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Oyanna VO, Clarke JD. Mechanisms of intestinal pharmacokinetic natural product-drug interactions. Drug Metab Rev 2024:1-17. [PMID: 39078118 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2024.2386597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
The growing co-consumption of botanical natural products with conventional medications has intensified the need to understand potential effects on drug safety and efficacy. This review delves into the intricacies of intestinal pharmacokinetic interactions between botanical natural products and drugs, such as alterations in drug solubility, permeability, transporter activity, and enzyme-mediated metabolism. It emphasizes the importance of understanding how drug solubility, dissolution, and osmolality interplay with botanical constituents in the gastrointestinal tract, potentially altering drug absorption and systemic exposure. Unlike reviews that focus primarily on enzyme and transporter mechanisms, this article highlights the lesser known but equally important mechanisms of interaction. Applying the Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) can serve as a framework for predicting and understanding these interactions. Through a comprehensive examination of specific botanical natural products such as byakkokaninjinto, green tea catechins, goldenseal, spinach extract, and quercetin, we illustrate the diversity of these interactions and their dependence on the physicochemical properties of the drug and the botanical constituents involved. This understanding is vital for healthcare professionals to effectively anticipate and manage potential natural product-drug interactions, ensuring optimal patient therapeutic outcomes. By exploring these emerging mechanisms, we aim to broaden the scope of natural product-drug interaction research and encourage comprehensive studies to better elucidate complex mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria O Oyanna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, WA State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - John D Clarke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, WA State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
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2
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Hosaka S, Sugihara M, Okamura Y, Deguchi S, Kojima Y, Kataoka M, Yamashita S. Effect of particle size on gastric emptying of enteric-coated granules in fasted beagle dogs: Relationship with interdigestive migrating motor complex. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00262-4. [PMID: 39067762 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the particle size threshold at which the interdigestive migrating motor complex (IMMC) becomes active in gastric emptying for fasted beagle dogs. Enteric-coated granules containing cetirizine dihydrochloride (CET) were prepared in three particle sizes, 200, 660, and 1,200 µm (D50). To mark IMMC timing and water movement from the stomach, enteric-coated aspirin tablets and acetaminophen solution were used. To six fasted beagle dogs with 50 mL of acetaminophen solution was administered each granule size as a multiple-unit and a single enteric-coated aspirin tablet (3-period crossover study). No significant difference in pharmacokinetic parameters of CET after oral administration of different particle sizes was observed. However, the appearance time of CET in plasma with smaller granules (200 and 660 µm) was significantly faster than that of salicylic acid (a major metabolite of aspirin) in all dogs. In the case of the largest granules (1,200 µm), no significant time difference was observed in the appearance of both compounds in plasma. Furthermore, in two dogs, both compounds appeared at the same time, implying IMMC-regulated gastric emptying for the largest CET granules. These results support a particle size threshold between 660 and 1,200 µm for gastric emptying without IMMC action in fasted beagle dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouichi Hosaka
- Sawai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., 5-2-30, Miyahara, Yodogawa-Ku, Osaka 532-0003, Japan
| | - Masahisa Sugihara
- Sawai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., 5-2-30, Miyahara, Yodogawa-Ku, Osaka 532-0003, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Okamura
- Sawai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., 5-2-30, Miyahara, Yodogawa-Ku, Osaka 532-0003, Japan
| | - Shuhei Deguchi
- Sawai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., 5-2-30, Miyahara, Yodogawa-Ku, Osaka 532-0003, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kojima
- Sawai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., 5-2-30, Miyahara, Yodogawa-Ku, Osaka 532-0003, Japan
| | - Makoto Kataoka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan.
