestraße 5 A‐2700 Wiener Neustadt Austria
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Mirandola A, Magro G, Lavagno M, Mairani A, Molinelli S, Russo S, Mastella E, Vai A, Maestri D, La Rosa V, Ciocca M. Characterization of a multilayer ionization chamber prototype for fast verification of relative depth ionization curves and spread-out-Bragg-peaks in light ion beam therapy. Med Phys 2018. [PMID: 29537642 DOI: 10.1002/mp.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To dosimetrically characterize a multilayer ionization chamber (MLIC) prototype for quality assurance (QA) of pristine integral ionization curves (ICs) and spread-out-Bragg-peaks (SOBPs) for scanning light ion beams. METHODS QUBE (De.Tec.Tor., Torino, Italy) is a modular detector designed for QA in particle therapy (PT). Its main module is a MLIC detector, able to evaluate particle beam relative depth ionization distributions at different beam energies and modulations. The charge collecting electrodes are made of aluminum, for a nominal water equivalent thickness (WET) of ~75 mm. The detector prototype was calibrated by acquiring the signals in the initial plateau region of a pristine BP and in terms of WET. Successively, it was characterized in terms of repeatability response, linearity, short-term stability and dose rate dependence. Beam-induced measurements of activation in terms of ambient dose equivalent rate were also performed. To increase the detector coarse native spatial resolution (~2.3 mm), several consecutive acquisitions with a set of certified 0.175-mm-thick PMMA sheets (Goodfellow, Cambridge Limited, UK), placed in front of the QUBE mylar entrance window, were performed. The ICs/SOBPs were achieved as the result of the sum of the set of measurements, made up of a one-by-one PMMA layer acquisition. The newly obtained detector spatial resolution allowed the experimental measurements to be properly comparable against the reference curves acquired in water with the PTW Peakfinder. Furthermore, QUBE detector was modeled in the FLUKA Monte Carlo (MC) code following the technical design details and ICs/SOBPs were calculated. RESULTS Measurements showed a high repeatability: mean relative standard deviation within ±0.5% for all channels and both particle types. Moreover, the detector response was linear with dose (R2 > 0.998) and independent on the dose rate. The mean deviation over the channel-by-channel readout respect to the reference beam flux (100%) was equal to 0.7% (1.9%) for the 50% (20%) beam flux level. The short-term stability of the gain calibration was very satisfying for both particle types: the channel mean relative standard deviation was within ±1% for all the acquisitions performed at different times. The ICs obtained with the MLIC QUBE at improved resolution satisfactorily matched both the MC simulations and the reference curves acquired with Peakfinder. Deviations from the reference values in terms of BP position, peak width and distal fall-off were submillimetric for both particle types in the whole investigated energy range. For modulated SOBPs, a submillimetric deviation was found when comparing both experimental MLIC QUBE data against the reference values and MC calculations. The relative dose deviations for the experimental MLIC QUBE acquisitions, with respect to Peakfinder data, ranged from ~1% to ~3.5%. Maximum value of 14.1 μSv/h was measured in contact with QUBE entrance window soon after a long irradiation with carbon ions. CONCLUSION MLIC QUBE appears to be a promising detector for accurately measuring pristine ICs and SOBPs. A simple procedure to improve the intrinsic spatial resolution of the detector is proposed. Being the detector very accurate, precise, fast responding, and easy to handle, it is therefore well suited for daily checks in PT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Mirandola
- Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica (CNAO Foundation), Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Magro
- Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica (CNAO Foundation), Pavia, 27100, Italy.,Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20100, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Mairani
- Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica (CNAO Foundation), Pavia, 27100, Italy.,Heidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg, 69121, Germany
| | - Silvia Molinelli
- Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica (CNAO Foundation), Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Stefania Russo
- Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica (CNAO Foundation), Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Edoardo Mastella
- Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica (CNAO Foundation), Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vai
- Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica (CNAO Foundation), Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Davide Maestri
- Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica (CNAO Foundation), Pavia, 27100, Italy.,Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20100, Italy
| | | | - Mario Ciocca
- Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica (CNAO Foundation), Pavia, 27100, Italy
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Grevillot L, Stock M, Palmans H, Osorio Moreno J, Letellier V, Dreindl R, Elia A, Fuchs H, Carlino A, Vatnitsky S. Implementation of dosimetry equipment and phantoms at the MedAustron light ion beam therapy facility. Med Phys 2017; 45:352-369. [DOI: 10.1002/mp.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Grevillot
- EBG MedAustron GmbH; Marie Curie-Straße 5 A-2700 Wiener Neustadt Austria
| | - Markus Stock
- EBG MedAustron GmbH; Marie Curie-Straße 5 A-2700 Wiener Neustadt Austria
| | - Hugo Palmans
- EBG MedAustron GmbH; Marie Curie-Straße 5 A-2700 Wiener Neustadt Austria
- National Physical Laboratory; Hampton Road TW11 0LW Teddington UK
| | | | - Virgile Letellier
- EBG MedAustron GmbH; Marie Curie-Straße 5 A-2700 Wiener Neustadt Austria
| | - Ralf Dreindl
- EBG MedAustron GmbH; Marie Curie-Straße 5 A-2700 Wiener Neustadt Austria
| | - Alessio Elia
- EBG MedAustron GmbH; Marie Curie-Straße 5 A-2700 Wiener Neustadt Austria
- Centre Léon Bérard; CREATIS, Université de Lyon, CNRS UMR5220, Inserm U1044, INSA-Lyon, Université Lyon 1; 69007 Lyon France
| | - Hermann Fuchs
- EBG MedAustron GmbH; Marie Curie-Straße 5 A-2700 Wiener Neustadt Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Medical Radiation Research for Radiation Oncology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Medical University of Vienna/AKH Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Antonio Carlino
- EBG MedAustron GmbH; Marie Curie-Straße 5 A-2700 Wiener Neustadt Austria
- Department of Physics and Chemistry; University of Palermo; Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 18 90128 Palermo Italy
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Rossomme S, Marinelli M, Verona-Rinati G, Romano F, Cirrone PAG, Kacperek A, Vynckier S, Palmans H. Response of synthetic diamond detectors in proton, carbon, and oxygen ion beams. Med Phys 2017; 44:5445-5449. [PMID: 28710866 DOI: 10.1002/mp.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In this work, the LET-dependence of the response of synthetic diamond detectors is investigated in different particle beams. METHOD Measurements were performed in three nonmodulated particle beams (proton, carbon, and oxygen). The response of five synthetic diamond detectors was compared to the response of a Markus or an Advanced Markus ionization chamber. The synthetic diamond detectors were used with their axis parallel to the beam axis and without any bias voltage. A high bias voltage was applied to the ionization chambers, to minimize ion recombination, for which no correction is applied (+300 V and +400 V were applied to the Markus and Advanced Markus ionization chambers respectively). RESULTS The ratio between the normalized response of the synthetic diamond detectors and the normalized response of the ionization chamber shows an under-response of the synthetic diamond detectors in carbon and oxygen ion beams. No under-response of the synthetic diamond detectors is observed in protons. For each beam, combining results obtained for the five synthetic diamond detectors and considering the uncertainties, a linear fit of the ratio between the normalized response of the synthetic diamond detectors and the normalized response of the ionization chamber is determined. The response of the synthetic diamond detectors can be described as a function of LET as (-6.22E-4 ± 3.17E-3) • LET + (0.99 ± 0.01) in proton beam, (-2.51E-4 ± 1.18E-4) • LET + (1.01 ± 0.01) in carbon ion beam and (-2.77E-4 ± 0.56E-4) • LET + (1.03 ± 0.01) in oxygen ion beam. Combining results obtained in carbon and oxygen ion beams, a LET dependence of about 0.026% (±0.013%) per keV/μm is estimated. CONCLUSIONS Due to the high LET value, a LET dependence of the response of the synthetic diamond detector was observed in the case of carbon and oxygen beams. The effect was found to be negligible in proton beams, due to the low LET value. The under-response of the synthetic diamond detector may result from the recombination of electron/hole in the thin synthetic diamond layer, due to the high LET-values. More investigations are required to confirm this assumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Rossomme
