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Caspari G, Dos Santos Manuel J, Gago-Silva A, Jendryke M. Employing discrete global grid systems for reproducible data obfuscation. Sci Data 2024; 11:509. [PMID: 38760443 PMCID: PMC11101477 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03354-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Archaeological heritage worldwide is threatened through deliberate destruction in particular site looting making the location of archaeological sites potentially sensitive data. At the same time, public information about site locations are important for heritage management, as well as agricultural and urban development. Finding a balance between revealing detailed site locations and not providing data at all is a difficult task. Here we provide an approach to obfuscate archaeological site location data facilitated through a Discrete Global Grid System. We then apply the new obfuscation method to the global p3k14c data set. Veiling the locations of heritage sites with a Discrete Global Grid System allows tiered accuracy access for different stakeholders tailored to their respective needs as well as legal constraints and requirements of administrations. Discrete Global Grid System based obfuscation is globally scalable, consistent, reproducible, and can address the current heterogeneity of obfuscation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gino Caspari
- Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany.
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
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2
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Pisor A, Lansing JS, Magargal K. Climate change adaptation needs a science of culture. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220390. [PMID: 37718608 PMCID: PMC10505856 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
There is global consensus that we must immediately prioritize climate change adaptation-change in response to or anticipation of risks from climate change. Some researchers and policymakers urge 'transformative change', a complete break from past practices, yet report having little data on whether new practices reduce the risks communities face, even over the short term. However, researchers have some leads: human communities have long generated solutions to changing climate, and scientists who study culture have examples of effective and persistent solutions. This theme issue discusses cultural adaptation to climate change, and in this paper, we review how processes of biological adaptation, including innovation, modification, selective retention and transmission, shape the landscapes decision-makers care about-from which solutions emerge in communities, to the spread of effective adaptations, to regional or global collective action. We introduce a comprehensive portal of data and models on cultural adaptation to climate change, and we outline ways forward. This article is part of the theme issue 'Climate change adaptation needs a science of culture'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Pisor
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-1009, USA
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany
| | - J. Stephen Lansing
- Santa Fe Institute, NM87506, USA
- Complexity Science Hub, 1080 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kate Magargal
- Environmental and Sustainability Studies, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT84112, USA
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3
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Xiang L, Huang X, Sun M, Panizzo VN, Huang C, Zheng M, Chen X, Chen F. Prehistoric population expansion in Central Asia promoted by the Altai Holocene Climatic Optimum. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3102. [PMID: 37248221 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38828-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
How climate change in the middle to late Holocene has influenced the early human migrations in Central Asian Steppe remains poorly understood. To address this issue, we reconstructed a multiproxy-based Holocene climate history from the sediments of Kanas Lake and neighboring Tiewaike Lake in the southern Altai Mountains. The results show an exceptionally warm climate during ~6.5-3.6 kyr is indicated by the silicon isotope composition of diatom silica (δ30Sidiatom) and the biogenic silica (BSi) content. During 4.7-4.3 kyr, a peak in δ30Sidiatom reflects enhanced lake thermal stratification and periodic nutrient limitation as indicated by concomitant decreasing BSi content. Our geochemical results indicate a significantly warm and wet climate in the Altai Mountain region during 6.5-3.6 kyr, corresponding to the Altai Holocene Climatic Optimum (AHCO), which is critical for promoting prehistoric human population expansion and intensified cultural exchanges across the Central Asian steppe during the Bronze Age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiong Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaozhong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Mingjie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China
- Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Virginia N Panizzo
- Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Chong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Min Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environmental and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fahu Chen
- Alpine Paleoecology and Human Adaptation Group (ALPHA), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), 100101, Beijing, China
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4
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Gupta D, Gujre N, Singha S, Mitra S. Role of existing and emerging technologies in advancing climate-smart agriculture through modeling: A review. ECOL INFORM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2022.101805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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5
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Motuzaite Matuzeviciute G, van Unen M, Karaliute R, Tabaldiev K. The resilience of pioneer crops in the highlands of Central Asia: Archaeobotanical investigation at the Chap II site in Kyrgyzstan. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.934340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents archaeobotanical research results from an occupation horizon of the Chap II site left by the earliest known farming community in the Central Tien Shan mountains in the current territory of Kyrgyzstan. The archaeobotanical samples were recovered from well-defined contexts in domestic waste pits, house floors, fireplaces, and an oven, all of which date to a narrow period of occupation between 2474 and 2162 cal BCE (based on n-14 AMS dates). The archaeobotanical assemblage is dominated by the SW package crops of bread wheat and naked barley. Those are the only species to have progressed further east across the mountain ranges of Central Asia during the earliest wave of crop dispersal. However, other species in small quantities were also identified at the Chap II site, such as T. durum/turgidum and T. carthlicum, possibly glume wheats and hulled barley. Here, we argue that the dominant compact morphotypes seen only in bread wheat and naked barley caryopses hint toward a selection for the specific adaptive traits of cultigens that enabled successful agriculture in high-altitude ecogeographies. Large variations in cereal caryopses size possibly indicate that crops endured stress (e.g., insufficient nutrients, water, or other) during plant development. More research is needed for a better understanding of the developmental plasticity between different crop species and the formation of unique landraces in diverse environmental niches in the past.
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6
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Spate M, Leipe C, Motuzaite Matuzeviciute G. Reviewing the Palaeoenvironmental Record to Better Understand Long-Term Human-Environment Interaction in Inner Asia During the Late Holocene. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.939374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Middle to Late Holocene spread of agropastoralism throughout Eurasia not only subjected domesticated taxa to stressors associated with novel environments but also induced changes in these environments following the introduction of these social-ecological systems. The mountainous region of Inner Asia comprises various steppe, meadow, and forest landscapes where zooarchaeological evidence suggests occupation by herding populations as early as 7,000 years Before Present (BP). Recent archaeobotanical findings indicate the introduction of cropping and the development of agropastoralism around 4,500 BP. Here, we review and synthesize palaeoenvironmental studies and data to examine anthropogenic impacts and modifications of these landscapes. From around 4,000 BP, we find significant changes in palynomorph, charcoal, sediment, and other proxy data, related to the introduction of agriculture to the region, with later intensifications in land use indicators at around 2,000 and 1,000 BP. We note that these impacts are not uniform or continuous through and across the records and may be evidence of shifting phases of occupation and landscape management. This temporal and spatial variability may also be a response to shifts in moisture availability due to long-term Holocene changes in the intensity of the summer monsoon and Westerly circulation systems. Changes in arboreal pollen indicate the development of intensified use of forest resources in the region, which we identify as a topic for future investigation. Based on these data, we stress the long-term human paleoecology in the study area and argue that traditional agropastoralist systems should be considered in future programs of landscape conservation in the region. This study also emphasizes the importance of future local scale multiproxy studies into past anthropogenic changes within the Inner Asian landscape.
