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Yoshino J, Mali SS, Williams CR, Morita T, Emerson CE, Arp CJ, Miller SE, Yin C, Thé L, Hemmi C, Motoyoshi M, Ishii K, Emoto K, Bautista DM, Parrish JZ. Drosophila epidermal cells are intrinsically mechanosensitive and modulate nociceptive behavioral outputs. eLife 2025; 13:RP95379. [PMID: 40353351 PMCID: PMC12068870 DOI: 10.7554/elife.95379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2025] Open
Abstract
Somatosensory neurons (SSNs) that detect and transduce mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli densely innervate an animal's skin. However, although epidermal cells provide the first point of contact for sensory stimuli, our understanding of roles that epidermal cells play in SSN function, particularly nociception, remains limited. Here, we show that stimulating Drosophila epidermal cells elicits activation of SSNs including nociceptors and triggers a variety of behavior outputs, including avoidance and escape. Further, we find that epidermal cells are intrinsically mechanosensitive and that epidermal mechanically evoked calcium responses require the store-operated calcium channel Orai. Epidermal cell stimulation augments larval responses to acute nociceptive stimuli and promotes prolonged hypersensitivity to subsequent mechanical stimuli. Hence, epidermal cells are key determinants of nociceptive sensitivity and sensitization, acting as primary sensors of noxious stimuli that tune nociceptor output and drive protective behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Yoshino
- Department of Biology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Division of Education, Marine Biological LaboratoryWoods HoleUnited States
| | - Sonali S Mali
- Division of Education, Marine Biological LaboratoryWoods HoleUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Claire R Williams
- Department of Biology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Division of Education, Marine Biological LaboratoryWoods HoleUnited States
| | - Takeshi Morita
- Division of Education, Marine Biological LaboratoryWoods HoleUnited States
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Behavior, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Chloe E Emerson
- Division of Education, Marine Biological LaboratoryWoods HoleUnited States
| | - Christopher J Arp
- Division of Education, Marine Biological LaboratoryWoods HoleUnited States
| | - Sophie E Miller
- Division of Education, Marine Biological LaboratoryWoods HoleUnited States
| | - Chang Yin
- Department of Biology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Lydia Thé
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Chikayo Hemmi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Mana Motoyoshi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Kenichi Ishii
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Kazuo Emoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Diana M Bautista
- Division of Education, Marine Biological LaboratoryWoods HoleUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Jay Z Parrish
- Department of Biology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Division of Education, Marine Biological LaboratoryWoods HoleUnited States
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2
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Johnson MG, Barrett M. Review: Exploring correctness, usefulness, and feasibility of potential physiological operational welfare indicators for farmed insects to establish research priorities. Animal 2025:101501. [PMID: 40288947 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2025.101501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2025] [Accepted: 03/24/2025] [Indexed: 04/29/2025] Open
Abstract
While insects are already the largest group of terrestrial food and feed livestock animals in terms of absolute number of individuals, the insect farming industry is expected to continue growing rapidly in order to meet the nutritional demands of the human population during the 21st century. Accordingly, consumers, producers, legislators, and industry-adjacent researchers have expressed interest in further research and assessment of farmed insect welfare. Operational indicators of animal welfare are those that can be used to putatively assess the welfare of animals in the absence of true indicators of affective state (e.g., valenced/emotional state) and are commonly used for farmed vertebrate livestock species; however, significant behavioral and physiological differences between vertebrates and insects means these indicators must be examined for their correctness, usefulness, and feasibility prior to use with insect livestock. The most valuable operational welfare indicators would (1) correctly correspond to the insect's putative welfare state; (2) provide useful information about what is affecting the insect's welfare; and (3) be feasible for deployment at a large scale on farms. As there are many possible indicators that could be further researched in insects, evaluating the likely correctness, feasibility, and usefulness of these indicators in insects will allow researchers to prioritize which indicators to investigate first for use on farms. Thus, in this review, we explore whether physiological or somatic indicators of farmed vertebrate welfare, including whole-body, immune, neurobiological, and respiratory/cardiac indicators, may be correct, feasible, and useful for assessing farmed insect welfare. We review insect physiological systems, as well as any existing, welfare-relevant data from farmed or closely related insects. We end by proposing a priority list for physiological, operational welfare indicators that are most likely to correctly, usefully, and feasibly assess farmed insect welfare, which may guide indicator validation research priorities for insect welfare scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - M Barrett
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA.
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3
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Borjon LJ, Mauthner SE, Tracey WD. Nociception in Drosophila Larvae. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2025; 2025:pdb.top108172. [PMID: 39095078 PMCID: PMC11787404 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top108172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Nociception is the sensory modality by which animals sense stimuli associated with injury or potential tissue damage. When Drosophila larvae encounter a noxious thermal, chemical, or mechanical stimulus, they perform a stereotyped rolling behavior. These noxious stimuli are detected by polymodal nociceptor neurons that tile the larval epidermis. Although several types of sensory neurons feed into the nociceptive behavioral output, the highly branched class IV multidendritic arborization neurons are the most critical. At the molecular level, Drosophila nociception shares many conserved features with vertebrate nociception, making it a useful organism for medically relevant research in this area. Here, we review three larval assays for nociceptive behavior using mechanical stimuli, optogenetic activation, and the naturalistic stimuli of parasitoid wasp attacks. Together, the assays described have been successfully used by many laboratories in studies of the molecular, cellular, and circuit mechanisms of nociception. In addition, the simple nature of the assays we describe can be useful in teaching laboratories for undergraduate students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia J Borjon
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Stephanie E Mauthner
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - W Daniel Tracey
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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4
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Lozo KW, Aktipis A, Alcock J. Neuroimmune Pain and Its Manipulation by Pathogens. Evol Appl 2025; 18:e70098. [PMID: 40270922 PMCID: PMC12015744 DOI: 10.1111/eva.70098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2025] [Indexed: 04/25/2025] Open
Abstract
Recent studies highlight extensive crosstalk that exists between sensory neurons responsible for pain and the immune system. Cutaneous pain neurons detect harmful microbes, recruit immune cells, and produce anticipatory immunity in nearby tissues. These complementary systems generally protect hosts from infections. At the same time, neuroimmune pain is vulnerable to manipulation. Some pathogens evade immunity activated by nociceptors by producing opioid analogs and by interfering with sensory nerve function. Other organisms manipulate neuroimmune pain by increasing it. Hosts may gain protection from interference by adjusting pain sensitivity. Nociceptive sensitization follows expectations of signal detection theory and the smoke detector principle, allowing pain to be more easily triggered in response to microbial threats and damage. However, pain sensitization at the spinal level and cortical responses to pain are themselves the target of manipulation by parasites and other organisms. Here we review examples of parasites, bacteria, and other medically important organisms that interfere with pain signaling and describe their implications for public health, infectious disease, and the treatment of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W. Lozo
- University of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Athena Aktipis
- Department of PsychologyArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
