1
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Li V, Binder MD, Purcell AW, Kilpatrick TJ. Antigen-specific immunotherapy via delivery of tolerogenic dendritic cells for multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 390:578347. [PMID: 38663308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system resulting from loss of immune tolerance. Many disease-modifying therapies for MS have broad immunosuppressive effects on peripheral immune cells, but this can increase risks of infection and attenuate vaccine-elicited immunity. A more targeted approach is to re-establish immune tolerance in an autoantigen-specific manner. This review discusses methods to achieve this, focusing on tolerogenic dendritic cells. Clinical trials in other autoimmune diseases also provide learnings with regards to clinical translation of this approach, including identification of autoantigen(s), selection of appropriate patients and administration route and frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Li
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia; Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Michele D Binder
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Anthony W Purcell
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Trevor J Kilpatrick
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia; Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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2
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Zhong Y, Stauss HJ. Targeted Therapy of Multiple Sclerosis: A Case for Antigen-Specific Tregs. Cells 2024; 13:797. [PMID: 38786021 PMCID: PMC11119434 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an autoinflammatory condition that results in damage to myelinated neurons in affected patients. While disease-modifying treatments have been successful in slowing the progression of relapsing-remitting disease, most patients still progress to secondary progressive disease that is largely unresponsive to disease-modifying treatments. Similarly, there is currently no effective treatment for patients with primary progressive MS. Innate and adaptive immune cells in the CNS play a critical role in initiating an autoimmune attack and in maintaining the chronic inflammation that drives disease progression. In this review, we will focus on recent insights into the role of T cells with regulatory function in suppressing the progression of MS, and, more importantly, in promoting the remyelination and repair of MS lesions in the CNS. We will discuss the exciting potential to genetically reprogram regulatory T cells to achieve immune suppression and enhance repair locally at sites of tissue damage, while retaining a fully competent immune system outside the CNS. In the future, reprogramed regulatory T cells with defined specificity and function may provide life medicines that can persist in patients and achieve lasting disease suppression after one cycle of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans J. Stauss
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PP, UK;
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3
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McBride DA, Jones RM, Bottini N, Shah NJ. The therapeutic potential of immunoengineering for systemic autoimmunity. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2024:10.1038/s41584-024-01084-x. [PMID: 38383732 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-024-01084-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Disease-modifying drugs have transformed the treatment options for many systemic autoimmune diseases. However, an evolving understanding of disease mechanisms, which might vary between individuals, is paving the way for the development of novel agents that operate in a patient-tailored manner through immunophenotypic regulation of disease-relevant cells and the microenvironment of affected tissue domains. Immunoengineering is a field that is focused on the application of engineering principles to the modulation of the immune system, and it could enable future personalized and immunoregulatory therapies for rheumatic diseases. An important aspect of immunoengineering is the harnessing of material chemistries to design technologies that span immunologically relevant length scales, to enhance or suppress immune responses by re-balancing effector and regulatory mechanisms in innate or adaptive immunity and rescue abnormalities underlying pathogenic inflammation. These materials are endowed with physicochemical properties that enable features such as localization in immune cells and organs, sustained delivery of immunoregulatory agents, and mimicry of key functions of lymphoid tissue. Immunoengineering applications already exist for disease management, and there is potential for this new discipline to improve disease modification in rheumatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A McBride
- Department of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ryan M Jones
- Department of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nunzio Bottini
- Kao Autoimmunity Institute and Division of Rheumatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Nisarg J Shah
- Department of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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4
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Thomas OG, Olsson T. Mimicking the brain: Epstein-Barr virus and foreign agents as drivers of neuroimmune attack in multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1304281. [PMID: 38022632 PMCID: PMC10655090 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1304281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells have an essential role in adaptive immunity against pathogens and cancer, but failure of thymic tolerance mechanisms can instead lead to escape of T cells with the ability to attack host tissues. Multiple sclerosis (MS) occurs when structures such as myelin and neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) are the target of autoreactive immune responses, resulting in lesions in the brain and spinal cord which cause varied and episodic neurological deficits. A role for autoreactive T cell and antibody responses in MS is likely, and mounting evidence implicates Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in disease mechanisms. In this review we discuss antigen specificity of T cells involved in development and progression of MS. We examine the current evidence that these T cells can target multiple antigens such as those from pathogens including EBV and briefly describe other mechanisms through which viruses could affect disease. Unravelling the complexity of the autoantigen T cell repertoire is essential for understanding key events in the development and progression of MS, with wider implications for development of future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia G. Thomas