- Center of Molecular Imaging, Radiotherapy and Oncology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Marco Marinelli
- INFN-Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, 00173, Italy
| | - Gianluca Verona-Rinati
- INFN-Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, 00173, Italy
| | - Francesco Romano
- Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Catania, 95125, Sicily, Italy
| | | | - Andrzej Kacperek
- National Eye Proton Therapy Centre, Clatterbridge Cancer Centre, Wirral, CH63 4JY, UK
| | - Stefaan Vynckier
- Center of Molecular Imaging, Radiotherapy and Oncology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, 1200, Belgium.,Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Hugo Palmans
- National Physical Laboratory, Acoustics and Ionising Radiation Division, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK.,EBG MedAustron GmbH, Wiener Neustadt, 2700, Austria
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Martínez-Rovira I, González W, Brons S, Prezado Y. Carbon and oxygen minibeam radiation therapy: An experimental dosimetric evaluation. Med Phys 2017; 44:4223-4229. [PMID: 28556241 DOI: 10.1002/mp.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To perform dosimetric characterization of a minibeam collimator in both carbon and oxygen ion beams to guide optimal setup geometry and irradiation for future radiobiological studies. METHODS Carbon and oxygen minibeams were generated using a prototype tungsten multislit collimator presenting line apertures 700 μm wide, which are spaced 3500 μm centre-to-centre distance apart. Several radiation beam spots generated the desired field size of 15 × 15 mm2 and production of a 50 mm long spread out Bragg peak (SOBP) centered at 80 mm depth in water. Dose evaluations were performed with two different detectors: a PTW microDiamond® single crystal diamond detector and radiochromic films (EBT3). Peak-to-valley dose ratio (PVDR) values, output factors (OF), penumbras, and full width at half maximum (FWHM) were measured. RESULTS Measured lateral dose profiles exhibited spatial fractionation of dose at depth in a water phantom in the expected form of peaks and valleys for both carbon and oxygen radiation fields. The diamond detector and radiochromic film provided measurements of PVDR in good agreement. PVDR values at shallow depth were about 60 and decreased to about 10 at 80 mm depth in water. OF in the center of the SOBP was about 0.4; this value is larger than the corresponding one in proton minibeam radiation therapy measured using a comparable collimator due to a reduced lateral scattering for carbon and oxygen minibeams. CONCLUSIONS Carbon and oxygen minibeams may be produced by a mechanical collimator. PVDR values and output factors measured in this first study of these minibeam radiation types indicate there is potential for their therapeutic use. Optimization of minibeam collimator design and the number and size of focal spots for irradiation are advocated to improve PDVR values and dose distributions for each specific applied use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immaculada Martínez-Rovira
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie et Modélisation en Neurobiologie et Cancérologie (IMNC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Campus universitaire, Bât. 440, 1er étage - 15 rue Georges Clemenceau, 91406, Orsay Cedex, France.,Ionizing Radiation Research Group (GRRI), Physics Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus UAB, Avinguda de l'Eix Central, Edicifi C, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wilfredo González
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie et Modélisation en Neurobiologie et Cancérologie (IMNC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Campus universitaire, Bât. 440, 1er étage - 15 rue Georges Clemenceau, 91406, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Stephan Brons
- Heidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg University Clinic, Im Neuenheimer Feld 672, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yolanda Prezado
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie et Modélisation en Neurobiologie et Cancérologie (IMNC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Campus universitaire, Bât. 440, 1er étage - 15 rue Georges Clemenceau, 91406, Orsay Cedex, France