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7
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de Carvalho Alves M, Sanches L, de Carvalho LG. Geostatistical surfaces of climatological normals of mean air temperature in Minas Gerais. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:513. [PMID: 35715651 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Air temperature, a vital component for the terrestrial environment sustainability, can be used as an indicator and an important factor used in short- and long-term meteorological modeling at different scales. Temperature must be monitored on spatial and temporal scale with high precision. Terrain elevation can be used as the main influence factor depending on the measurement scale. In small and medium scales, factors related to local relief were modeled with geostatistics including external variables in temperature modeling. We aimed to evaluate the use of universal kriging in the modeling of air temperature in order to create temperature surfaces at each km[Formula: see text] in Minas Gerais State, Brazil using altitude, longitude and latitude covariates. The organized mean air temperature data of climatological normals of the National Institute of Meteorology were submitted to summary statistics, statistical regression and geostatistical analysis. Monthly and annual normals of the mean air temperature compensated for the period 1981 to 2010 were modeled using temperature as dependent variable and altitude, longitude and latitude as co-variables. Multiple regression modeling performed on temperature using altitude, longitude and latitude covariates determined significant parameters for monthly and annual mean air temperature global prediction. Relief and coordinates were used as external drift on variography and universal kriging with block for local temperature interpolation and prediction in order to generate 1-km moderate resolution surfaces of monthly and annual mean air temperature. Universal kriging determined smoothing effect of standard deviation of geospatial variation with prediction errors varying between 0.6 and [Formula: see text]C. Higher prediction error values were observed between June and August. Mean air temperature local prediction presented greater errors mainly in the lower altitude regions and in the colder months. In both monthly and annual temperature predictions, universal kriging with external drift enabled to circumvent the problem of performing spatial prediction from sparse punctual attribute data, conferring a temperature downscaling effect in Minas Gerais.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciana Sanches
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, UFMT Campus, Cuiabá, 78060-900, MT, Brazil
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8
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Where Does an Individual’s Willingness to Act on Alleviating the Climate Crisis in Korea Arise from? SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14116664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is the result of anthropogenic activities and will lead to widespread and rapid changes on Earth in the following decades. The climate change crisis has led to economic, social, and cultural crises worldwide. This study analyzes the factors impacting the voluntary actions of individuals to mitigate the climate change crisis. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire survey from 650 Korean adults. Statistical analysis was performed using the statistical program IBM SPSS Statistics 25. The results show that the factors affecting an individual’s willingness to act on climate change mitigation were gender, social class, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived obstacles, environmental attitude, and social exclusion. In particular, the results show that social exclusion had a moderating effect on the severity of the willingness to act on climate change mitigation. Regarding the moderating effect of social exclusion, significance was determined for gender, social class, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived obstacles, environmental attitude, and social exclusion (R2 = 0.617). The government should thus make efforts to reduce social exclusion in order to strengthen individuals’ willingness to act on climate change mitigation.
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9
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Evaluating Water Fertilizer Coupling on the Variations in Millet Chaff Size during the Late Seventh Century in Northwest China: Morphological and Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopic Evidence from the Chashancun Cemetery. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14063581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stable isotopic analyses of the remains of plants that have been unearthed from archaeological sites are often featured as key indicators of crop cultivation and the living environment. However, systematic archaeobotanical studies have not been applied widely in Chinese historical sites, especially in those from the Tang dynasty. This paper aims to use carbon and nitrogen isotopic analyses to reveal the potential influence of water and fertilizer conditions on the size of millet chaffs that were excavated from the Chashancun cemetery. To achieve this, >3600 uncharred broomcorn and foxtail millet chaff remains were measured. Furthermore, 30 broomcorn millet samples and 30 foxtail millet samples were selected to analyze the carbon and nitrogen isotopes, respectively. The widths and thicknesses of the broomcorn millet chaffs ranged from 1.11 to 2.38 mm and from 0.95 to 2.24 mm, respectively, while those of the foxtail millet chaffs ranged from 0.95 to 1.94 mm and from 0.69 to 1.90 mm, respectively. The δ13C and δ15N values of the broomcorn millet chaffs ranged from −13.0‰ to −12.0‰ and from 15.7‰ to 17.8‰, respectively, while those of the foxtail millet chaffs ranged from −14.0‰ to −12.9‰ and from 15.7‰ to 18.8‰, respectively. The results show correlations between the millet chaff size and the carbon/nitrogen isotopic values, suggesting that water and fertilizer conditions might have significantly affected millet grain yield during the late seventh century in northwestern China.
