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Cheng Z, Gao M, Liu J, Wang S, Wu G, Gao J, Wu H, Mao X. Multi-Scale Microstructural Tailoring and Associated Properties of Press-Hardened Steels: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16103799. [PMID: 37241427 DOI: 10.3390/ma16103799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
High-strength press-hardened steels (PHS) are highly desired in the automotive industry to meet the requirement of carbon neutrality. This review aims to provide a systematic study of the relationship between multi-scale microstructural tailoring and the mechanical behavior and other service performance of PHS. It begins with a brief introduction to the background of PHS, followed by an in-depth description of the strategies used to enhance their properties. These strategies are categorized into traditional Mn-B steels and novel PHS. For traditional Mn-B steels, extensive research has verified that the addition of microalloying elements can refine the microstructure of PHS, resulting in improved mechanical properties, hydrogen embrittlement resistance, and other service performance. In the case of novel PHS, recent progress has principally demonstrated that the novel composition of steels coupling with innovative thermomechanical processing can obtain multi-phase structure and superior mechanical properties compared with traditional Mn-B steels, and their effect on oxidation resistance is highlighted. Finally, the review offers an outlook on the future development of PHS from the perspective of academic research and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Cheng
- Research Institute for Carbon Neutrality, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Mengjie Gao
- Research Institute for Carbon Neutrality, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jinyue Liu
- Research Institute for Carbon Neutrality, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shuize Wang
- Research Institute for Carbon Neutrality, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute for Steel Sustainable Technology, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Guilin Wu
- Research Institute for Carbon Neutrality, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute for Steel Sustainable Technology, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Junheng Gao
- Research Institute for Carbon Neutrality, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute for Steel Sustainable Technology, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Honghui Wu
- Research Institute for Carbon Neutrality, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute for Steel Sustainable Technology, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Xinping Mao
- Research Institute for Carbon Neutrality, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute for Steel Sustainable Technology, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang 110004, China
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Abstract
One of the most unfortunate attributes of technology’s routine and widespread use of most of the elements in the periodic table is the abysmal functional recycling rates that result from the complexity of modern technology and the rudimentary technological state of the recycling industry. In this work, we demonstrate that the vast profusion of alloys, and the complexities and miniaturization of modern electronics, render functional recycling almost impossible. This situation is particularly true of “spice metals”: metals employed at very low concentrations to realize modest performance improvements in advanced alloys or complex electronics such as smartphones or laptops. Here, we present a formal definition of spice metals and explore the significant challenges that product design decisions impose on the recycling industry. We thereby identify nine spice metals: scandium (Sc), vanadium (V), gallium (Ga), arsenic (As), niobium (Nb), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te), erbium (Er), and hafnium (Hf). These metals are considered fundamental for the properties they provide, yet they are rarely recycled. Their routine use poses severe problems for the implementation of closed material loops and the circular economy. Based on the data and discussions in this paper, we recommend that spice metals be employed only where their use will result in a highly significant improvement, and that product designers place a strong emphasis on enabling the functional recycling of these metals after their first use.
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