- Center for Evolution and MedicineArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
| | - Joe Alcock
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
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5
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Pasquini E, Brouwer J, Di Rollo V, Baracchi D, Messina A, Frasnelli E. Central GABAergic neuromodulation of nocifensive behaviors in bumble bees. iScience 2025; 28:112024. [PMID: 40109378 PMCID: PMC11919611 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2025.112024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2024] [Revised: 01/09/2025] [Accepted: 02/11/2025] [Indexed: 03/22/2025] Open
Abstract
In mammals, nocifensive behaviors are modulated by neuroactive compounds indicating a complex pain-processing system. This study aimed to assess the role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in modulating nocifensive behaviors in the bumble bee Bombus terrestris to better understand how pain-like behaviors are regulated in insects. Results showed that oral administration of gabapentin (0.24 mg/mL), a GABAergic analgesic acting at the central level, reduced heat sensitivity, making bees more likely to pass through a tunnel heated to 50°C, and suppressed their nocifensive behaviors. Gene expression analysis revealed a significant increase in brain expression of GAD1 in response to noxious stimulation. These findings indicate that GABA plays a key role in modulating nocifensive behaviors in insects, similar to its role in mammals, suggesting that insects may possess mechanisms for pain modulation that go beyond simple peripheral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pasquini
- Center for Mind/Brain Science (CIMeC), University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Jochem Brouwer
- Aeres University of Applied Sciences, Arboterium West 98, 1325 WB Almere, the Netherlands
| | - Victor Di Rollo
- National School of Chemistry Montpellier (ENSCM), University of Montpellier, 240 Av. du Professeur Emile Jeanbrau, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - David Baracchi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Andrea Messina
- Center for Mind/Brain Science (CIMeC), University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Elisa Frasnelli
- Center for Mind/Brain Science (CIMeC), University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
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Lee D, Yoon E, Ham SJ, Lee K, Jang H, Woo D, Lee DH, Kim S, Choi S, Chung J. Diabetic sensory neuropathy and insulin resistance are induced by loss of UCHL1 in Drosophila. Nat Commun 2024; 15:468. [PMID: 38212312 PMCID: PMC10784524 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44747-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic sensory neuropathy (DSN) is one of the most common complications of type 2 diabetes (T2D), however the molecular mechanistic association between T2D and DSN remains elusive. Here we identify ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1), a deubiquitinase highly expressed in neurons, as a key molecule underlying T2D and DSN. Genetic ablation of UCHL1 leads to neuronal insulin resistance and T2D-related symptoms in Drosophila. Furthermore, loss of UCHL1 induces DSN-like phenotypes, including numbness to external noxious stimuli and axonal degeneration of sensory neurons in flies' legs. Conversely, UCHL1 overexpression improves DSN-like defects of T2D model flies. UCHL1 governs insulin signaling by deubiquitinating insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) and antagonizes an E3 ligase of IRS1, Cullin 1 (CUL1). Consistent with these results, genetic and pharmacological suppression of CUL1 activity rescues T2D- and DSN-associated phenotypes. Therefore, our findings suggest a complete set of genetic factors explaining T2D and DSN, together with potential remedies for the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daewon Lee
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunju Yoon
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Ham
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kunwoo Lee
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansaem Jang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Daihn Woo
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Hyun Lee
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehyeon Kim
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sekyu Choi
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jongkyeong Chung
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Sato S, Magaji AM, Tominaga M, Sokabe T. Avoidance of thiazoline compound depends on multiple sensory pathways mediated by TrpA1 and ORs in Drosophila. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1249715. [PMID: 38188198 PMCID: PMC10771277 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1249715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are primary sensory molecules in animals and are involved in detecting a diverse range of physical and chemical cues in the environments. Considering the crucial role of TRPA1 channels in nocifensive behaviors and aversive responses across various insect species, activators of TRPA1 are promising candidates for insect pest control. In this study, we demonstrate that 2-methylthiazoline (2MT), an artificial volatile thiazoline compound originally identified as a stimulant for mouse TRPA1, can be utilized as a novel repellent for fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster. We observed that 2MT induced strong, dose-dependent avoidance behaviors in adult males, regardless of their feeding states, as well as egg laying behavior in females. These aversive responses were mediated by contact chemosensation via TrpA1 and olfaction via odorant receptors. Knocking down TrpA1 revealed the essential roles of bitter taste neurons and nociceptive neurons in the legs and labellum. Furthermore, among five isoforms, TrpA1-C and TrpA1-D exclusively contributed to the aversiveness of 2MT. We also discovered that these isoforms were directly activated by 2MT through covalent modification of evolutionarily conserved cysteine residues. In conclusion, we have identified 2MT as a stimulant for multiple sensory pathways, triggering aversive behaviors in fruit flies. We propose that 2MT and related chemicals may serve as potential resources for developing novel insect repellents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoma Sato
- Thermal Biology Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Aliyu Mudassir Magaji
- Thermal Biology Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Japan
| | - Makoto Tominaga
- Thermal Biology Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Japan
| | - Takaaki Sokabe
- Thermal Biology Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Japan
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8
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Walters ET. Exaptation and Evolutionary Adaptation in Nociceptor Mechanisms Driving Persistent Pain. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2023; 98:314-330. [PMID: 38035556 PMCID: PMC10922759 DOI: 10.1159/000535552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several evolutionary explanations have been proposed for why chronic pain is a major clinical problem. One is that some mechanisms important for driving chronic pain, while maladaptive for modern humans, were adaptive because they enhanced survival. Evidence is reviewed for persistent nociceptor hyperactivity (PNH), known to promote chronic pain in rodents and humans, being an evolutionarily adaptive response to significant bodily injury, and primitive molecular mechanisms related to cellular injury and stress being exapted (co-opted or repurposed) to drive PNH and consequent pain. SUMMARY PNH in a snail (Aplysia californica), squid (Doryteuthis pealeii), fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), mice, rats, and humans has been documented as long-lasting enhancement of action potential discharge evoked by peripheral stimuli, and in some of these species as persistent extrinsically driven ongoing activity and/or intrinsic spontaneous activity (OA and SA, respectively). In mammals, OA and SA are often initiated within the protected nociceptor soma long after an inducing injury. Generation of OA or SA in nociceptor somata may be very rare in invertebrates, but prolonged afterdischarge in nociceptor somata readily occurs in sensitized Aplysia. Evidence for the adaptiveness of injury-induced PNH has come from observations of decreased survival of injured squid exposed to predators when PNH is blocked, from plausible survival benefits of chronic sensitization after severe injuries such as amputation, and from the functional coherence and intricacy of mammalian PNH mechanisms. Major contributions of cAMP-PKA signaling (with associated calcium signaling) to the maintenance of PNH both in mammals and molluscs suggest that this ancient stress signaling system was exapted early during the evolution of nociceptors to drive hyperactivity following bodily injury. Vertebrates have retained core cAMP-PKA signaling modules for PNH while adding new extracellular modulators (e.g., opioids) and cAMP-regulated ion channels (e.g., TRPV1 and Nav1.8 channels). KEY MESSAGES Evidence from multiple phyla indicates that PNH is a physiological adaptation that decreases the risk of attacks on injured animals. Core cAMP-PKA signaling modules make major contributions to the maintenance of PNH in molluscs and mammals. This conserved signaling has been linked to ancient cellular responses to stress, which may have been exapted in early nociceptors to drive protective hyperactivity that can persist while bodily functions recover after significant injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar T Walters
