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Kerner MJ, Wipf P. Semipinacol-Type Rearrangements of [3-(Arylsulfonyl)bicyclo[1.1.0]butan-1-yl]alkanols. Org Lett 2021; 23:3615-3619. [PMID: 33872016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Selective lithiation of arylsulfonylbicyclo[1.1.0]butanes at the bridgehead methine and addition to carbonyl compounds yield tertiary bicyclobutyl alcohols that form spiro[3.4]octanes and related heteroatom-containing spirocycles via an acid- or halogen-mediated semipinacol rearrangement. Further synthetic transformations at the carbonyl or arylsulfone positions, in general in high yield and good chemoselectivity, allow access to acetals, difluorides, amides, and methylenecyclobutene building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Kerner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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2
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Jithavech P, Ratnatilaka Na Bhuket P, Supasena W, Qiu G, Ye S, Wu J, Wong TW, Rojsitthisak P. In Vitro Hepatic Metabolism of Curcumin Diethyl Disuccinate by Liver S9 from Different Animal Species. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:577998. [PMID: 33312126 PMCID: PMC7703437 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.577998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver S9 (LS9) is a nearly complete collection of all hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes. It is a low-cost model for predicting drug metabolic activity. This study aimed to identify the suitability of using LS9 of different animal sources in drug metabolism profiling with respect to the possible translation of the in vitro outcomes to clinical studies. The in vitro hepatic metabolism of curcumin diethyl disuccinate (CDD) in LS9 of rats, dogs, monkeys, and humans was evaluated. The identity of CDD metabolites and the metabolism kinetic parameters, including degradation rate constant, in vitro/in vivo intrinsic clearance, and half-life, were determined. CDD was rapidly metabolized into monoethylsuccinyl curcumin and curcumin in LS9 of all tested species mainly by carboxylesterases (CESs), including CES1 and CES2, and butyrylcholinesterase. The in vitro intrinsic clearance of CDD was in the order of human > dog > monkey > rat, whereas that of monoethylsuccinyl curcumin in the order of dog > monkey > human > rat; this parameter was not correlated with their respective in vivo clearance, which followed the order of dog > monkey > rat > human. Therefore, in vitro drug metabolism data inferred from LS9 of nonhuman origin, especially from monkeys and dogs, cannot be used as preclinical data for human trials, as humans have a smaller liver-to-body weight ratio than monkeys, dogs, and rats. The in vivo drug metabolism is dictated by the anatomical factors of the test subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ponsiree Jithavech
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Natural Products Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Wiwat Supasena
- Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Guanyinsheng Qiu
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Shengqing Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Jie Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Tin Wui Wong
- Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, iPROMISE, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, Malaysia
| | - Pornchai Rojsitthisak
- Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Hamilton DJ, Ábrányi-Balogh P, Keeley A, Petri L, Hrast M, Imre T, Wijtmans M, Gobec S, de Esch IJP, Keserű GM. Bromo-Cyclobutenaminones as New Covalent UDP- N-Acetylglucosamine Enolpyruvyl Transferase (MurA) Inhibitors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13110362. [PMID: 33153141 PMCID: PMC7692735 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug discovery programs against the antibacterial target UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase (MurA) have already resulted in covalent inhibitors having small three- and five-membered heterocyclic rings. In the current study, the reactivity of four-membered rings was carefully modulated to obtain a novel family of covalent MurA inhibitors. Screening a small library of cyclobutenone derivatives led to the identification of bromo-cyclobutenaminones as new electrophilic warheads. The electrophilic reactivity and cysteine specificity have been determined in a glutathione (GSH) and an oligopeptide assay, respectively. Investigating the structure-activity relationship for MurA suggests a crucial role for the bromine atom in the ligand. In addition, MS/MS experiments have proven the covalent labelling of MurA at Cys115 and the observed loss of the bromine atom suggests a net nucleophilic substitution as the covalent reaction. This new set of compounds might be considered as a viable chemical starting point for the discovery of new MurA inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Hamilton
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (D.J.H.); (M.W.); (I.J.P.d.E.)