- Therapeutic Immune Design, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Therapeutic Immune Design, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Farkas C, Retamal-Fredes E, Ávila A, Fehlings MG, Vidal PM. Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy induces sex-specific dysbiosis in mice. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1229783. [PMID: 37928672 PMCID: PMC10623434 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1229783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy (DCM) is the most common cause of spinal cord impairment in elderly populations. It describes a spectrum of disorders that cause progressive spinal cord compression, neurological impairment, loss of bladder and bowel functions, and gastrointestinal dysfunction. The gut microbiota has been recognized as an environmental factor that can modulate both the function of the central nervous system and the immune response through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Changes in gut microbiota composition or microbiota-producing factors have been linked to the progression and development of several pathologies. However, little is known about the potential role of the gut microbiota in the pathobiology of DCM. Here, DCM was induced in C57BL/6 mice by implanting an aromatic polyether material underneath the C5-6 laminae. The extent of DCM-induced changes in microbiota composition was assessed by 16S rRNA sequencing of the fecal samples. The immune cell composition was assessed using flow cytometry. To date, several bacterial members have been identified using BLAST against the largest collection of metagenome-derived genomes from the mouse gut. In both, female and males DCM caused gut dysbiosis compared to the sham group. However, dysbiosis was more pronounced in males than in females, and several bacterial members of the families Lachnospiraceae and Muribaculaceae were significantly altered in the DCM group. These changes were also associated with altered microbe-derived metabolic changes in propionate-, butyrate-, and lactate-producing bacterial members. Our results demonstrate that DCM causes dynamic changes over time in the gut microbiota, reducing the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria, and lactate-producing bacteria to a lesser extent. Genome-scale metabolic modeling using gapseq successfully identified pyruvate-to-butanoate and pyruvate-to-propionate reactions involving genes such as Buk and ACH1, respectively. These results provide a better understanding of the sex-specific molecular effects of changes in the gut microbiota on DCM pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Farkas
- Biomedical Science Research Laboratory, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Eduardo Retamal-Fredes
- Biomedical Science Research Laboratory, Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ariel Ávila
- Biomedical Science Research Laboratory, Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Michael G Fehlings
- Department of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Spinal Program, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pia M Vidal
- Biomedical Science Research Laboratory, Neuroimmunology and Regeneration of the Central Nervous System Unit, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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6
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Jiang N, Malone M, Chizari S. Antigen-specific and cross-reactive T cells in protection and disease. Immunol Rev 2023; 316:120-135. [PMID: 37209375 PMCID: PMC10524458 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Human T cells have a diverse T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire that endows them with the ability to identify and defend against a broad spectrum of antigens. The universe of possible antigens that T cells may encounter, however, is even larger. To effectively surveil such a vast universe, the T-cell repertoire must adopt a high degree of cross-reactivity. Likewise, antigen-specific and cross-reactive T-cell responses play pivotal roles in both protective and pathological immune responses in numerous diseases. In this review, we explore the implications of these antigen-driven T-cell responses, with a particular focus on CD8+ T cells, using infection, neurodegeneration, and cancer as examples. We also summarize recent technological advances that facilitate high-throughput profiling of antigen-specific and cross-reactive T-cell responses experimentally, as well as computational biology approaches that predict these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Jiang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
- Institute for RNA Innovation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Michael Malone
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Shahab Chizari
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
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7
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Park J, Wu Y, Li Q, Choi J, Ju H, Cai Y, Lee J, Oh YK. Nanomaterials for antigen-specific immune tolerance therapy. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:1859-1881. [PMID: 36094655 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01233-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of immune tolerance might cause autologous tissue damage or overactive immune response against non-pathogenic molecules. Although autoimmune disease and allergy have complicated pathologies, the current strategies have mainly focused on symptom amelioration or systemic immunosuppression which can lead to fatal adverse events. The induction of antigen-specific immune tolerance may provide therapeutic benefits to autoimmune disease and allergic response, while reducing nonspecific immune adverse responses. Diverse nanomaterials have been studied to induce antigen-specific immune tolerance therapy. This review will cover the immunological background of antigen-specific tolerance, clinical importance of antigen-specific immune tolerance, and nanomaterials designed for autoimmune and allergic diseases. As nanomaterials for modulating immune tolerances, lipid-based nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, and biological carriers have been covered. Strategies to provide antigen-specific immune tolerance have been addressed. Finally, current challenges and perspectives of nanomaterials for antigen-specific immune tolerance therapy will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwon Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yina Wu