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Russo S, Mirandola A, Molinelli S, Mastella E, Vai A, Magro G, Mairani A, Boi D, Donetti M, Ciocca M. Characterization of a commercial scintillation detector for 2-D dosimetry in scanned proton and carbon ion beams. Phys Med 2017; 34:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Castriconi R, Ciocca M, Mirandola A, Sini C, Broggi S, Schwarz M, Fracchiolla F, Martišíková M, Aricò G, Mettivier G, Russo P. Dose–response of EBT3 radiochromic films to proton and carbon ion clinical beams. Phys Med Biol 2016; 62:377-393. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa5078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Rossomme S, Denis JM, Souris K, Delor A, Bartier F, Dumont D, Vynckier S, Palmans H. LET dependence of the response of a PTW-60019 microDiamond detector in a 62MeV proton beam. Phys Med 2016; 32:1135-8. [PMID: 27567088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was initiated following conclusions from earlier experimental work, performed in a low-energy carbon ion beam, indicating a significant LET dependence of the response of a PTW-60019 microDiamond detector. The purpose of this paper is to present a comparison between the response of the same PTW-60019 microDiamond detector and an IBA Roos-type ionization chamber as a function of depth in a 62MeV proton beam. Even though proton beams are considered as low linear energy transfer (LET) beams, the LET value increases slightly in the Bragg peak region. Contrary to the observations made in the carbon ion beam, in the 62MeV proton beam good agreement is found between both detectors in both the plateau and the distal edge region. No significant LET dependent response of the PTW-60019 microDiamond detector is observed consistent with other findings for proton beams in the literature, despite this particular detector exhibiting a substantial LET dependence in a carbon ion beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rossomme
- Center of Molecular Imaging, Radiotherapy and Oncology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - J M Denis
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Radiotherapy and Oncology Department, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - K Souris
- Center of Molecular Imaging, Radiotherapy and Oncology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Delor
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Radiotherapy and Oncology Department, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - F Bartier
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Radiotherapy and Oncology Department, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Dumont
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Radiotherapy and Oncology Department, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Vynckier
- Center of Molecular Imaging, Radiotherapy and Oncology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Radiotherapy and Oncology Department, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - H Palmans
- EBG MedAustron GmbH, A-2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria; National Physical Laboratory, Acoustics and Ionising Radiation Division, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
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Marsolat F, De Marzi L, Patriarca A, Nauraye C, Moignier C, Pomorski M, Moignau F, Heinrich S, Tromson D, Mazal A. Dosimetric characteristics of four PTW microDiamond detectors in high-energy proton beams. Phys Med Biol 2016; 61:6413-29. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/61/17/6413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Mirandola A, Molinelli S, Vilches Freixas G, Mairani A, Gallio E, Panizza D, Russo S, Ciocca M, Donetti M, Magro G, Giordanengo S, Orecchia R. Dosimetric commissioning and quality assurance of scanned ion beams at the Italian National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy. Med Phys 2016; 42:5287-300. [PMID: 26328978 DOI: 10.1118/1.4928397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the dosimetric commissioning and quality assurance (QA) of the actively scanned proton and carbon ion beams at the Italian National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy. METHODS The laterally integrated depth-dose-distributions (IDDs) were acquired with the PTW Peakfinder, a variable depth water column, equipped with two Bragg peak ionization chambers. fluka Monte Carlo code was used to generate the energy libraries, the IDDs in water, and the fragment spectra for carbon beams. EBT3 films were used for spot size measurements, beam position over the scan field, and homogeneity in 2D-fields. Beam monitor calibration was performed in terms of number of particles per monitor unit using both a Farmer-type and an Advanced Markus ionization chamber. The beam position at the isocenter, beam monitor calibration curve, dose constancy in the center of the spread-out-Bragg-peak, dose homogeneity in 2D-fields, beam energy, spot size, and spot position over the scan field are all checked on a daily basis for both protons and carbon ions and on