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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9
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de C Williams AC. Pain: Behavioural expression and response in an evolutionary framework. Evol Med Public Health 2023; 11:429-437. [PMID: 38022798 PMCID: PMC10656790 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoad038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An evolutionary perspective offers insights into the major public health problem of chronic (persistent) pain; behaviours associated with it perpetuate both pain and disability. Pain is motivating, and pain-related behaviours promote recovery by immediate active or passive defence; subsequent protection of wounds; suppression of competing responses; energy conservation; vigilance to threat; and learned avoidance of associated cues. When these persist beyond healing, as in chronic pain, they are disabling. In mammals, facial and bodily expression of pain is visible and identifiable by others, while social context, including conspecifics' responses, modulate pain. Studies of responses to pain emphasize onlooker empathy, but people with chronic pain report feeling disbelieved and stigmatized. Observers frequently discount others' pain, best understood in terms of cheater detection-alertness to free riders that underpins the capacity for prosocial behaviours. These dynamics occur both in everyday life and in clinical encounters, providing an account of the adaptiveness of pain-related behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C de C Williams
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational & Health Psychology, University College London, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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10
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Hoynoski J, Dohn J, Franzen AD, Burrell BD. Repetitive nociceptive stimulation elicits complex behavioral changes in Hirudo: evidence of arousal and motivational adaptations. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245895. [PMID: 37497630 PMCID: PMC10445732 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Appropriate responses to real or potential damaging stimuli to the body (nociception) are critical to an animal's short- and long-term survival. The initial goal of this study was to examine habituation of withdrawal reflexes (whole-body and local shortening) to repeated mechanical nociceptive stimuli (needle pokes) in the medicinal leech, Hirudo verbana, and assess whether injury altered habituation to these nociceptive stimuli. While repeated needle pokes did reduce shortening in H. verbana, a second set of behavior changes was observed. Specifically, animals began to evade subsequent stimuli by either hiding their posterior sucker underneath adjacent body segments or engaging in locomotion (crawling). Animals differed in terms of how quickly they adopted evasion behaviors during repeated stimulation, exhibiting a multi-modal distribution for early, intermediate and late evaders. Prior injury had a profound effect on this transition, decreasing the time frame in which animals began to carry out evasion and increasing the magnitude of these evasion behaviors (more locomotory evasion). The data indicate the presence in Hirudo of a complex and adaptive defensive arousal process to avoid noxious stimuli that is influenced by differences in internal states, prior experience with injury of the stimulated areas, and possibly learning-based processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hoynoski
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Center for Brain and Behavioral Research (CBBRe), Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - John Dohn
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Center for Brain and Behavioral Research (CBBRe), Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Avery D. Franzen
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Center for Brain and Behavioral Research (CBBRe), Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Brian D. Burrell
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Center for Brain and Behavioral Research (CBBRe), Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
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11
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Elwood RW. Behavioural Indicators of Pain and Suffering in Arthropods and Might Pain Bite Back? Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2602. [PMID: 37627393 PMCID: PMC10451332 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain in response to tissue damage functions to change behaviour so that further damage is minimised whereas healing and survival are promoted. This paper focuses on the behavioural criteria that match the function to ask if pain is likely in the main taxa of arthropods. There is evidence consistent with the idea of pain in crustaceans, insects and, to a lesser extent, spiders. There is little evidence of pain in millipedes, centipedes, scorpions, and horseshoe crabs but there have been few investigations of these groups. Alternative approaches in the study of pain are explored and it is suggested that studies on traumatic mating, agonistic interactions, and defensive venoms might provide clues about pain. The evolution of high cognitive ability, sensory systems, and flexible decision-making is discussed as well as how these might influence the evolution of pain-like states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Elwood
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
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12
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Suzuki M, Kuromi H, Shindo M, Sakata N, Niimi N, Fukui K, Saitoe M, Sango K. A Drosophila model of diabetic neuropathy reveals a role of proteasome activity in the glia. iScience 2023; 26:106997. [PMID: 37378316 PMCID: PMC10291573 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is the most common chronic, progressive complication of diabetes mellitus. The main symptom is sensory loss; the molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. We found that Drosophila fed a high-sugar diet, which induces diabetes-like phenotypes, exhibit impairment of noxious heat avoidance. The impairment of heat avoidance was associated with shrinkage of the leg neurons expressing the Drosophila transient receptor potential channel Painless. Using a candidate genetic screening approach, we identified proteasome modulator 9 as one of the modulators of impairment of heat avoidance. We further showed that proteasome inhibition in the glia reversed the impairment of noxious heat avoidance, and heat-shock proteins and endolysosomal trafficking in the glia mediated the effect of proteasome inhibition. Our results establish Drosophila as a useful system for exploring molecular mechanisms of diet-induced peripheral neuropathy and propose that the glial proteasome is one of the candidate therapeutic targets for DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Suzuki
- Diabetic Neuropathy Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kuromi
- Learning and Memory Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Mayumi Shindo
- Center for Basic Technology Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Nozomi Sakata
- Diabetic Neuropathy Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Naoko Niimi
- Diabetic Neuropathy Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Koji Fukui
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Minoru Saitoe
- Learning and Memory Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Kazunori Sango
- Diabetic Neuropathy Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
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13
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Oikawa I, Kondo S, Hashimoto K, Yoshida A, Hamajima M, Tanimoto H, Furukubo-Tokunaga K, Honjo K. A descending inhibitory mechanism of nociception mediated by an evolutionarily conserved neuropeptide system in Drosophila. eLife 2023; 12:RP85760. [PMID: 37310871 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nociception is a neural process that animals have developed to avoid potentially tissue-damaging stimuli. While nociception is triggered in the peripheral nervous system, its modulation by the central nervous system is a critical process in mammals, whose dysfunction has been extensively implicated in chronic pain pathogenesis. The peripheral mechanisms of nociception are largely conserved across the animal kingdom. However, it is unclear whether the brain-mediated modulation is also conserved in non-mammalian species. Here, we show that Drosophila has a descending inhibitory mechanism of nociception from the brain, mediated by the neuropeptide Drosulfakinin (DSK), a homolog of cholecystokinin (CCK) that plays an important role in the descending control of nociception in mammals. We found that mutants lacking dsk or its receptors are hypersensitive to noxious heat. Through a combination of genetic, behavioral, histological, and Ca2+ imaging analyses, we subsequently revealed neurons involved in DSK-mediated nociceptive regulation at a single-cell resolution and identified a DSKergic descending neuronal pathway that inhibits nociception. This study provides the first evidence for a descending modulatory mechanism of nociception from the brain in a non-mammalian species that is mediated by the evolutionarily conserved CCK system, raising the possibility that the descending inhibition is an ancient mechanism to regulate nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Oikawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shu Kondo
- Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kao Hashimoto
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akiho Yoshida
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Megumi Hamajima
- Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Hiromu Tanimoto
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Ken Honjo
- Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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14
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Prokhorenko MA, Smyth JT. Astrocyte store-operated calcium entry is required for centrally mediated neuropathic pain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.08.544231. [PMID: 37333230 PMCID: PMC10274864 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.08.544231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Central sensitization is a critical step in chronic neuropathic pain formation following acute nerve injury. Central sensitization is defined by nociceptive and somatosensory circuitry changes in the spinal cord leading to dysfunction of antinociceptive gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic cells (Li et al., 2019), amplification of ascending nociceptive signals, and hypersensitivity (Woolf, 2011). Astrocytes are key mediators of the neurocircuitry changes that underlie central sensitization and neuropathic pain, and astrocytes respond to and regulate neuronal function through complex Ca2+ signaling mechanisms. Clear definition of the astrocyte Ca2+ signaling mechanisms involved in central sensitization may lead to new therapeutic targets for treatment of chronic neuropathic pain, as well as enhance our understanding of the complex central nervous system (CNS) adaptions that occur following nerve injury. Ca2+ release from astrocyte endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ stores via the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) is required for centrally mediated neuropathic pain (Kim et al, 2016); however recent evidence suggests the involvement of additional astrocyte Ca2+ signaling mechanisms. We therefore investigated the role of astrocyte store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), which mediates Ca2+ influx in response to ER Ca2+ store depletion. Using an adult Drosophila melanogaster model of central sensitization based on thermal allodynia in response to leg amputation nerve injury (Khuong et al., 2019), we show that astrocytes exhibit SOCE-dependent Ca2+ signaling events three to four days following nerve injury. Astrocyte-specific suppression of Stim and Orai, the key mediators of SOCE Ca2+ influx, completely inhibited the development of thermal allodynia seven days following injury, and also inhibited the loss of ventral nerve cord (VNC) GABAergic neurons that is required for central sensitization in flies. We lastly show that constitutive SOCE in astrocytes results in thermal allodynia even in the absence of nerve injury. Our results collectively demonstrate that astrocyte SOCE is necessary and sufficient for central sensitization and development of hypersensitivity in Drosophila, adding key new understanding to the astrocyte Ca2+ signaling mechanisms involved in chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya A. Prokhorenko
- Neuroscience Graduate Program and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jeremy T. Smyth
- Neuroscience Graduate Program and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
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15
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Walters ET, Crook RJ, Neely GG, Price TJ, Smith ESJ. Persistent nociceptor hyperactivity as a painful evolutionary adaptation. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:211-227. [PMID: 36610893 PMCID: PMC9974896 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain caused by injury or disease of the nervous system (neuropathic pain) has been linked to persistent electrical hyperactivity of the sensory neurons (nociceptors) specialized to detect damaging stimuli and/or inflammation. This pain and hyperactivity are considered maladaptive because both can persist long after injured tissues have healed and inflammation has resolved. While the assumption of maladaptiveness is appropriate in many diseases, accumulating evidence from diverse species, including humans, challenges the assumption that neuropathic pain and persistent nociceptor hyperactivity are always maladaptive. We review studies indicating that persistent nociceptor hyperactivity has undergone evolutionary selection in widespread, albeit selected, animal groups as a physiological response that can increase survival long after bodily injury, using both highly conserved and divergent underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar T Walters
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Robyn J Crook
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - G Gregory Neely
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Theodore J Price
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Ewan St John Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK
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16
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Jang W, Oh M, Cho EH, Baek M, Kim C. Drosophila pain sensitization and modulation unveiled by a novel pain model and analgesic drugs. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281874. [PMID: 36795675 PMCID: PMC9934396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, pain is regulated by the combination of an ascending stimulating and descending inhibitory pain pathway. It remains an intriguing question whether such pain pathways are of ancient origin and conserved in invertebrates. Here we report a new Drosophila pain model and use it to elucidate the pain pathways present in flies. The model employs transgenic flies expressing the human capsaicin receptor TRPV1 in sensory nociceptor neurons, which innervate the whole fly body, including the mouth. Upon capsaicin sipping, the flies abruptly displayed pain-related behaviors such as running away, scurrying around, rubbing vigorously, and pulling at their mouth parts, suggesting that capsaicin stimulated nociceptors in the mouth via activating TRPV1. When reared on capsaicin-containing food, the animals died of starvation, demonstrating the degree of pain experienced. This death rate was reduced by treatment both with NSAIDs and gabapentin, analgesics that inhibit the sensitized ascending pain pathway, and with antidepressants, GABAergic agonists, and morphine, analgesics that strengthen the descending inhibitory pathway. Our results suggest Drosophila to possess intricate pain sensitization and modulation mechanisms similar to mammals, and we propose that this simple, non-invasive feeding assay has utility for high-throughput evaluation and screening of analgesic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wijeong Jang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Myungsok Oh
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Cho
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Minwoo Baek
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Changsoo Kim
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
- * E-mail:
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17
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Klobučar T, Fisher DN. When Do We Start Caring About Insect Welfare? NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 52:5-10. [PMID: 36656488 PMCID: PMC9886582 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-022-01023-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The world is facing an incoming global protein shortage due to existing malnutrition and further rapid increases in population size. It will however be difficult to greatly expand traditional methods of protein production such as cattle, chicken and pig farming, due to space limitations and environmental costs such as deforestation. As a result, alternative sources of protein that require less space and fewer resources, such as insects and other invertebrates, are being sought. The Neotropics are a key area of focus given the widespread prevalence of entomophagy and developing animal welfare regulations. Unlike vertebrate livestock however, insect "minilivestock" are typically not protected by existing animal welfare regulations. This is despite the fact that the evidence is mounting that insects possess "personalities", may experience affective states analogous to emotions and feel something like pain. In this forum article, we highlight this discrepancy, outline some of the emerging research on the topic and identify areas for future research. There are various empirical and ethical questions that must be addressed urgently while insect farming is ramped up around the globe. Finally, we describe the benefits and also potential costs of regulation for insect welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Klobučar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, King's College, Aberdeen, UK
| | - David N Fisher
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, King's College, Aberdeen, UK.