| | - Shinji Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
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Gaither KA, Singh DK, Yue G, Trudeau J, Ponraj K, Davydova NY, Lazarus P, Davydov DR, Prasad B. Effects of alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking on the composition of the ensemble of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters in human liver. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.14.594255. [PMID: 38798409 PMCID: PMC11118358 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.14.594255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
We examined the effect of alcohol consumption and smoking on the abundance of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters (DMET) in human liver microsomes (HLM) isolated from liver tissues of 94 donors. Global proteomics analysis was performed and DMET protein levels were analyzed in relation to alcohol consumption levels, smoking history, and sex using non-parametric tests (p-value ≤ 0.05; cutoff of 1.25-fold change, FC). The examination of the alcohol-induced changes was further enforced by correlational analysis, where we used arbitrary alcohol consumption grade (ACG) scaling from 0 to 4 to establish a set of protein markers. We elaborated a provisional index of alcohol exposure (PIAE) based on a combination of relative abundances of four proteins (ER chaperone HSPA5, protein disulfide isomerases PDIA3 and P4HB, and cocaine esterase CES2) best correlating with ACG. The PIAE index was then used to find its correlations with the abundances of DMET proteins. Our results demonstrate considerable alcohol-induced changes in composition of the pool of cytochrome P450 enzymes in HLM. We observed significantly increased abundances of CYP2E1, CYP2B6, CYP2J2, and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase. In contrast, CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP4A11, and cytochrome b5 protein levels were downregulated. Significant alteration in abundances of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) were also detected, comprising of elevated UGT1A6, UGT1A9, and UGT2A1, and reduced UGT1A3, UGT1A4, UGT2B7, UGT2B10, and UGT2B15 levels. Important alcohol-induced changes were also observed in the expression of non-CYP and non-UGT DMET. Additionally, tobacco smoke was associated with elevated CYP1A2, UGT1A6, UGT2A1, and UGT2B4 and decreased FMO3, FMO4, and FMO5 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari A. Gaither
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202
| | - Dilip Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202
| | - Guihua Yue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202
| | - Julia Trudeau
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202
| | - Kannapiran Ponraj
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164
| | | | - Philip Lazarus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202
| | - Dmitri R. Davydov
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202
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4
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Duffel MW, Lehmler HJ. Complex roles for sulfation in the toxicities of polychlorinated biphenyls. Crit Rev Toxicol 2024; 54:92-122. [PMID: 38363552 PMCID: PMC11067068 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2024.2311270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic toxicants derived from legacy pollution sources and their formation as inadvertent byproducts of some current manufacturing processes. Metabolism of PCBs is often a critical component in their toxicity, and relevant metabolic pathways usually include their initial oxidation to form hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs). Subsequent sulfation of OH-PCBs was originally thought to be primarily a means of detoxication; however, there is strong evidence that it may also contribute to toxicities associated with PCBs and OH-PCBs. These contributions include either the direct interaction of PCB sulfates with receptors or their serving as a localized precursor for OH-PCBs. The formation of PCB sulfates is catalyzed by cytosolic sulfotransferases, and, when transported into the serum, these metabolites may be retained, taken up by other tissues, and subjected to hydrolysis catalyzed by intracellular sulfatase(s) to regenerate OH-PCBs. Dynamic cycling between PCB sulfates and OH-PCBs may lead to further metabolic activation of the resulting OH-PCBs. Ultimate toxic endpoints of such processes may include endocrine disruption, neurotoxicities, and many others that are associated with exposures to PCBs and OH-PCBs. This review highlights the current understanding of the complex roles that PCB sulfates can have in the toxicities of PCBs and OH-PCBs and research on the varied mechanisms that control these roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Duffel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States
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5
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Subash S, Singh DK, Ahire DS, Khojasteh SC, Murray BP, Zientek MA, Jones RS, Kulkarni P, Smith BJ, Heyward S, Cronin CN, Prasad B. Dissecting Parameters Contributing to the Underprediction of Aldehyde Oxidase-Mediated Metabolic Clearance of Drugs. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1362-1371. [PMID: 37429730 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of variability and instability in aldehyde oxidase (AO) content and activity on the scaling of in vitro metabolism data. AO content and activity in human liver cytosol (HLC) and five recombinant human AO preparations (rAO) were determined using targeted proteomics and carbazeran oxidation assay, respectively. AO content was highly variable as indicated by the relative expression factor (REF; i.e., HLC to rAO content) ranging from 0.001 to 1.7 across different in vitro systems. The activity of AO in HLC degrades at a 10-fold higher rate in the presence of the substrate as compared with the activity performed after preincubation without substrate. To scale the metabolic activity from rAO to HLC, a protein-normalized activity factor (pnAF) was proposed wherein the activity was corrected by AO content, which revealed up to sixfold higher AO activity in HLC versus rAO systems. A similar value of pnAF was observed for another substrate, ripasudil. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling revealed a significant additional clearance (CL; 66%), which allowed for the successful prediction of in vivo CL of four other substrates, i.e., O-benzyl guanine, BIBX1382, zaleplon, and zoniporide. For carbazeran, the metabolite identification study showed that the direct glucuronidation may be contributing to around 12% elimination. Taken together, this study identified differential protein content, instability of in vitro activity, role of additional AO clearance, and unaccounted metabolic pathways as plausible reasons for the underprediction of AO-mediated drug metabolism. Consideration of these factors and integration of REF and pnAF in PBPK models will allow better prediction of AO metabolism. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study elucidated the plausible reasons for the underprediction of aldehyde oxidase (AO)-mediated drug metabolism and provided recommendations to address them. It demonstrated that integrating protein content and activity differences and accounting for the loss of AO activity, as well as consideration of extrahepatic clearance and additional pathways, would improve the in vitro to in vivo extrapolation of AO-mediated drug metabolism using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Subash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington (S.S., D.K.S., D.S.A., B.P.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (S.C.K., R.S.J.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (B.P.M., B.J.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.K.); BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.); and Structural Biology and Protein Sciences, Pfizer Global Research & Development and Medical, La Jolla, California (C.N.C.)