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10
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Bird D, Miranda L, Vander Linden M, Robinson E, Bocinsky RK, Nicholson C, Capriles JM, Finley JB, Gayo EM, Gil A, d'Alpoim Guedes J, Hoggarth JA, Kay A, Loftus E, Lombardo U, Mackie M, Palmisano A, Solheim S, Kelly RL, Freeman J. p3k14c, a synthetic global database of archaeological radiocarbon dates. Sci Data 2022; 9:27. [PMID: 35087092 PMCID: PMC8795199 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy Bird
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, USA.
| | - Lux Miranda
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems, University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA
| | - Marc Vander Linden
- Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
| | - Erick Robinson
- Department of Anthropology, Boise State University, Boise, USA
| | - R Kyle Bocinsky
- Montana Climate Office, WA Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, USA
| | - Chris Nicholson
- Center for Digital Antiquity, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - José M Capriles
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, USA
| | | | - Eugenia M Gayo
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES) & Nucleo Milenio UPWELL, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adolfo Gil
- Instituto de Evolución, Ecología Histórica y Ambiente (CONICET & UTN), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Jade d'Alpoim Guedes
- Department of Anthropology, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California - San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Julie A Hoggarth
- Department of Anthropology & Institute of Archaeology, Baylor University, Waco, USA
| | - Andrea Kay
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Emma Loftus
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Madeline Mackie
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Weber State University, Ogden, USA
| | - Alessio Palmisano
- Department of Ancient History, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Steinar Solheim
- Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Robert L Kelly
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, USA
| | - Jacob Freeman
- Anthropology Program, Utah State University, Logan, USA.
- The Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, USA.
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11
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Palaeoenvironmental proxies indicate long-term development of agro-pastoralist landscapes in Inner Asian mountains. Sci Rep 2022; 12:554. [PMID: 35017595 PMCID: PMC8752612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04546-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of archaeological research on agro-pastoralist populations of the Inner Asian mountains indicates that these groups adapted various systems of mobile herding and cultivation to ecotopes across the region from as early as 5000 BP. It has been argued that these adaptations allowed the development of flexible social-ecological systems well suited to the long-term management of these mountain landscapes. At present, less attention has been paid to examining the long-term ecological legacy of these adaptations within the sedimentary or palaeoenvironmental record. Here we present sediment, palynomorph and charcoal data that we interpret as indicating agro-pastoralist environmental perturbations, taken from three cores at middle and high altitudes in the Kashmir Valley at the southern end of the Inner Asian mountains. Our data indicate spatially and temporally discontinuous patterns of agro-pastoralist land use beginning close to 4000 BP. Periods of intensification of upland herding are often coincident with phases of regional social or environmental change, in particular we find the strongest signals for agro-pastoralism in the environmental record contemporary with regionally arid conditions. These patterns support previous arguments that specialised agro-pastoralist ecologies across the region are well placed to respond to past and future climate deteriorations. Our data indicating long-term co-evolution of humans and landscape in the study area also have implications for the ongoing management of environments generally perceived as “pristine” or “wilderness”.
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12
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Tian D, Festa M, Cong D, Zhao Z, Jia PW, Betts A. New evidence for supplementary crop production, foddering and fuel use by Bronze Age transhumant pastoralists in the Tianshan Mountains. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13718. [PMID: 34215794 PMCID: PMC8253771 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93090-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature of economies and the movement of agricultural crops across Eurasia in the Bronze Age have been the subject of significant research interest in recent years. This study presents and discusses new results of flotation, radiocarbon and carbon stable isotope analyses from the seed assemblage at the Adunqiaolu site (northwestern Xinjiang), in combination with archaeological evidence. Archaeobotanical evidence, including carbonized foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, and naked barley, documents the diversity of local cereal consumption during the mid-second millennium BC. Our results suggest that crops were not grown locally, however, but in the lower Boertala Valley, supporting the argument that Adunqiaolu was a winter camp. These new sets of data constitute an important contribution to the discussion on cereal dispersal across the Tianshan Mountains in the Bronze Age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Tian
- Institute of Middle Eastern Studies, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
- School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Marcella Festa
- School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Dexin Cong
- Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, 100010, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijun Zhao
- School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, 100010, People's Republic of China
| | - Peter Weiming Jia