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18
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Himmel NJ, Sakurai A, Patel AA, Bhattacharjee S, Letcher JM, Benson MN, Gray TR, Cymbalyuk GS, Cox DN. Chloride-dependent mechanisms of multimodal sensory discrimination and nociceptive sensitization in Drosophila. eLife 2023; 12:76863. [PMID: 36688373 PMCID: PMC9904763 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual sensory neurons can be tuned to many stimuli, each driving unique, stimulus-relevant behaviors, and the ability of multimodal nociceptor neurons to discriminate between potentially harmful and innocuous stimuli is broadly important for organismal survival. Moreover, disruptions in the capacity to differentiate between noxious and innocuous stimuli can result in neuropathic pain. Drosophila larval class III (CIII) neurons are peripheral noxious cold nociceptors and innocuous touch mechanosensors; high levels of activation drive cold-evoked contraction (CT) behavior, while low levels of activation result in a suite of touch-associated behaviors. However, it is unknown what molecular factors underlie CIII multimodality. Here, we show that the TMEM16/anoctamins subdued and white walker (wwk; CG15270) are required for cold-evoked CT, but not for touch-associated behavior, indicating a conserved role for anoctamins in nociception. We also evidence that CIII neurons make use of atypical depolarizing chloride currents to encode cold, and that overexpression of ncc69-a fly homologue of NKCC1-results in phenotypes consistent with neuropathic sensitization, including behavioral sensitization and neuronal hyperexcitability, making Drosophila CIII neurons a candidate system for future studies of the basic mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akira Sakurai
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgia
| | - Atit A Patel
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgia
| | | | - Jamin M Letcher
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgia
| | - Maggie N Benson
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgia
| | - Thomas R Gray
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgia
| | | | - Daniel N Cox
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgia
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19
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Abstract
Modulation of nociception allows animals to optimize chances of survival by adapting their behaviour in different contexts. In mammals, this is executed by neurons from the brain and is referred to as the descending control of nociception. Whether insects have such control, or the neural circuits allowing it, has rarely been explored. Based on behavioural, neuroscientific and molecular evidence, we argue that insects probably have descending controls for nociception. Behavioural work shows that insects can modulate nocifensive behaviour. Such modulation is at least in part controlled by the central nervous system since the information mediating such prioritization is processed by the brain. Central nervous system control of nociception is further supported by neuroanatomical and neurobiological evidence showing that the insect brain can facilitate or suppress nocifensive behaviour, and by molecular studies revealing pathways involved in the inhibition of nocifensive behaviour both peripherally and centrally. Insects lack the endogenous opioid peptides and their receptors that contribute to mammalian descending nociception controls, so we discuss likely alternative molecular mechanisms for the insect descending nociception controls. We discuss what the existence of descending control of nociception in insects may reveal about pain perception in insects and finally consider the ethical implications of these novel findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Gibbons
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Sajedeh Sarlak
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, 31587-77871, Karaj, Iran
| | - Lars Chittka
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
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20
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Hale C, Moulton JK, Otis Y, Ganter G. ARMADILLO REGULATES NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIVITY IN THE ABSENCE OF INJURY. Mol Pain 2022; 18:17448069221111155. [PMID: 35712882 PMCID: PMC9500252 DOI: 10.1177/17448069221111155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal pain has recently been estimated to affect ∼50 million adults each year within the United States. With many treatment options for abnormal pain, such as opioid analgesics, carrying numerous deleterious side effects, research into safer and more effective treatment options is crucial. To help elucidate the mechanisms controlling nociceptive sensitivity, the Drosophila melanogaster larval nociception model has been used to characterize well-conserved pathways through the use of genetic modification and/or injury to alter the sensitivity of experimental animals. Mammalian models have provided evidence of β-catenin signaling involvement in neuropathic pain development. By capitalizing on the conserved nature of β-catenin functions in the fruit fly, here we describe a role for Armadillo, the fly homolog to mammalian β-catenin, in regulating baseline sensitivity in the primary nociceptor of the fly, in the absence of injury, using under- and over-expression of Armadillo in a cell-specific manner. Underexpression of Armadillo resulted in hyposensitivity, while overexpression of wild-type Armadillo or expression of a degradation-resistant Armadillo resulted in hypersensitivity. Neither underexpression nor overexpression of Armadillo resulted in observed dendritic morphological changes that could contribute to behavioral phenotypes observed. These results showed that focused manipulation of Armadillo expression within the nociceptors is sufficient to modulate baseline response in the nociceptors to a noxious stimulus and that these changes are not shown to be associated with a morphogenetic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hale
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering6251University of Maine System
| | | | - Yvonne Otis
- School of Biological Sciences172741University of New England College of Arts and Sciences
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21
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He J, Li B, Han S, Zhang Y, Liu K, Yi S, Liu Y, Xiu M. Drosophila as a Model to Study the Mechanism of Nociception. Front Physiol 2022; 13:854124. [PMID: 35418874 PMCID: PMC8996152 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.854124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nociception refers to the process of encoding and processing noxious stimuli, which allow animals to detect and avoid potentially harmful stimuli. Several types of stimuli can trigger nociceptive sensory transduction, including thermal, noxious chemicals, and harsh mechanical stimulation that depend on the corresponding nociceptors. In view of the high evolutionary conservation of the mechanisms that govern nociception from Drosophila melanogaster to mammals, investigation in the fruit fly Drosophila help us understand how the sensory nervous system works and what happen in nociception. Here, we present an overview of currently identified conserved genetics of nociception, the nociceptive sensory neurons responsible for detecting noxious stimuli, and various assays for evaluating different nociception. Finally, we cover development of anti-pain drug using fly model. These comparisons illustrate the value of using Drosophila as model for uncovering nociception mechanisms, which are essential for identifying new treatment goals and developing novel analgesics that are applicable to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzheng He
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and the Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and University, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Transfer of Dunhuang Medicine at the Provincial and Ministerial Level, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Botong Li
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and the Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and University, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuzhen Han
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and the Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and University, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and the Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and University, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kai Liu
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Simeng Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqi Liu
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and the Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and University, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Transfer of Dunhuang Medicine at the Provincial and Ministerial Level, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yongqi Liu,
| | - Minghui Xiu
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and the Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and University, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Transfer of Dunhuang Medicine at the Provincial and Ministerial Level, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- College of Public Health, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- Minghui Xiu,
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22
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Delvendahl N, Rumpold BA, Langen N. Edible Insects as Food–Insect Welfare and Ethical Aspects from a Consumer Perspective. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13020121. [PMID: 35206696 PMCID: PMC8876875 DOI: 10.3390/insects13020121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary For prevalent livestock, animal welfare is important to consumers. With increasing interest in edible insects, one might wonder how this concern translates to consumers’ perceptions of the welfare of insects. Therefore, we focus on consumers’ acceptance of how edible insects are currently produced. We first define what animal welfare means for prevalent livestock and transfer relevant aspects to the welfare of insects. Then, we review relevant aspects that shape consumers’ understanding of animal welfare. We provide an overview of the few consumer studies on insect welfare. Last, we present the public discourse on insects and discuss how this might be relevant to consumers’ perceptions of insect welfare. Abstract A growing number of studies underline consumers’ concerns about the importance of animal welfare as a general concept for consumers’ purchase decisions. In particular, consumers perceive animal husbandry to be one of the most important aspects of animal welfare. Since intensive livestock production is criticized across society, the acceptance of current intensive production systems of edible insects is an issue of investigation. Criteria of insect welfare might differ from vertebrate welfare. One might argue that it is difficult to define standards for insect welfare due to their large diversity in living environments and feed requirements. In addition, it is debated whether insects are conscious and suffer from pain. It has been demanded to rear insects preferably under natural living conditions and some researchers proposed to consider them as sentient beings. Basic welfare and ethical aspects of insects as food and feed include species-specific mass rearing conditions and euthanasia, i.e., killing procedures. Consumers’ opinions and concerns regarding this issue have hardly been considered so far. In this paper, the animal welfare of prevalent livestock is defined and outlined, and relevant criteria are transferred to insect welfare. Different ways consumers might arrive at an animal welfare understanding are discussed, along with an overview of the few consumer studies on insect welfare. Furthermore, we consider how insects are presented in the public discourse and infer how this might be relevant to consumers’ perceptions of insect welfare.