| | - Dilip K Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington (S.S., D.K.S., D.S.A., B.P.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (S.C.K., R.S.J.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (B.P.M., B.J.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.K.); BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.); and Structural Biology and Protein Sciences, Pfizer Global Research & Development and Medical, La Jolla, California (C.N.C.)
| | - Deepak S Ahire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington (S.S., D.K.S., D.S.A., B.P.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (S.C.K., R.S.J.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (B.P.M., B.J.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.K.); BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.); and Structural Biology and Protein Sciences, Pfizer Global Research & Development and Medical, La Jolla, California (C.N.C.)
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington (S.S., D.K.S., D.S.A., B.P.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (S.C.K., R.S.J.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (B.P.M., B.J.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.K.); BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.); and Structural Biology and Protein Sciences, Pfizer Global Research & Development and Medical, La Jolla, California (C.N.C.)
| | - Bernard P Murray
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington (S.S., D.K.S., D.S.A., B.P.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (S.C.K., R.S.J.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (B.P.M., B.J.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.K.); BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.); and Structural Biology and Protein Sciences, Pfizer Global Research & Development and Medical, La Jolla, California (C.N.C.)
| | - Michael A Zientek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington (S.S., D.K.S., D.S.A., B.P.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (S.C.K., R.S.J.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (B.P.M., B.J.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.K.); BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.); and Structural Biology and Protein Sciences, Pfizer Global Research & Development and Medical, La Jolla, California (C.N.C.)
| | - Robert S Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington (S.S., D.K.S., D.S.A., B.P.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (S.C.K., R.S.J.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (B.P.M., B.J.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.K.); BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.); and Structural Biology and Protein Sciences, Pfizer Global Research & Development and Medical, La Jolla, California (C.N.C.)
| | - Priyanka Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington (S.S., D.K.S., D.S.A., B.P.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (S.C.K., R.S.J.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (B.P.M., B.J.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.K.); BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.); and Structural Biology and Protein Sciences, Pfizer Global Research & Development and Medical, La Jolla, California (C.N.C.)
| | - Bill J Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington (S.S., D.K.S., D.S.A., B.P.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (S.C.K., R.S.J.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (B.P.M., B.J.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.K.); BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.); and Structural Biology and Protein Sciences, Pfizer Global Research & Development and Medical, La Jolla, California (C.N.C.)
| | - Scott Heyward
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington (S.S., D.K.S., D.S.A., B.P.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (S.C.K., R.S.J.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (B.P.M., B.J.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.K.); BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.); and Structural Biology and Protein Sciences, Pfizer Global Research & Development and Medical, La Jolla, California (C.N.C.)
| | - Ciarán N Cronin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington (S.S., D.K.S., D.S.A., B.P.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (S.C.K., R.S.J.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (B.P.M., B.J.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.K.); BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.); and Structural Biology and Protein Sciences, Pfizer Global Research & Development and Medical, La Jolla, California (C.N.C.)
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington (S.S., D.K.S., D.S.A., B.P.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (S.C.K., R.S.J.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (B.P.M., B.J.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.K.); BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.); and Structural Biology and Protein Sciences, Pfizer Global Research & Development and Medical, La Jolla, California (C.N.C.)