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (P.Á.-B.); (A.K.); (L.P.)
| | - Péter Ábrányi-Balogh
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (P.Á.-B.); (A.K.); (L.P.)
| | - Aaron Keeley
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (P.Á.-B.); (A.K.); (L.P.)
| | - László Petri
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (P.Á.-B.); (A.K.); (L.P.)
| | - Martina Hrast
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.H.); (S.G.)
| | - Tímea Imre
- MS Metabolomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Maikel Wijtmans
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (D.J.H.); (M.W.); (I.J.P.d.E.)
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.H.); (S.G.)
| | - Iwan J. P. de Esch
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (D.J.H.); (M.W.); (I.J.P.d.E.)
| | - György Miklós Keserű
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (P.Á.-B.); (A.K.); (L.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-1-382-6821
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Chanteux H, Rosa M, Delatour C, Nicolaï J, Gillent E, Dell'Aiera S, Ungell AL. Application of Azamulin to Determine the Contribution of CYP3A4/5 to Drug Metabolic Clearance Using Human Hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:778-787. [PMID: 32532738 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Early determination of CYP3A4/5 contribution to the clearance of new chemical entities is critical to inform on the risk of drug-drug interactions with CYP3A inhibitors and inducers. Several in vitro approaches (recombinant P450 enzymes, correlation analysis, chemical and antibody inhibition in human liver microsomes) are available, but they are usually labor-intensive and/or suffer from specific limitations. In the present study, we have validated the use of azamulin as a specific CYP3A inhibitor in human hepatocytes. Azamulin (3 µM) was found to significantly inhibit CYP3A4/5 (>90%), whereas other P450 enzymes were not affected (less than 20% inhibition). Because human hepatocytes were used as a test system, the effect of azamulin on other key drug-metabolizing enzymes (aldehyde oxidase, carboxylesterase, UGT, flavin monooxygenase, and sulfotransferase) was also investigated. Apart from some UGTs showing minor inhibition (∼20%-30%), none of these non-P450 enzymes were inhibited by azamulin. Use of CYP3A5-genotyped human hepatocyte batches in combination with CYP3cide demonstrated that azamulin (at 3 µM) inhibits both CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 enzymes. Finally, 11 compounds with known in vivo CYP3A4/5 contribution have been evaluated in this human hepatocyte assay. Results showed that the effect of azamulin on the in vitro intrinsic clearance of these known CYP3A4/5 substrates was predictive of the in vivo CYP3A4/5 contribution. Overall, the study showed that human hepatocytes treated with azamulin provide a fast and accurate estimation of CYP3A4/5 contribution in metabolic clearance of new chemical entities. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Accurate estimation of CYP3A4/5 contribution in drug clearance is essential to anticipate risk of drug-drug interactions and select the appropriate candidate for clinical development. The present study validated the use of azamulin as selective CYP3A4/5 inhibitor in suspended human hepatocytes and demonstrated that this novel approach provides a direct and accurate determination of the contribution of CYP3A4/5 (fraction metabolized by CYP3A4/5) in the metabolic clearance of new chemical entities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Rosa
- UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
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Li H, Huang SY, Shi FH, Gu ZC, Zhang SG, Wei JF. α 4β 7 integrin inhibitors: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2018; 28:903-917. [PMID: 30444683 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2018.1549227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The α4β7 integrin is heterodimeric cell surface receptors expressed on most leukocytes. Mucosal addressing cell adhesion molecule 1(MAdCAM-1) is an exclusive ligand for α4β7 integrin. Areas covered: This article will highlight the progress that has been made in the discovery and development of α4β7 integrin inhibitors, and their use in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases, multiple sclerosis, asthma, hepatic disorders, human immunodeficiency virus, allergic conjunctivitis and type 1 diabetes. Expert opinion: α4β7 integrin inhibitors have attracted much interest for their clinical implication. Natalizumab and Vedolizumab are monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) successfully utilized clinically. Natalizumab is a mAbs of α4-subunit blocking both α4β1 and α4β7 integrin. Vedolizumab selectively targets the α4β7 integrin. Several mAbs are still in the process of research and development. Among these mAbs, etrolizumab selectively against the β7-subunit and AMG-181 specifically against the α4β7 integrin are the most promising anti-α4β7 integrin antibodies. Despite the unclear development stage of TR-14035 and R411, several low molecular compounds show bright future of further development, such as AJM300 and CDP323. In addition, results from laboratory data show that peptide inhibitors, such as peptide X, are effective α4β7 integrin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- a Department of Pharmacy , Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Shi-Ying Huang