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23
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Neuro-immune-metabolism: The tripod system of homeostasis. Immunol Lett 2021; 240:77-97. [PMID: 34655659 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Homeostatic regulation of cellular and molecular processes is essential for the efficient physiological functioning of body organs. It requires an intricate balance of several networks throughout the body, most notable being the nervous, immune and metabolic systems. Several studies have reported the interactions between neuro-immune, immune-metabolic and neuro-metabolic pathways. Current review aims to integrate the information and show that neuro, immune and metabolic systems form the triumvirate of homeostasis. It focuses on the cellular and molecular interactions occurring in the extremities and intestine, which are innervated by the peripheral nervous system and for the intestine in particular the enteric nervous system. While the interdependence of neuro-immune-metabolic pathways provides a fallback mechanism in case of disruption of homeostasis, in chronic pathologies of continued disequilibrium, the collapse of one system spreads to the other interacting networks as well. Current review illustrates this domino-effect using diabetes as the main example. Together, this review attempts to provide a holistic picture of the integrated network of neuro-immune-metabolism and attempts to broaden the outlook when devising a scientific study or a treatment strategy.
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24
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Massingham JN, Baron O, Neely GG. Evaluating Baseline and Sensitised Heat Nociception in Adult Drosophila. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e4079. [PMID: 34327276 PMCID: PMC8292120 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a complex disease that affects a large proportion of the population. With little to no effective treatments currently available for patients, this malady presents a large burden to society. Drosophila melanogaster has been previously used to describe conserved molecular components of nociception in larvae and adults. However, adult assays tend to rely on avoidance behaviours, and whilst larval acute thermal avoidance assays exist, larvae are not best suited to a chronic pain scenario as the condition must be long-term. Therefore, an adult thermal nociception response assay was required to study injury-evoked changes in heat nociception threshold (allodynia and hyperalgesia) over time, and we describe such a protocol here. Following leg amputation, flies display increased thermal sensitivity (allodynia) to innocuous temperatures but not an increase in magnitude of response (hyperalgesia) to noxious heat. Our method allows for individualised analysis of both allodynia and hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine N. Massingham
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Olga Baron
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Disorders, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - G. Gregory Neely
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
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25
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Daack CW, Yeh D, Busch M, Kliethermes CL. GABAergic regulation of locomotion before and during an ethanol exposure in Drosophila melanogaster. Behav Brain Res 2021; 410:113369. [PMID: 34015397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol at low doses induces a locomotor stimulant response across a range of phylogenetically diverse species. In rodents, this response is commonly used as an index of ethanol's disinhibitory, anxiolytic, or reinforcing effects, and its expression is regulated by signaling through a number of conserved neurotransmitter systems. In the current experiments, we asked whether ethanol-induced locomotor stimulation in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster might be mediated by ionotropic GABA receptors. We measured basal and ethanol-stimulated locomotion in flies expressing RNAi directed against three known subunits of ionotropic GABA receptors, and also examined the effects of picrotoxin feeding on these behaviors. We found that RNAi-mediated knockdown of a subunit of fly ionotropic GABA receptors, RDL, in all neurons resulted in an increased ethanol-induced locomotor stimulant response, while knockdown of two other subunits, LCCH3 and GRD, did not affect the responses. The effect of pan neuronal RDL knockdown was recapitulated with selective RDL knockdown in cholinergic neurons, and increased ethanol-induced locomotor stimulation was also seen by feeding the GABAA antagonist picrotoxin to flies prior to behavioral testing. However, the increase in ethanol-stimulated locomotion in each of these experiments was largely accounted for by decreased baseline activity. Our results indicate that ionotropic GABA receptors might be a conserved mediator of the locomotor stimulant effects of ethanol, but that alternative experimental approaches will be necessary to disentangle effects of GABAergic manipulations on baseline and ethanol-stimulated locomotion in flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin W Daack
- Drake University, 318 Olin Hall, 1344 27thStreet, Des Moines, IA, 50311, United States
| | - Derek Yeh
- Drake University, 318 Olin Hall, 1344 27thStreet, Des Moines, IA, 50311, United States
| | - Marc Busch
- Drake University, 318 Olin Hall, 1344 27thStreet, Des Moines, IA, 50311, United States
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26
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Key B, Zalucki O, Brown DJ. Neural Design Principles for Subjective Experience: Implications for Insects. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:658037. [PMID: 34025371 PMCID: PMC8131515 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.658037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
How subjective experience is realized in nervous systems remains one of the great challenges in the natural sciences. An answer to this question should resolve debate about which animals are capable of subjective experience. We contend that subjective experience of sensory stimuli is dependent on the brain's awareness of its internal neural processing of these stimuli. This premise is supported by empirical evidence demonstrating that disruption to either processing streams or awareness states perturb subjective experience. Given that the brain must predict the nature of sensory stimuli, we reason that conscious awareness is itself dependent on predictions generated by hierarchically organized forward models of the organism's internal sensory processing. The operation of these forward models requires a specialized neural architecture and hence any nervous system lacking this architecture is unable to subjectively experience sensory stimuli. This approach removes difficulties associated with extrapolations from behavioral and brain homologies typically employed in addressing whether an animal can feel. Using nociception as a model sensation, we show here that the Drosophila brain lacks the required internal neural connectivity to implement the computations required of hierarchical forward models. Consequently, we conclude that Drosophila, and those insects with similar neuroanatomy, do not subjectively experience noxious stimuli and therefore cannot feel pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Key
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Oressia Zalucki
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Deborah J. Brown
- School of Historical and Philosophical Inquiry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Adcock SJJ, Tucker CB. Injury alters motivational trade-offs in calves during the healing period. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6888. [PMID: 33767288 PMCID: PMC7994642 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86313-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury can produce long-lasting motivational changes that may alter decisions made under risk. Our objective was to determine whether a routine painful husbandry procedure, hot-iron disbudding, affects how calves trade off risk avoidance against a competing motivation (i.e., feeding), and whether this response depends on time since injury. We used a startle test to evaluate this trade-off in calves disbudded 0 or 21 days previously and non-injured control calves. For 3 days, calves were individually habituated to the testing arena in which they received a 0.5 L milk meal via a rubber teat. On the 4th day, upon approaching the milk reward, the calf was startled by a sudden noise. We assessed the duration and magnitude of the calf’s startle response, their latency to return to the milk bottle, and duration spent suckling after startling. No treatment differences were observed in the duration and magnitude of the startle response or in the probability of returning to the bottle after startling. However, among those who did return, disbudded calves spent longer suckling, indicating they accepted more risk in order to feed compared to controls. In addition, calves with 21-day-old injuries tended to return to the bottle faster compared to newly disbudded calves and controls. We suggest that hot-iron disbudding increases calves’ motivation to suckle, as they were more likely to prioritize this behaviour over risk avoidance compared to control calves. This effect was most evident 21 days after disbudding, indicating that injury can produce long-term changes in motivational state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J J Adcock
