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Reid M, Lin A, Farhat LC, Fernandez TV, Olfson E. The genetics of trichotillomania and excoriation disorder: A systematic review. Compr Psychiatry 2024; 133:152506. [PMID: 38833896 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2024.152506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichotillomania (TTM) and excoriation disorder (ED) are impairing obsessive-compulsive related disorders that are common in the general population and for which there are no clear first-line medications, highlighting the need to better understand the underlying biology of these disorders to inform treatments. Given the importance of genetics in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), evaluating genetic factors underlying TTM and ED may advance knowledge about the pathophysiology of these body-focused repetitive behaviors. AIM In this systematic review, we summarize the available evidence on the genetics of TTM and ED and highlight gaps in the field warranting further research. METHOD We systematically searched Embase, PsycInfo, PubMed, Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science for original studies in genetic epidemiology (family or twin studies) and molecular genetics (candidate gene and genome-wide) published up to June 2023. RESULTS Of the 3536 records identified, 109 studies were included in this review. These studies indicated that genetic factors play an important role in the development of TTM and ED, some of which may be shared across the OCD spectrum, but there are no known high-confidence specific genetic risk factors for either TTM or ED. CONCLUSIONS Our review underscores the need for additional genome-wide research conducted on the genetics of TTM and ED, for instance, genome-wide association and whole-genome/whole-exome DNA sequencing studies. Recent advances in genomics have led to the discovery of risk genes in several psychiatric disorders, including related conditions such as OCD, but to date, TTM and ED have remained understudied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Reid
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; The University of the South, USA
| | - Ashley Lin
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Luis C Farhat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thomas V Fernandez
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Emily Olfson
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Burton CL, Longaretti A, Zlatanovic A, Gomes GM, Tonini R. Striatal insights: a cellular and molecular perspective on repetitive behaviors in pathology. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1386715. [PMID: 38601025 PMCID: PMC11004256 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1386715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Animals often behave repetitively and predictably. These repetitive behaviors can have a component that is learned and ingrained as habits, which can be evolutionarily advantageous as they reduce cognitive load and the expenditure of attentional resources. Repetitive behaviors can also be conscious and deliberate, and may occur in the absence of habit formation, typically when they are a feature of normal development in children, or neuropsychiatric disorders. They can be considered pathological when they interfere with social relationships and daily activities. For instance, people affected by obsessive-compulsive disorder, autism spectrum disorder, Huntington's disease and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome can display a wide range of symptoms like compulsive, stereotyped and ritualistic behaviors. The striatum nucleus of the basal ganglia is proposed to act as a master regulator of these repetitive behaviors through its circuit connections with sensorimotor, associative, and limbic areas of the cortex. However, the precise mechanisms within the striatum, detailing its compartmental organization, cellular specificity, and the intricacies of its downstream connections, remain an area of active research. In this review, we summarize evidence across multiple scales, including circuit-level, cellular, and molecular dimensions, to elucidate the striatal mechanisms underpinning repetitive behaviors and offer perspectives on the implicated disorders. We consider the close relationship between behavioral output and transcriptional changes, and thereby structural and circuit alterations, including those occurring through epigenetic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Raffaella Tonini
- Neuromodulation of Cortical and Subcortical Circuits Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
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Dai J, Chen K, Zhu Y, Xia L, Wang T, Yuan Z, Zeng P. Identifying risk loci for obsessive-compulsive disorder and shared genetic component with schizophrenia: A large-scale multi-trait association analysis with summary statistics. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 129:110906. [PMID: 38043635 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to limited samples, no genetic loci have been identified for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in genome-wide association studies. Additionally, although co-morbidities between OCD and schizophrenia (SCZ) were observed, their common genetic etiology was not completely known. Here, we conducted a comprehensive investigation regarding the genetic architecture of OCD and the common genetic foundation shared by OCD and SCZ using summary statistics data (2688 cases and 7037 controls for OCD; 53,386 cases and 77,258 controls for SCZ). We discovered significant genetic correlation between OCD and SCZ (r̂g=0.296, P = 2.82 × 10-11). We then performed two multi-trait association analyses to detect OCD-associated loci and colocalization analysis to detect causal variants. Parallel gene-level analyses were also implemented. We identified 323 OCD-relevant variants located within 12 loci, with four loci shared the same causal variants between OCD and SCZ. Further, the gene-level analyses discovered 8 OCD-associated genes. Finally, multiple functional analyses at both SNP and gene levels showed that these genetic association signals had significant enrichments in the regions of left ventricle and anterior cingulate cortex, and suggested an important role of pathways involving regulation of telomere maintenance, histone phosphorylation, and GnRH secretion. Overall, this study identified new genetic loci for OCD and provided substantial evidence supporting common genetic foundation underlying OCD and SCZ. The findings advanced our understanding of genetic architecture and pathophysiology of OCD as well as shedding light on shared genetic etiology of the two disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Dai
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Keying Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Yiyang Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Lei Xia
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Zhongshang Yuan
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; Institute for Medical Dataology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Ping Zeng
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China; Center for Medical Statistics and Data Analysis, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China; Key Laboratory of Human Genetics and Environmental Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China; Xuzhou Engineering Research Innovation Center of Biological Data Mining and Healthcare Transformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China; Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Biological Data Mining and Healthcare Transformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China.