- a Department of Pharmacy , Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Fang-Hong Shi
- b Department of Pharmacy, Renji Hospital , School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Zhi-Chun Gu
- b Department of Pharmacy, Renji Hospital , School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Shun-Guo Zhang
- a Department of Pharmacy , Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Ji-Fu Wei
- c Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology , Τhe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
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Gobec M, Tomašič T, Štimac A, Frkanec R, Trontelj J, Anderluh M, Mlinarič-Raščan I, Jakopin Ž. Discovery of Nanomolar Desmuramylpeptide Agonists of the Innate Immune Receptor Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain-Containing Protein 2 (NOD2) Possessing Immunostimulatory Properties. J Med Chem 2018. [PMID: 29543461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Muramyl dipeptide (MDP), a fragment of bacterial peptidoglycan, has long been known as the smallest fragment possessing adjuvant activity, on the basis of its agonistic action on the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2). There is a pressing need for novel adjuvants, and NOD2 agonists provide an untapped source of potential candidates. Here, we report the design, synthesis, and characterization of a series of novel acyl tripeptides. A pivotal structural element for molecular recognition by NOD2 has been identified, culminating in the discovery of compound 9, the most potent desmuramylpeptide NOD2 agonist to date. Compound 9 augmented pro-inflammatory cytokine release from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in synergy with lipopolysaccharide. Furthermore, it was able to induce ovalbumin-specific IgG titers in a mouse model of adjuvancy. These findings provide deeper insights into the structural requirements of desmuramylpeptides for NOD2-activation and highlight the potential use of NOD2 agonists as adjuvants for vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Ljubljana , Aškerčeva 7 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Tihomir Tomašič
- Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Ljubljana , Aškerčeva 7 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Adela Štimac
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology , University of Zagreb , Rockefellerova 10 , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Ruža Frkanec
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology , University of Zagreb , Rockefellerova 10 , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Jurij Trontelj
- Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Ljubljana , Aškerčeva 7 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Marko Anderluh
- Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Ljubljana , Aškerčeva 7 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Irena Mlinarič-Raščan
- Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Ljubljana , Aškerčeva 7 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Žiga Jakopin
- Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Ljubljana , Aškerčeva 7 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
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Hajnal K, Gabriel H, Aura R, Erzsébet V, Blanka SS. Prodrug Strategy in Drug Development. ACTA MEDICA MARISIENSIS 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/amma-2016-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Prodrugs are chemically modified derivatives introduced in therapy due to their advantageous physico-chemical properties (greater stability, improved solubility, increased permeability), used in inactive form. Biological effect is exerted by the active derivatives formed in organism through chemical transformation (biotransformation). Currently, 10% of pharmaceutical products are used as prodrugs, nearly half of them being converted to active form by hydrolysis, mainly by ester hydrolysis. The use of prodrugs aims to improve the bioavailability of compounds in order to resolve some unfavorable characteristics and to reduce first-pass metabolism. Other objectives are to increase drug absorption, to extend duration of action or to achieve a better tissue/organ selective transport in case of non-oral drug delivery forms. Prodrugs can be characterized by chemical structure, activation mechanism or through the presence of certain functional groups suitable for their preparation. Currently we distinguish in therapy traditional prodrugs prepared by chemical derivatisation, bioprecursors and targeted delivery systems. The present article is a review regarding the introduction and applications of prodrug design in various areas of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelemen Hajnal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Hancu Gabriel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Rusu Aura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Varga Erzsébet