- Center for Animal Welfare, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA.,Animal Behavior Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA
| | - Cassandra B Tucker
- Center for Animal Welfare, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA.
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Loss of Pseudouridine Synthases in the RluA Family Causes Hypersensitive Nociception in Drosophila. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:4425-4438. [PMID: 33028630 PMCID: PMC7718762 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Nociceptive neurons of Drosophila melanogaster larvae are characterized by highly branched dendritic processes whose proper morphogenesis relies on a large number of RNA-binding proteins. Post-transcriptional regulation of RNA in these dendrites has been found to play an important role in their function. Here, we investigate the neuronal functions of two putative RNA modification genes, RluA-1 and RluA-2, which are predicted to encode pseudouridine synthases. RluA-1 is specifically expressed in larval sensory neurons while RluA-2 expression is ubiquitous. Nociceptor-specific RNAi knockdown of RluA-1 caused hypersensitive nociception phenotypes, which were recapitulated with genetic null alleles. These were rescued with genomic duplication and nociceptor-specific expression of UAS- RluA-1 -cDNA As with RluA-1, RluA-2 loss of function mutants also displayed hyperalgesia. Interestingly, nociceptor neuron dendrites showed a hyperbranched morphology in the RluA-1 mutants. The latter may be a cause or a consequence of heightened sensitivity in mutant nociception behaviors.
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Ford E, Pearlman J, Ruan T, Manion J, Waller M, Neely GG, Caron L. Human Pluripotent Stem Cells-Based Therapies for Neurodegenerative Diseases: Current Status and Challenges. Cells 2020; 9:E2517. [PMID: 33233861 PMCID: PMC7699962 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by irreversible cell damage, loss of neuronal cells and limited regeneration potential of the adult nervous system. Pluripotent stem cells are capable of differentiating into the multitude of cell types that compose the central and peripheral nervous systems and so have become the major focus of cell replacement therapies for the treatment of neurological disorders. Human embryonic stem cell (hESC) and human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cells have both been extensively studied as cell therapies in a wide range of neurodegenerative disease models in rodents and non-human primates, including Parkinson's disease, stroke, epilepsy, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and pain. In this review, we discuss the latest progress made with stem cell therapies targeting these pathologies. We also evaluate the challenges in clinical application of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-based therapies including risk of oncogenesis and tumor formation, immune rejection and difficulty in regeneration of the heterogeneous cell types composing the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Ford
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (E.F.); (J.P.); (T.R.); (J.M.); (M.W.); (G.G.N.)
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Jodie Pearlman
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (E.F.); (J.P.); (T.R.); (J.M.); (M.W.); (G.G.N.)
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Travis Ruan
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (E.F.); (J.P.); (T.R.); (J.M.); (M.W.); (G.G.N.)
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - John Manion
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (E.F.); (J.P.); (T.R.); (J.M.); (M.W.); (G.G.N.)
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Departments of Surgery and Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew Waller
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (E.F.); (J.P.); (T.R.); (J.M.); (M.W.); (G.G.N.)
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Gregory G. Neely
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (E.F.); (J.P.); (T.R.); (J.M.); (M.W.); (G.G.N.)
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Leslie Caron
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (E.F.); (J.P.); (T.R.); (J.M.); (M.W.); (G.G.N.)
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
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Abboud C, Duveau A, Bouali-Benazzouz R, Massé K, Mattar J, Brochoire L, Fossat P, Boué-Grabot E, Hleihel W, Landry M. Animal models of pain: Diversity and benefits. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 348:108997. [PMID: 33188801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a maladaptive neurological disease that remains a major health problem. A deepening of our knowledge on mechanisms that cause pain is a prerequisite to developing novel treatments. A large variety of animal models of pain has been developed that recapitulate the diverse symptoms of different pain pathologies. These models reproduce different pain phenotypes and remain necessary to examine the multidimensional aspects of pain and understand the cellular and molecular basis underlying pain conditions. In this review, we propose an overview of animal models, from simple organisms to rodents and non-human primates and the specific traits of pain pathologies they model. We present the main behavioral tests for assessing pain and investing the underpinning mechanisms of chronic pathological pain. The validity of animal models is analysed based on their ability to mimic human clinical diseases and to predict treatment outcomes. Refine characterization of pathological phenotypes also requires to consider pain globally using specific procedures dedicated to study emotional comorbidities of pain. We discuss the limitations of pain models when research findings fail to be translated from animal models to human clinics. But we also point to some recent successes in analgesic drug development that highlight strategies for improving the predictive validity of animal models of pain. Finally, we emphasize the importance of using assortments of preclinical pain models to identify pain subtype mechanisms, and to foster the development of better analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Abboud
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Lebanon
| | - Alexia Duveau
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Rabia Bouali-Benazzouz
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Karine Massé
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Joseph Mattar
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Lebanon
| | - Louison Brochoire
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Pascal Fossat
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Eric Boué-Grabot
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Walid Hleihel
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Lebanon; Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Lebanon
| | - Marc Landry
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
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31
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Animal experimentation: implementation and application of the 3Rs. Emerg Top Life Sci 2020; 3:675-679. [PMID: 32915219 DOI: 10.1042/etls20190061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite the development of powerful molecular biological techniques and technologies, studies involving research animals remain a key component of discovery biology, and in the discovery and development of new medicines. In 1959, The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique, the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement) were developed to provide a framework to ensure animal research was undertaken as humanely as possible. Sixty years since their inception, the extent to which the 3Rs have been adopted and implemented by the global scientific and medical research communities has unfortunately been slow and patchy. However, this situation is changing rapidly as awareness increases, not only of the 3Rs themselves, but of the impact of animal welfare on the reproducibility, reliability and translatability of data from animal studies.