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6
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Miners JO, Polasek TM, Hulin JA, Rowland A, Meech R. Drug-drug interactions that alter the exposure of glucuronidated drugs: Scope, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme selectivity, mechanisms (inhibition and induction), and clinical significance. Pharmacol Ther 2023:108459. [PMID: 37263383 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) arising from the perturbation of drug metabolising enzyme activities represent both a clinical problem and a potential economic loss for the pharmaceutical industry. DDIs involving glucuronidated drugs have historically attracted little attention and there is a perception that interactions are of minor clinical relevance. This review critically examines the scope and aetiology of DDIs that result in altered exposure of glucuronidated drugs. Interaction mechanisms, namely inhibition and induction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes and the potential interplay with drug transporters, are reviewed in detail, as is the clinical significance of known DDIs. Altered victim drug exposure arising from modulation of UGT enzyme activities is relatively common and, notably, the incidence and importance of UGT induction as a DDI mechanism is greater than generally believed. Numerous DDIs are clinically relevant, resulting in either loss of efficacy or an increased risk of adverse effects, necessitating dose individualisation. Several generalisations relating to the likelihood of DDIs can be drawn from the known substrate and inhibitor selectivities of UGT enzymes, highlighting the importance of comprehensive reaction phenotyping studies at an early stage of drug development. Further, rigorous assessment of the DDI liability of new chemical entities that undergo glucuronidation to a significant extent has been recommended recently by regulatory guidance. Although evidence-based approaches exist for the in vitro characterisation of UGT enzyme inhibition and induction, the availability of drugs considered appropriate for use as 'probe' substrates in clinical DDI studies is limited and this should be research priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Miners
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Thomas M Polasek
- Certara, Princeton, NJ, USA; Centre for Medicines Use and Safety, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Julie-Ann Hulin
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew Rowland
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Robyn Meech
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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7
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Sharma S, Singh DK, Mettu VS, Yue G, Ahire D, Basit A, Heyward S, Prasad B. Quantitative Characterization of Clinically Relevant Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters in Rat Liver and Intestinal Segments for Applications in PBPK Modeling. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:1737-1749. [PMID: 36791335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Rats are extensively used as a preclinical model for assessing drug pharmacokinetics (PK) and tissue distribution; however, successful translation of the rat data requires information on the differences in drug metabolism and transport mechanisms between rats and humans. To partly fill this knowledge gap, we quantified clinically relevant drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters (DMETs) in the liver and different intestinal segments of Sprague-Dawley rats. The levels of DMET proteins in rats were quantified using the global proteomics-based total protein approach (TPA) and targeted proteomics. The abundance of the major DMET proteins was largely comparable using quantitative global and targeted proteomics. However, global proteomics-based TPA was able to detect and quantify a comprehensive list of 66 DMET proteins in the liver and 37 DMET proteins in the intestinal segments of SD rats without the need for peptide standards. Cytochrome P450 (Cyp) and UDP-glycosyltransferase (Ugt) enzymes were mainly detected in the liver with the abundance ranging from 8 to 6502 and 74 to 2558 pmol/g tissue. P-gp abundance was higher in the intestine (124.1 pmol/g) as compared to that in the liver (26.6 pmol/g) using the targeted analysis. Breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp) was most abundant in the intestinal segments, whereas organic anion transporting polypeptides (Oatp) 1a1, 1a4, 1b2, and 2a1 and multidrug resistance proteins (Mrp) 2 and 6 were predominantly detected in the liver. To demonstrate the utility of these data, we modeled digoxin PK by integrating protein abundance of P-gp and Cyp3a2 into a physiologically based PK (PBPK) model constructed using PK-Sim software. The model was able to reliably predict the systemic as well as tissue concentrations of digoxin in rats. These findings suggest that proteomics-informed PBPK models in preclinical species can allow mechanistic PK predictions in animal models including tissue drug concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena Sharma
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
| | - Dilip K Singh
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
| | - Vijay S Mettu
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
| | - Guihua Yue
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
| | - Deepak Ahire
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
| | - Abdul Basit
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
| | | | - Bhagwat Prasad
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
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8