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Székely Szentmiklósi Blanka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania
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Stockis A, Watanabe S, Scheen AJ, Tytgat D, Gerin B, Rosa M, Chanteux H, Nicolas JM. Effect of Rifampin on the Disposition of Brivaracetam in Human Subjects: Further Insights into Brivaracetam Hydrolysis. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:792-9. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.069161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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9
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Parker RB, Hu ZY, Meibohm B, Laizure SC. Effects of alcohol on human carboxylesterase drug metabolism. Clin Pharmacokinet 2016; 54:627-38. [PMID: 25511794 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-014-0226-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Human carboxylesterase-1 (CES1) and human carboxylesterase-2 (CES2) play an important role in metabolizing many medications. Alcohol is a known inhibitor of these enzymes but the relative effect on CES1 and CES2 is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of alcohol on the metabolism of specific probes for CES1 (oseltamivir) and CES2 (aspirin). METHODS The effect of alcohol on CES1- and CES2-mediated probe drug hydrolysis was determined in vitro using recombinant human carboxylesterase. To characterize the in vivo effects of alcohol, healthy volunteers received each probe drug alone and in combination with alcohol followed by blood sample collection and determination of oseltamivir, aspirin, and respective metabolite pharmacokinetics. RESULTS Alcohol significantly inhibited oseltamivir hydrolysis by CES1 in vitro but did not affect aspirin metabolism by CES2. Alcohol increased the oseltamivir area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) from 0 to 6 h (AUC0 → 6 h) by 27% (range 11-46%, p = 0.011) and decreased the metabolite/oseltamivir AUC0 → 6 h ratio by 34% (range 25-41%, p < 0.001). Aspirin pharmacokinetics were not affected by alcohol. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol significantly inhibited the hydrolysis of oseltamivir by CES1 both in vitro and in humans, but did not affect the hydrolysis of aspirin to salicylic acid by CES2. These results suggest that alcohol's inhibition of CES1 could potentially result in clinically significant drug interactions with other CES1-substrate drugs, but it is unlikely to significantly affect CES2-substrate drug hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Parker
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Room 346, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA,
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Chanteux H, Staelens L, Mancel V, Gerin B, Boucaut D, Prakash C, Nicolas JM. Cross-Species Differences in the Preclinical Pharmacokinetics of CT7758, an α4β1/α4β7 Integrin Antagonist. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1381-91. [PMID: 26153275 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.064436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CT7758, a carboxylate containing α4β1/α4/β7 integrin antagonist, was characterized for its pharmacokinetic profile in various in vitro and in vivo assays in support of clinical development. The oral bioavailability of CT7758 was 4% in mice, 2% in rats, 7-55% in dogs, and 0.2% in cynomolgus monkeys. The low bioavailability in rodents and monkey results from low intestinal absorption as evidenced by a low fraction absorbed in the rat portal vein model (3%), low-to-medium permeability in Caco-2 cells (≤1.3 × 10(-6) cm/s) with evidences of polarized efflux, and high polar surface area (104 Å). In rodents and cynomolgus monkeys, the total plasma clearance was moderate to high (≥50% hepatic blood flow QH) and associated with a short elimination half-life (≤1 hour). This contrast with the dog data which showed a much lower clearance (6% QH) and a longer t1/2 (2.4 hours). The volume of distribution (Vz) also varied significantly across species with value of 5.5, 2.8, 0.24, and 0.93 l/kg in mouse, rat, dog, and cynomolgus monkey, respectively. In vitro assays demonstrated that active hepatic uptake accounted for most of the in vivo clearance and was the source of the large species variability. In vitro uptake assays predicted a total plasma clearance in humans in the low range (33% QH), a finding subsequently confirmed in the clinic. Assays in OAPT1B1-transfected cells demonstrated active uptake transport through this transporter. The prospect of limited absorption in human prompted the synthesis an ethyl ester prodrug, CDP323, which demonstrated higher in vitro permeability, increased oral bioavailability, as well as efficient in vivo release of its active moiety CT7758.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Chanteux
- UCB Pharma SA, Investigative ADME (H.C., V.M., B.G.), Bioanalytical Sciences (L.S.), Laboratory Animal Services (D.B.), Braine l'Alleud, Belgium; Strategic DMPK Support, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium (J.M.N.); and Biogen Idec, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.P.)