- Department of Archaeology and China Studies Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of History and Culture, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, People's Republic of China
| | - Alison Betts
- Department of Archaeology and China Studies Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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13
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Taché K, Jaffe Y, Craig OE, Lucquin A, Zhou J, Wang H, Jiang S, Standall E, Flad RK. What do "barbarians" eat? Integrating ceramic use-wear and residue analysis in the study of food and society at the margins of Bronze Age China. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250819. [PMID: 33914818 PMCID: PMC8084173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Siwa archaeological culture (ca. 3350 and 2650 cal yr BP) has often been associated with the tribes referenced in textual sources as Qiang and Rong: prized captives commonly sacrificed by the Shang and marauding hordes who toppled the Western Zhou dynasty. In early Chinese writings, food plays a key role in accentuating the 'sino-barbarian' dichotomy believed to have taken root over 3000 years ago, with the Qiang and Rong described as nomadic pastoralists who consumed more meat than grain and knew little of proper dining etiquette. To date, however, little direct archaeological evidence has allowed us to reconstruct the diet and foodways of the groups who occupied the Loess Plateau during this pivotal period. Here we present the results of the first ceramic use-wear study performed on the Siwa ma'an jars from the site of Zhanqi, combined with the molecular and isotopic characterization of lipid residues from foodcrusts, and evidence from experimental cooking. We report molecular data indicating the preparation of meals composed of millet and ruminant dairy among the Siwa community of Zhanqi. Use-wear analysis shows that Zhanqi community members were sophisticated creators of ceramic equipment, the ma'an cooking pot, which allowed them to prepare a wide number of dishes with limited fuel. These findings support recent isotope studies at Zhanqi as well as nuance the centrality of meat in the Siwa period diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Taché
- Department of Historical Sciences, Université Laval, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Yitzchak Jaffe
- Zinman Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Oliver E. Craig
- Department of archaeology, BioArch, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre Lucquin
- Department of archaeology, BioArch, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Jing Zhou
- Gansu Institute of Archaeology, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Institute of Archaeological Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengpeng Jiang
- School of Archaeology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Standall
- Department of archaeology, BioArch, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Rowan K. Flad
- Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
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14
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Galluzzi G, Seyoum A, Halewood M, López Noriega I, Welch EW. The Role of Genetic Resources in Breeding for Climate Change: The Case of Public Breeding Programmes in Eighteen Developing Countries. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:plants9091129. [PMID: 32878309 PMCID: PMC7569780 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of plant breeding in adapting crops to climate changes that affect food production in developing countries is recognized as extremely important and urgent, alongside other agronomic, socio-economic and policy adaptation pathways. To enhance plant breeders' capacity to respond to climate challenges, it is acknowledged that they need to be able to access and use as much genetic diversity as they can get. Through an analysis of data from a global survey, we explore if and how public breeders in selected developing countries are responding to climate challenges through a renewed or innovative use of plant genetic resources, particularly in terms of types of material incorporated into their breeding work as well as sources of such germplasm. It also looks at the possible limitations breeders encounter in their efforts towards exploring diversity for adaptation. Breeders are clearly considering climate challenges. In general, their efforts are aimed at intensifying their breeding work on traits that they were already working on before climate change was so widely discussed. Similarly, the kinds of germplasm they use, and the sources from which they obtain it, do not appear to have changed significantly over the course of recent years. The main challenges breeders faced in accessing germplasm were linked to administrative/legal factors, particularly related to obtaining genetic resources across national borders. They also underscore technical challenges such as a lack of appropriate technologies to exploit germplasm sets such as crop wild relatives and landraces. Addressing these limitations will be crucial to fully enhance the role of public sector breeders in helping to adapt vulnerable agricultural systems to the challenges of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gea Galluzzi
- Bioversity International, Via dei Tre Denari 472/a, Maccarese (Fiumicino), 00057 Rome, Italy; (M.H.); (I.L.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-348-403-0812
| | - Aseffa Seyoum
- Center for Science, Technology, and Environmental Policy Studies, School of Public Affairs, Arizona State University, 411 N Central Ave, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; (A.S.); (E.W.W.)
| | - Michael Halewood
- Bioversity International, Via dei Tre Denari 472/a, Maccarese (Fiumicino), 00057 Rome, Italy; (M.H.); (I.L.N.)
| | - Isabel López Noriega
- Bioversity International, Via dei Tre Denari 472/a, Maccarese (Fiumicino), 00057 Rome, Italy; (M.H.); (I.L.N.)
| | - Eric W. Welch
- Center for Science, Technology, and Environmental Policy Studies, School of Public Affairs, Arizona State University, 411 N Central Ave, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; (A.S.); (E.W.W.)