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Ahire D, Patel M, Deshmukh SV, Prasad B. Quantification of Accurate Composition and Total Abundance of Homologous Proteins by Conserved-Plus-Surrogate Peptide Approach: Quantification of UDP Glucuronosyltransferases in Human Tissues. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:285-292. [PMID: 36446609 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of accurate compositions and total abundance of homologous drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as UDP glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), is important for predicting the fractional contribution of individual isoforms involved in the metabolism of a drug for applications in physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. Conventional targeted proteomics utilizes surrogate peptides, which often results in high technical and interlaboratory variability due to peptide-specific digestion leading to data inconsistencies. To address this problem, we developed a novel conserved-plus-surrogate peptide (CPSP) approach for determining the accurate compositions and total or cumulative abundance of homologous UGTs in commercially available pooled human liver microsomes (HLM), human intestinal microsomes (HIM), human kidney microsomes (HKM), and human liver S9 (HLS9) fraction. The relative percent composition of UGT1A and UGT2B isoforms in the human liver was 35:5:36:11:13 for UGT1A1:1A3:1A4:1A6:1A9 and 20:32:22:21:5 for UGT2B4:2B7:2B10:2B15:2B17. The human kidney and intestine also showed unique compositions of UGT1As and UGT2Bs. The reproducibility of the approach was validated by assessing correlations of UGT compositions between HLM and HLS9 (R2> 0.91). The analysis of the conserved peptides also provided the abundance for individual UGT isoforms included in this investigation as well as the total abundance (pmol/mg protein) of UGT1As and UGT2Bs across tissues, i.e., 268 and 342 (HLM), 21 and 92 (HIM), and 138 and 99 (HKM), respectively. The CPSP approach could be used for applications in the in-vitro-to-in-vivo extrapolation of drug metabolism and PBPK modeling. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: We quantified the absolute compositions and total abundance of UDP glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) in pooled human liver, intestine, and kidney microsomes using a novel conserved-plus-surrogate peptide (CPSP) approach. The CPSP approach addresses the surrogate peptide-specific variability in the determination of the absolute composition of UGTs. The data presented in this manuscript are applicable for the estimation of the fraction metabolized by individual UGTs towards better in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation of UGT-mediated drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Ahire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington (D.A., B.P.) and Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.P., S.V.D.)
| | - Mitesh Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington (D.A., B.P.) and Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.P., S.V.D.)
| | - Sujal V Deshmukh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington (D.A., B.P.) and Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.P., S.V.D.)
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington (D.A., B.P.) and Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.P., S.V.D.)
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9
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Cordes H, Rapp H. Gene expression databases for physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of humans and animal species. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2023; 12:311-319. [PMID: 36715173 PMCID: PMC10014062 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In drug research, developing a sound understanding of the key mechanistic drivers of pharmacokinetics (PK) for new molecular entities is essential for human PK and dose predictions. Here, characterizing the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) processes is crucial for a mechanistic understanding of the drug-target and drug-body interactions. Sufficient knowledge on ADME processes enables reliable interspecies and human PK estimations beyond allometric scaling. The physiologically based PK (PBPK) modeling framework allows the explicit consideration of organ-specific ADME processes. The sum of all passive and active ADME processes results in the observed plasma PK. Gene expression information can be used as surrogate for protein abundance and activity within PBPK models. The absolute and relative expression of ADME genes can differ between species and strains. This is affecting both, the PK and pharmacodynamics and is therefore posing a challenge for the extrapolation from preclinical findings to humans. We developed an automated workflow that generates whole-body gene expression databases for humans and other species relevant in drug development, animal health, nutritional sciences, and toxicology. Solely, bulk RNA-seq data curated and provided by the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics from healthy, normal, and untreated primary tissue samples were considered as an unbiased reference of normal gene expression. The databases are interoperable with the Open Systems Pharmacology Suite (PK-Sim and MoBi) and enable seamless access to a central source of curated cross-species gene expression data. This will increase data transparency, increase reliability and reproducibility of PBPK model simulations, and accelerate mechanistic PBPK model development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Cordes
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hermann Rapp
- Research Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