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Qiaoyun Li
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyun Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Ju
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Cai
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jaiwoo Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Kyoung Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Thomas OG, Bronge M, Tengvall K, Akpinar B, Nilsson OB, Holmgren E, Hessa T, Gafvelin G, Khademi M, Alfredsson L, Martin R, Guerreiro-Cacais AO, Grönlund H, Olsson T, Kockum I. Cross-reactive EBNA1 immunity targets alpha-crystallin B and is associated with multiple sclerosis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg3032. [PMID: 37196088 PMCID: PMC10191428 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg3032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, for which and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is a likely prerequisite. Due to the homology between Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) and alpha-crystallin B (CRYAB), we examined antibody reactivity to EBNA1 and CRYAB peptide libraries in 713 persons with MS (pwMS) and 722 matched controls (Con). Antibody response to CRYAB amino acids 7 to 16 was associated with MS (OR = 2.0), and combination of high EBNA1 responses with CRYAB positivity markedly increased disease risk (OR = 9.0). Blocking experiments revealed antibody cross-reactivity between the homologous EBNA1 and CRYAB epitopes. Evidence for T cell cross-reactivity was obtained in mice between EBNA1 and CRYAB, and increased CRYAB and EBNA1 CD4+ T cell responses were detected in natalizumab-treated pwMS. This study provides evidence for antibody cross-reactivity between EBNA1 and CRYAB and points to a similar cross-reactivity in T cells, further demonstrating the role of EBV adaptive immune responses in MS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia G. Thomas
- Therapeutic Immune Design, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Bronge
- Therapeutic Immune Design, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katarina Tengvall
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Birce Akpinar
- Therapeutic Immune Design, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ola B. Nilsson
- Therapeutic Immune Design, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Holmgren
- Therapeutic Immune Design, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tara Hessa
- Therapeutic Immune Design, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Guro Gafvelin
- Therapeutic Immune Design, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mohsen Khademi
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Alfredsson
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roland Martin
- Therapeutic Immune Design, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - André Ortlieb Guerreiro-Cacais
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Grönlund
- Therapeutic Immune Design, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Kockum
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Thomas OG, Rickinson A, Palendira U. Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis: moving from questions of association to questions of mechanism. Clin Transl Immunology 2023; 12:e1451. [PMID: 37206956 PMCID: PMC10191779 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The link between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and multiple sclerosis (MS) has puzzled researchers since it was first discovered over 40 years ago. Until that point, EBV was primarily viewed as a cancer-causing agent, but the culmination of evidence now shows that EBV has a pivotal role in development of MS. Early MS disease is characterised by episodic neuroinflammation and focal lesions in the central nervous system (CNS) that over time develop into progressive neurodegeneration and disability. Risk of MS is vanishingly low in EBV seronegative individuals, history of infectious mononucleosis (acute symptomatic primary infection with EBV) significantly increases risk and elevated antibody titres directed against EBV antigens are well-characterised in patients. However, the underlying mechanism - or mechanisms - responsible for this interplay remains to be fully elucidated; how does EBV-induced immune dysregulation either trigger or drive MS in susceptible individuals? Furthermore, deep understanding of virological and immunological events during primary infection and long-term persistence in B cells will help to answer the many questions that remain regarding MS pathogenesis. This review discusses the current evidence and mechanisms surrounding EBV and MS, which have important implications for the future of MS therapies and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia G Thomas
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Therapeutic Immune Design, Centre for Molecular MedicineKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Alan Rickinson
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of Birmingham, EdgbastonBirminghamUK
| | - Umaimainthan Palendira
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneyCamperdownNSWAustralia
- Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneyCamperdownNSWAustralia
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10
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The Effects of Dietary Interventions on Brain Aging and Neurological Diseases. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235086. [PMID: 36501116 PMCID: PMC9740746 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary interventions can ameliorate age-related neurological decline. Decades of research of in vitro studies, animal models, and clinical trials support their ability and efficacy to improve behavioral outcomes by inducing biochemical and physiological changes that lead to a more resilient brain. Dietary interventions including calorie restriction, alternate day fasting, time restricted feeding, and fasting mimicking diets not only improve normal brain aging but also slow down, or even reverse, the progression of neurological diseases. In this review, we focus on the effects of intermittent and periodic fasting on improving phenotypic outcomes, such as cognitive and motor-coordination decline, in the normal aging brain through an increase in neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity, and decrease in neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. We summarize the results of various dietary interventions in animal models of age-related neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and Multiple Sclerosis and discuss the results of clinical trials that explore the feasibility of dietary interventions in the prevention and treatment of these diseases.