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Wilson C, Gattuso JJ, Hannan AJ, Renoir T. Mechanisms of pathogenesis and environmental moderators in preclinical models of compulsive-like behaviours. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 185:106223. [PMID: 37423502 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (OCRD) is an emergent class of psychiatric illnesses that contributes substantially to the global mental health disease burden. In particular, the prototypical illness, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), has a profoundly deleterious effect on the quality of life of those with lived experience. Both clinical and preclinical studies have investigated the genetic and environmental influences contributing to the pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. Significant progress has been made in recent years in our understanding of the genetics of OCD, along with the critical role of common environmental triggers (e.g., stress). Some of this progress can be attributed to the sophistication of rodent models used in the field, particularly genetic mutant models, which demonstrate promising construct, face, and predictive validity. However, there is a paucity of studies investigating how these genetic and environmental influences interact to precipitate the behavioural, cellular, and molecular changes that occur in OCD. In this review, we assert that preclinical studies offer a unique opportunity to carefully manipulate environmental and genetic factors, and in turn to interrogate gene-environment interactions and relevant downstream sequelae. Such studies may serve to provide a mechanistic framework to build our understanding of the pathogenesis of complex neuropsychiatric disorders such as OCD. Furthermore, understanding gene-environment interactions and pathogenic mechanisms will facilitate precision medicine and other future approaches to enhance treatment, reduce side-effects of therapeutic interventions, and improve the lives of those suffering from these devastating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carey Wilson
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - James J Gattuso
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Anthony J Hannan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Thibault Renoir
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
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Werren EA, Guxholli A, Jones N, Wagner M, Hannibal I, Granadillo JL, Tyndall AV, Moccia A, Kuehl R, Levandoski KM, Day-Salvatore DL, Wheeler M, Chong JX, Bamshad MJ, Innes AM, Pierson TM, Mackay JP, Bielas SL, Martin DM. De novo variants in GATAD2A in individuals with a neurodevelopmental disorder: GATAD2A-related neurodevelopmental disorder. HGG ADVANCES 2023; 4:100198. [PMID: 37181331 PMCID: PMC10172836 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2023.100198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
GATA zinc finger domain containing 2A (GATAD2A) is a subunit of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex. NuRD is known to regulate gene expression during neural development and other processes. The NuRD complex modulates chromatin status through histone deacetylation and ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling activities. Several neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) have been previously linked to variants in other components of NuRD's chromatin remodeling subcomplex (NuRDopathies). We identified five individuals with features of an NDD that possessed de novo autosomal dominant variants in GATAD2A. Core features in affected individuals include global developmental delay, structural brain defects, and craniofacial dysmorphology. These GATAD2A variants are predicted to affect protein dosage and/or interactions with other NuRD chromatin remodeling subunits. We provide evidence that a GATAD2A missense variant disrupts interactions of GATAD2A with CHD3, CHD4, and CHD5. Our findings expand the list of NuRDopathies and provide evidence that GATAD2A variants are the genetic basis of a previously uncharacterized developmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Werren
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alba Guxholli
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Natasha Jones
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Matias Wagner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Iris Hannibal
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Jorge L. Granadillo
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Amanda V. Tyndall
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Amanda Moccia
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ryan Kuehl
- Saint Peter’s University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | | | | | - Marsha Wheeler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - University of Washington Center for Mendelian Genomics
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Saint Peter’s University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Guerin Children’s, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Center for the Undiagnosed Patient, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jessica X. Chong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael J. Bamshad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - A. Micheil Innes
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Tyler Mark Pierson
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Guerin Children’s, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Center for the Undiagnosed Patient, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Joel P. Mackay
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Stephanie L. Bielas
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Donna M. Martin
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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