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15
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Gutaker RM, Groen SC, Bellis ES, Choi JY, Pires IS, Bocinsky RK, Slayton ER, Wilkins O, Castillo CC, Negrão S, Oliveira MM, Fuller DQ, Guedes JAD, Lasky JR, Purugganan MD. Genomic history and ecology of the geographic spread of rice. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:492-502. [PMID: 32415291 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-0659-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the world's most important food crops, and is comprised largely of japonica and indica subspecies. Here, we reconstruct the history of rice dispersal in Asia using whole-genome sequences of more than 1,400 landraces, coupled with geographic, environmental, archaeobotanical and paleoclimate data. Originating around 9,000 yr ago in the Yangtze Valley, rice diversified into temperate and tropical japonica rice during a global cooling event about 4,200 yr ago. Soon after, tropical japonica rice reached Southeast Asia, where it rapidly diversified, starting about 2,500 yr BP. The history of indica rice dispersal appears more complicated, moving into China around 2,000 yr BP. We also identify extrinsic factors that influence genome diversity, with temperature being a leading abiotic factor. Reconstructing the dispersal history of rice and its climatic correlates may help identify genetic adaptations associated with the spread of a key domesticated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal M Gutaker
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Simon C Groen
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily S Bellis
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jae Y Choi
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Inês S Pires
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Emma R Slayton
- Carnegie Mellon University Libraries, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Olivia Wilkins
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Cristina C Castillo
- Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Cultural Heritage, North-West University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sónia Negrão
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Margarida Oliveira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dorian Q Fuller
- Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Cultural Heritage, North-West University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jade A d'Alpoim Guedes
- Department of Anthropology and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jesse R Lasky
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Michael D Purugganan
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
- Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
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16
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Molecular Mechanism of Functional Ingredients in Barley to Combat Human Chronic Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:3836172. [PMID: 32318238 PMCID: PMC7149453 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3836172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Barley plays an important role in health and civilization of human migration from Africa to Asia, later to Eurasia. We demonstrated the systematic mechanism of functional ingredients in barley to combat chronic diseases, based on PubMed, CNKI, and ISI Web of Science databases from 2004 to 2020. Barley and its extracts are rich in 30 ingredients to combat more than 20 chronic diseases, which include the 14 similar and 9 different chronic diseases between grains and grass, due to the major molecular mechanism of six functional ingredients of barley grass (GABA, flavonoids, SOD, K-Ca, vitamins, and tryptophan) and grains (β-glucans, polyphenols, arabinoxylan, phytosterols, tocols, and resistant starch). The antioxidant activity of barley grass and grain has the same and different functional components. These results support findings that barley grain and its grass are the best functional food, promoting ancient Babylonian and Egyptian civilizations, and further show the depending functional ingredients for diet from Pliocene hominids in Africa and Neanderthals in Europe to modern humans in the world. This review paper not only reveals the formation and action mechanism of barley diet overcoming human chronic diseases, but also provides scientific basis for the development of health products and drugs for the prevention and treatment of human chronic diseases.