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Hydrolysis of dibutyl phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in human liver, small intestine, kidney, and lung: An in vitro analysis using organ subcellular fractions and recombinant carboxylesterases. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 372:110353. [PMID: 36657734 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are widely used plasticizers that are primarily and rapidly metabolized to monoester phthalates in mammals. In the present study, the hydrolysis of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in the human liver, small intestine, kidney, and lung was examined by the catalytic, kinetic, and inhibition analyses using organ microsomal and cytosolic fractions and recombinant carboxylesterases (CESs). The Vmax (y-intercept) values based on the Eadie-Hofstee plots of DBP hydrolysis were liver > small intestine > kidney > lung in microsomes, and liver > small intestine > lung > kidney in cytosol, respectively. The CLint values (x-intercept) were small intestine > liver > kidney > lung in both microsomes and cytosol. The Vmax and CLint or CLmax values of DEHP hydrolysis were small intestine > liver > kidney > lung in both microsomes and cytosol. Bis(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate (BNPP) effectively inhibited the activities of DBP and DEHP hydrolysis in the microsomes and cytosol of liver, small intestine, kidney, and lung. Although physostigmine also potently inhibited DBP and DEHP hydrolysis activities in both the microsomes and cytosol of the small intestine and kidney, the inhibitory effects in the liver and lung were weak. In recombinant CESs, the Vmax values of DBP hydrolysis were CES1 (CES1b, CES1c) > CES2, whereas the CLmax values were CES2 > CES1 (CES1b, CES1c). On the other hand, the Vmax and CLmax values of DEHP hydrolysis were CES2 > CES1 (CES1b, CES1c). These results suggest an extensive organ-dependence of DBP and DEHP hydrolysis due to CES expression, and that CESs are responsible for the metabolic activation of phthalates.
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Tanabe P, Pampanin DM, Tiruye HM, Jørgensen KB, Hammond RI, Gadepalli RS, Rimoldi JM, Schlenk D. Relationships between Isomeric Metabolism and Regioselective Toxicity of Hydroxychrysenes in Embryos of Japanese Medaka ( Oryzias latipes). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:539-548. [PMID: 36573895 PMCID: PMC9835889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oxy-PAHs) are ubiquitous contaminants that can be formed through oxidation of parent PAHs. Our previous studies found 2-hydroxychrysene (2-OHCHR) to be significantly more toxic to Japanese medaka embryos than 6-hydroxychrysene (6-OHCHR), an example of regioselective toxicity. We have also previously identified a sensitive developmental window to 2-OHCHR toxicity that closely coincided with liver development, leading us to hypothesize that differences in metabolism may play a role in the regioselective toxicity. To test this hypothesis, Japanese medaka embryos were treated with each isomer for 24 h during liver development (52-76 hpf). Although 6-OHCHR was absorbed 97.2 ± 0.18% faster than 2-OHCHR, it was eliminated 57.7 ± 0.36% faster as a glucuronide conjugate. Pretreatment with cytochrome P450 inhibitor, ketoconazole, reduced anemia by 96.8 ± 3.19% and mortality by 95.2 ± 4.76% in 2-OHCHR treatments. Formation of chrysene-1,2-diol (1,2-CAT) was also reduced by 64.4 ± 2.14% by ketoconazole pretreatment. While pretreatment with UDP-glucuronosyltransferase inhibitor, nilotinib, reduced glucuronidation of 2-OHCHR by 52.4 ± 2.55% and of 6-OHCHR by 63.7 ± 3.19%, it did not alter toxicity for either compound. These results indicate that CYP-mediated activation, potentially to 1,2-CAT, may explain the isomeric differences in developmental toxicity of 2-OHCHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Tanabe
- Environmental
Toxicology Graduate Program, University
of California, Riverside, California92521, United States
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
California, Riverside, California92521, United States
| | - Daniela M. Pampanin
- Department
of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger4021, Norway
| | - Hiwot M. Tiruye
- Department
of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger4021, Norway
| | - Kåre B. Jørgensen
- Department
of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger4021, Norway
| | - Rachel I. Hammond
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Rama S. Gadepalli
- Department
of Biomolecular Sciences, The University
of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi38677, United States
| | - John M. Rimoldi
- Department
of Biomolecular Sciences, The University
of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi38677, United States
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
California, Riverside, California92521, United States
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12
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Obringer C, Lester C, Karb M, Smith A, Ellison CA. Impact of chemical structure on the in vitro hydrolysis of fatty esters of 2-ethylhexanoic acid or 2-ethylhexanol and extrapolation to the in vivo situation. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 137:105315. [PMID: 36494001 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fatty esters of 2-ethylhexanoic acid (EHA) and 2-ethylhexanol (EH) are commonly used in cosmetics. Human liver and skin S9 and human plasma were used to determine the in vitro rates of clearance (CLint) of a series of compounds, with a range of 2-11 carbons on the acid or alcohol moiety and branching at the C2 position. The impact of carbon chain length on in vitro CLint was most prominent for the liver metabolism of esters of EH, while for in vitro skin metabolism it was greater for esters of EHA. The position of the branching also impacted the liver hydrolysis rates, especially for the C3, C4, and C5 esters with lower CLint in vitro rates for esters of EHA relative to those of EH. When the in vitro intrinsic clearance rates were scaled to in vivo rates of hepatic clearance, all compounds approximated the rate for hepatic blood flow, mitigating this dependence of metabolism on structure. This work shows how structural changes to the molecule can affect in vitro metabolism and, furthermore, allows for an estimation of the in vivo metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Obringer