all beam lines. RESULTS The simulated IDDs showed an excellent agreement with the measured experimental curves. The measured full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the pencil beam in air at the isocenter was energy-dependent for both particle species: in particular, for protons, the spot size ranged from 0.7 to 2.2 cm. For carbon ions, two sets of spot size are available: FWHM ranged from 0.4 to 0.8 cm (for the smaller spot size) and from 0.8 to 1.1 cm (for the larger one). The spot position was accurate to within ± 1 mm over the whole 20 × 20 cm(2) scan field; homogeneity in a uniform squared field was within ± 5% for both particle types at any energy. QA results exceeding tolerance levels were rarely found. In the reporting period, the machine downtime was around 6%, of which 4.5% was due to planned maintenance shutdowns. CONCLUSIONS After successful dosimetric beam commissioning, quality assurance measurements performed during a 24-month period show very stable beam characteristics, which are therefore suitable for performing safe and accurate patient treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S Molinelli
- Fondazione CNAO, strada Campeggi 53, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | | | - A Mairani
- Fondazione CNAO, strada Campeggi 53, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - E Gallio
- Fondazione CNAO, strada Campeggi 53, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - D Panizza
- Fondazione CNAO, strada Campeggi 53, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - S Russo
- Fondazione CNAO, strada Campeggi 53, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - M Ciocca
- Fondazione CNAO, strada Campeggi 53, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - M Donetti
- INFN, Torino 10125, Italy and Fondazione CNAO, strada Campeggi 53, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - G Magro
- INFN-Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via U. Bassi 6, Pavia 27100, Italy and Fondazione CNAO, strada Campeggi 53, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | | | - R Orecchia
- Fondazione CNAO, strada Campeggi 53, Pavia 27100, Italy and Radiotherapy Division, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, Milano 20141, Italy
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Rossomme S, Hopfgartner J, Vynckier S, Palmans H. Under-response of a PTW-60019 microDiamond detector in the Bragg peak of a 62 MeV/n carbon ion beam. Phys Med Biol 2016; 61:4551-63. [PMID: 27224547 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/61/12/4551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the linear energy transfer (LET) dependence of the response of a PTW-60019 Freiburg microDiamond detector, its response was compared to the response of a plane-parallel Markus chamber in a 62 MeV/n mono-energetic carbon ion beam. Results obtained with two different experimental setups are in agreement. As recommended by IAEA TRS-398, the response of the Markus chamber was corrected for temperature, pressure, polarity effects and ion recombination. No correction was applied to the response of the microDiamond detector. The ratio of the response of the Markus chamber to the response of the microDiamond is close to unity in the plateau region. In the Bragg peak region, a significant increase of the ratio is observed, which increases to 1.2 in the distal edge region. Results indicate a correlation between the under-response of the microDiamond detector and high LET values. The combined relative standard uncertainty of the results is estimated to be 2.38% in the plateau region and 12% in the distal edge region. These values are dominated by the uncertainty of alignment in the non-uniform beam and the uncertainty of range determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rossomme
- Center of Molecular Imaging, Radiotherapy and Oncology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Russo S, Masi L, Francescon P, Frassanito MC, Fumagalli ML, Marinelli M, Falco MD, Martinotti AS, Pimpinella M, Reggiori G, Verona Rinati G, Vigorito S, Mancosu P. Multicenter evaluation of a synthetic single-crystal diamond detector for CyberKnife small field size output factors. Phys Med 2016; 32:575-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Magro G, Molinelli S, Mairani A, Mirandola A, Panizza D, Russo S, Ferrari A, Valvo F, Fossati P, Ciocca M. Dosimetric accuracy of a treatment planning system for actively scanned proton beams and small target volumes: Monte Carlo and experimental validation. Phys Med Biol 2015; 60:6865-80. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/17/6865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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