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17
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Hermes TR, Frachetti MD, Doumani Dupuy PN, Mar'yashev A, Nebel A, Makarewicz CA. Early integration of pastoralism and millet cultivation in Bronze Age Eurasia. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191273. [PMID: 31480978 PMCID: PMC6743000 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mobile pastoralists are thought to have facilitated the first trans-Eurasian dispersals of domesticated plants during the Early Bronze Age (ca 2500-2300 BC). Problematically, the earliest seeds of wheat, barley and millet in Inner Asia were recovered from human mortuary contexts and do not inform on local cultivation or subsistence use, while contemporaneous evidence for the use and management of domesticated livestock in the region remains ambiguous. We analysed mitochondrial DNA and multi-stable isotopic ratios (δ13C, δ15N and δ18O) of faunal remains from key pastoralist sites in the Dzhungar Mountains of southeastern Kazakhstan. At ca 2700 BC, Near Eastern domesticated sheep and goat were present at the settlement of Dali, which were also winter foddered with the region's earliest cultivated millet spreading from its centre of domestication in northern China. In the following centuries, millet cultivation and caprine management became increasingly intertwined at the nearby site of Begash. Cattle, on the other hand, received low levels of millet fodder at the sites for millennia. By primarily examining livestock dietary intake, this study reveals that the initial transmission of millet across the mountains of Inner Asia coincided with a substantial connection between pastoralism and plant cultivation, suggesting that pastoralist livestock herding was integral for the westward dispersal of millet from farming societies in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor R. Hermes
- Graduate School ‘Human Development in Landscapes', Kiel University, Leibniz Straße 3, 24118 Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology, Kiel University, Johanna-Mestorf-Straße 2-6, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael D. Frachetti
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St Louis, One Brookings Drive, St Louis 63130, USA
| | - Paula N. Doumani Dupuy
- Institute of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology, Kiel University, Johanna-Mestorf-Straße 2-6, 24118 Kiel, Germany
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr Avenue 53, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Alexei Mar'yashev
- Margulan Institute of Archaeology, Dostyk Avenue 44, Almaty 480100, Kazakhstan
| | - Almut Nebel
- Graduate School ‘Human Development in Landscapes', Kiel University, Leibniz Straße 3, 24118 Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Rosalind-Franklin Straße 12, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Cheryl A. Makarewicz
- Graduate School ‘Human Development in Landscapes', Kiel University, Leibniz Straße 3, 24118 Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology, Kiel University, Johanna-Mestorf-Straße 2-6, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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18
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Leipe C, Long T, Sergusheva EA, Wagner M, Tarasov PE. Discontinuous spread of millet agriculture in eastern Asia and prehistoric population dynamics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax6225. [PMID: 31579827 PMCID: PMC6760930 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax6225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although broomcorn and foxtail millet are among the earliest staple crop domesticates, their spread and impacts on demography remain controversial, mainly because of the use of indirect evidence. Bayesian modeling applied to a dataset of new and published radiocarbon dates derived from domesticated millet grains suggests that after their initial cultivation in the crescent around the Bohai Sea ca. 5800 BCE, the crops spread discontinuously across eastern Asia. Our findings on the spread of millet that intensified during the fourth millennium BCE coincide with published dates of the expansion of the Sino-Tibetan languages from the Yellow River basin. In northern China, the spread of millet-based agriculture supported a quasi-exponential population growth from 6000 to 2000 BCE. While growth continued in northeastern China after 2000 BCE, the Upper/Middle Yellow River experienced decline. We propose that this pattern of regional divergence is mainly the result of internal and external anthropogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Leipe
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research (ISEE), Nagoya University, Research Institutes Building II, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Institute of Geological Sciences, Section Paleontology, Freie Universität Berlin, Malteserstraße 74-100, Building D, 12249 Berlin, Germany
| | - T. Long
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Yinzhou Qu, Ningbo Shi 315100, Zhejiang Sheng, China
| | - E. A. Sergusheva
- Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of the Peoples of the Far East, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushkinskaya 89, Vladivostok 690001, Russia
| | - M. Wagner
- Eurasia Department and Beijing Branch Office, German Archaeological Institute, Im Dol 2-6, Building II, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - P. E. Tarasov
- Institute of Geological Sciences, Section Paleontology, Freie Universität Berlin, Malteserstraße 74-100, Building D, 12249 Berlin, Germany
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