| | - Ludovicus Staelens
- UCB Pharma SA, Investigative ADME (H.C., V.M., B.G.), Bioanalytical Sciences (L.S.), Laboratory Animal Services (D.B.), Braine l'Alleud, Belgium; Strategic DMPK Support, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium (J.M.N.); and Biogen Idec, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.P.)
| | - Valérie Mancel
- UCB Pharma SA, Investigative ADME (H.C., V.M., B.G.), Bioanalytical Sciences (L.S.), Laboratory Animal Services (D.B.), Braine l'Alleud, Belgium; Strategic DMPK Support, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium (J.M.N.); and Biogen Idec, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.P.)
| | - Brigitte Gerin
- UCB Pharma SA, Investigative ADME (H.C., V.M., B.G.), Bioanalytical Sciences (L.S.), Laboratory Animal Services (D.B.), Braine l'Alleud, Belgium; Strategic DMPK Support, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium (J.M.N.); and Biogen Idec, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.P.)
| | - David Boucaut
- UCB Pharma SA, Investigative ADME (H.C., V.M., B.G.), Bioanalytical Sciences (L.S.), Laboratory Animal Services (D.B.), Braine l'Alleud, Belgium; Strategic DMPK Support, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium (J.M.N.); and Biogen Idec, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.P.)
| | - Chandra Prakash
- UCB Pharma SA, Investigative ADME (H.C., V.M., B.G.), Bioanalytical Sciences (L.S.), Laboratory Animal Services (D.B.), Braine l'Alleud, Belgium; Strategic DMPK Support, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium (J.M.N.); and Biogen Idec, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.P.)
| | - Jean-Marie Nicolas
- UCB Pharma SA, Investigative ADME (H.C., V.M., B.G.), Bioanalytical Sciences (L.S.), Laboratory Animal Services (D.B.), Braine l'Alleud, Belgium; Strategic DMPK Support, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium (J.M.N.); and Biogen Idec, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.P.)
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11
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Shishido S, Bönig H, Kim YM. Role of integrin alpha4 in drug resistance of leukemia. Front Oncol 2014; 4:99. [PMID: 24904821 PMCID: PMC4033044 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic drug resistance in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a significant problem, resulting in poor responsiveness to first-line treatment or relapse after transient remission. Classical anti-leukemic drugs are non-specific cell cycle poisons; some more modern drugs target oncogenic pathways in leukemia cells, although in ALL these do not play a very significant role. By contrast, the molecular interactions between microenvironment and leukemia cells are often neglected in the design of novel therapies against drug resistant leukemia. It was shown however, that chemotherapy resistance is promoted in part through cell–cell contact of leukemia cells with bone marrow (BM) stromal cells, also called cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance (CAM-DR). Incomplete response to chemotherapy results in persistence of resistant clones with or without detectable minimal residual disease (MRD). Approaches for how to address CAM-DR and MRD remain elusive. Specifically, studies using anti-functional antibodies and genetic models have identified integrin alpha4 as a critical molecule regulating BM homing and active retention of normal and leukemic cells. Pre-clinical evidence has been provided that interference with alpha4-mediated adhesion of ALL cells can sensitize them to chemotherapy and thus facilitate eradication of ALL cells in an MRD setting. To this end, Andreeff and colleagues recently provided evidence of stroma-induced and alpha4-mediated nuclear factor-κB signaling in leukemia cells, disruption of which depletes leukemia cells of strong survival signals. We here review the available evidence supporting the targeting of alpha4 as a novel strategy for treatment of drug resistant leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Shishido
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Halvard Bönig
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Wuerttemberg-Hessen, Goethe University , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Yong-Mi Kim
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine , Los Angeles, CA , USA
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