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, 45040, USA
| | - Cathy Lester
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, 45040, USA
| | - Michael Karb
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, 45040, USA
| | - Alex Smith
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, 45040, USA
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Toselli F, Golding M, Nicolaï J, Gillent E, Chanteux H. Drug clearance by aldehyde oxidase: can we avoid clinical failure? Xenobiotica 2022; 52:890-903. [PMID: 36170034 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2129519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite increased awareness of aldehyde oxidase (AO) as a major drug-metabolising enzyme, predicting the pharmacokinetics of its substrates remains challenging. Several drug candidates have been terminated due to high clearance, which were subsequently discovered to be AO substrates. Even retrospective extrapolation of human clearance, from models more sensitive to AO activity, often resulted in underprediction.The questions of the current work thus were: Is there an acceptable degree of in vitro AO metabolism that does not result in high in vivo human clearance? And, if so, how can this be predicted?We built an in vitro/in vivo correlation using known AO substrates, combining multiple in vitro parameters to calculate the blood metabolic clearance mediated by AO (CLbAO). This value was compared with observed blood clearance (CLb-obs), establishing cut-off CLbAO values, to discriminate between low and high CLb-obs. The model was validated using additional literature compounds, and CLb-obs was predicted in the correct category.This simple, categorical, semi-quantitative yet multi-factorial model is readily applicable in drug discovery. Further, it is valuable for high-clearance compounds, as it predicts the CLb group, rather than an exact CLb value, for the substrates of this poorly-characterised enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Johan Nicolaï
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Eric Gillent
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Hugues Chanteux
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
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14
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Ahire D, Kruger L, Sharma S, Mettu VS, Basit A, Prasad B. Quantitative Proteomics in Translational Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion and Precision Medicine. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:769-796. [PMID: 35738681 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A reliable translation of in vitro and preclinical data on drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) to humans is important for safe and effective drug development. Precision medicine that is expected to provide the right clinical dose for the right patient at the right time requires a comprehensive understanding of population factors affecting drug disposition and response. Characterization of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters for the protein abundance and their interindividual as well as differential tissue and cross-species variabilities is important for translational ADME and precision medicine. This review first provides a brief overview of quantitative proteomics principles including liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry tools, data acquisition approaches, proteomics sample preparation techniques, and quality controls for ensuring rigor and reproducibility in protein quantification data. Then, potential applications of quantitative proteomics in the translation of in vitro and preclinical data as well as prediction of interindividual variability are discussed in detail with tabulated examples. The applications of quantitative proteomics data in physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling for ADME prediction are discussed with representative case examples. Finally, various considerations for reliable quantitative proteomics analysis for translational ADME and precision medicine and the future directions are discussed. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Quantitative proteomics analysis of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters in humans and preclinical species provides key physiological information that assists in the translation of in vitro and preclinical data to humans. This review provides the principles and applications of quantitative proteomics in characterizing in vitro, ex vivo, and preclinical models for translational research and interindividual variability prediction. Integration of these data into physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling is proving to be critical for safe, effective, timely, and cost-effective drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Ahire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Laken Kruger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Sheena Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Vijaya Saradhi Mettu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Abdul Basit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
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