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32
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Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived GABAergic interneuron transplants attenuate neuropathic pain. Pain 2020; 161:379-387. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Manion J, Waller MA, Clark T, Massingham JN, Neely GG. Developing Modern Pain Therapies. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1370. [PMID: 31920521 PMCID: PMC6933609 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain afflicts as much as 50% of the population at any given time but our methods to address pain remain limited, ineffective and addictive. In order to develop new therapies an understanding of the mechanisms of painful sensitization is essential. We discuss here recent progress in the understanding of mechanisms underlying pain, and how these mechanisms are being targeted to produce modern, specific therapies for pain. Finally, we make recommendations for the next generation of targeted, effective, and safe pain therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Manion
- The Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Waller
- The Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Teleri Clark
- The Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joshua N. Massingham
- The Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - G. Gregory Neely
- The Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Genome Editing Initiative, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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34
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Calvo M, Davies AJ, Hébert HL, Weir GA, Chesler EJ, Finnerup NB, Levitt RC, Smith BH, Neely GG, Costigan M, Bennett DL. The Genetics of Neuropathic Pain from Model Organisms to Clinical Application. Neuron 2019; 104:637-653. [PMID: 31751545 PMCID: PMC6868508 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain (NeuP) arises due to injury of the somatosensory nervous system and is both common and disabling, rendering an urgent need for non-addictive, effective new therapies. Given the high evolutionary conservation of pain, investigative approaches from Drosophila mutagenesis to human Mendelian genetics have aided our understanding of the maladaptive plasticity underlying NeuP. Successes include the identification of ion channel variants causing hyper-excitability and the importance of neuro-immune signaling. Recent developments encompass improved sensory phenotyping in animal models and patients, brain imaging, and electrophysiology-based pain biomarkers, the collection of large well-phenotyped population cohorts, neurons derived from patient stem cells, and high-precision CRISPR generated genetic editing. We will discuss how to harness these resources to understand the pathophysiological drivers of NeuP, define its relationship with comorbidities such as anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders, and explore how to apply these findings to the prediction, diagnosis, and treatment of NeuP in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Calvo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexander J Davies
- Neural Injury Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Harry L Hébert
- Chronic Pain Research Group, Division of Population Health and Genomics, Mackenzie Building, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Greg A Weir
- Neural Injury Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Nanna B Finnerup
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Danish Pain Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Roy C Levitt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine and Pain Management, and John T. MacDonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Blair H Smith
- Chronic Pain Research Group, Division of Population Health and Genomics, Mackenzie Building, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - G Gregory Neely
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Camperdown, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Costigan
- Departments of Anesthesia and Neurobiology, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - David L Bennett
- Neural Injury Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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35
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Walters ET, Williams ACDC. Evolution of mechanisms and behaviour important for pain. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20190275. [PMID: 31544614 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the biology of pain is limited by our ignorance about its evolution. We know little about how states in other species showing various degrees of apparent similarity to human pain states are related to human pain, or how the mechanisms essential for pain-related states evolved. Nevertheless, insights into the evolution of mechanisms and behaviour important for pain are beginning to emerge from wide-ranging investigations of cellular mechanisms and behavioural responses linked to nociceptor activation, tissue injury, inflammation and the environmental context of these responses in diverse species. In February 2019, an unprecedented meeting on the evolution of pain hosted by the Royal Society brought together scientists from disparate fields who investigate nociception and pain-related behaviour in crustaceans, insects, leeches, gastropod and cephalopod molluscs, fish and mammals (primarily rodents and humans). Here, we identify evolutionary themes that connect these research efforts, including adaptive and maladaptive features of pain-related behavioural and neuronal alterations-some of which are quite general, and some that may apply primarily to humans. We also highlight major questions, including how pain should be defined, that need to be answered as we seek to understand the evolution of pain. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Evolution of mechanisms and behaviour important for pain'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar T Walters
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amanda C de C Williams
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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36
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Khuong TM, Hamoudi Z, Manion J, Loo L, Muralidharan A, Neely GG. Peripheral straightjacket (α2δ Ca 2+ channel subunit) expression is required for neuropathic sensitization in Drosophila. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20190287. [PMID: 31544607 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve injury leads to devastating and often untreatable neuropathic pain. While acute noxious sensation (nociception) is a crucial survival mechanism and is conserved across phyla, chronic neuropathic pain is considered a maladaptive response owing to its devastating impact on a patient's quality of life. We have recently shown that a neuropathic pain-like response occurs in adult Drosophila. However, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are largely unknown. Previous studies have shown that the α2δ peripheral calcium channel subunit straightjacket (stj) is a conserved factor required for thermal pain perception. We demonstrate here that stj is required in peripheral ppk+ sensory neurons for acute thermal responses and that it mediates nociceptive hypersensitivity in an adult Drosophila model of neuropathic pain-like disease. Given that calcium channels are the main targets of gabapentinoids (pregabalin and gabapentin), we assessed if these drugs can alleviate nociceptive hypersensitivity. Our findings suggest that gabapentinoids may prevent nociceptive hypersensitivity by preserving central inhibition after nerve injury. Together, our data further highlight the similarity of some mechanisms for pain-like conditions across phyla and validates the scientific use of Drosophila neuropathic sensitization models for analgesic drug discovery. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Evolution of mechanisms and behaviour important for pain'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thang M Khuong
- The Dr John and Anne Chong Laboratory for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Zina Hamoudi
- The Dr John and Anne Chong Laboratory for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - John Manion
- The Dr John and Anne Chong Laboratory for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Lipin Loo
- The Dr John and Anne Chong Laboratory for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Arjun Muralidharan
- The Dr John and Anne Chong Laboratory for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - G Gregory Neely
- The Dr John and Anne Chong Laboratory for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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