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11
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Extracellular Vesicles in Chronic Demyelinating Diseases: Prospects in Treatment and Diagnosis of Autoimmune Neurological Disorders. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12111943. [PMID: 36431078 PMCID: PMC9693249 DOI: 10.3390/life12111943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent membrane-enclosed structures that are likely to be secreted by all living cell types in the animal organism, including cells of peripheral (PNS) and central nervous systems (CNS). The ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) provides the possibility not only for various EV-loaded molecules to be delivered to the brain tissues but also for the CNS-to-periphery transmission of these molecules. Since neural EVs transfer proteins and RNAs are both responsible for functional intercellular communication and involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, they represent attractive diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Here, we discuss EVs' role in maintaining the living organisms' function and describe deviations in EVs' structure and malfunctioning during various neurodegenerative diseases.
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12
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Ruder J, Docampo MJ, Rex J, Obahor S, Naghavian R, Müller AM, Schanz U, Jelcic I, Martin R. Dynamics of T cell repertoire renewal following autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabq1693. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abq1693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT) is a highly effective treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). It depletes autoreactive cells and subsequently renews adaptive immune cells. The possible proinflammatory potential of surviving T cells early after aHSCT has not been studied. Here, we examined the dynamics of new and surviving T cells in 27 patients after aHSCT by multidimensional flow cytometry, T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing, specificity testing, telomere length profiling, and HLA genotyping. Early after aHSCT, naïve T cells are barely detectable, whereas effector memory (EM) T cells quickly reconstitute to pre-aHSCT values. EM CD4+T cells early after aHSCT have shorter telomeres, have higher expression of senescence and exhaustion markers, and proliferate less than those before aHSCT. We find a median TCR repertoire overlap of 26% between the early post-aHSCT EM CD4+T cells and pre-aHSCT, indicating persistence of EM CD4+T cells early after transplantation. The EM CD4+TCR repertoire overlap declines to 15% at 12 months after aHSCT, whereas the naïve TCR repertoire entirely renews. HLA-DR–associated EM CD4+T cell reactivity toward MS-related antigens decreased after aHSCT, whereas reactivity toward EBV increased. Our data show substantial survival of pre-aHSCT EM CD4+T cells early after transplantation but complete renewal of the T cell repertoire by nascent T cells later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Ruder
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section (NIMS), Department of Neurology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - María José Docampo
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section (NIMS), Department of Neurology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jordan Rex
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section (NIMS), Department of Neurology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Obahor
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section (NIMS), Department of Neurology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reza Naghavian
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section (NIMS), Department of Neurology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Antonia M.S. Müller
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Schanz
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ilijas Jelcic
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section (NIMS), Department of Neurology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roland Martin
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section (NIMS), Department of Neurology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Acute Systemic White Blood Cell Changes following Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy (DCM) in a Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911496. [PMID: 36232808 PMCID: PMC9570488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is caused by age-related degeneration of the cervical spine, causing chronic spinal cord compression and inflammation. The aim of this study was to assess whether the natural progression of DCM is accompanied by hematological changes in the white blood cell composition. If so, these changes can be used for diagnosis complementing established imaging approaches and for the development of treatment strategies, since peripheral immunity affects the progression of DCM. Gradual compression of the spinal cord was induced in C57B/L mice at the C5-6 level. The composition of circulating white blood cells was analyzed longitudinally at four time points after induction of DCM using flow cytometry. At 12 weeks, serum cytokine levels were measured using a Luminex x-MAP assay. Neurological impairment in the mouse model was also assessed using the ladder walk test and CatWalk. Stepping function (* p < 0.05) and overground locomotion (*** p < 0.001) were impaired in the DCM group. Importantly, circulating monocytes and T cells were affected primarily at 3 weeks following DCM. T cells were two-fold lower in the DCM group (*** p < 0.0006), whereas monocytes were four-fold increased (*** p < 0.0006) in the DCM compared with the sham group. Our data suggest that changes in white blood cell populations are modest, which is unique to other spinal cord pathologies, and precede the development of neurobehavioral symptoms.
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14
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Aloisi F, Veroni C, Serafini B. EBV as the 'gluten of MS' hypothesis: Bypassing autoimmunity. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 66:104069. [PMID: 35908445 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The EBV as the 'gluten of MS' hypothesis discussed by Drosu et al. in a recent Editorial envisages the existence of similar mechanisms leading to celiac disease and multiple sclerosis, such as induction of immunity against an ubiquitous exogenous antigen - gluten and EBV, respectively - and subsequent development of autoimmunity that is maintained by persistence of the initial trigger. While this hypothesis provides the rationale for treating MS with antivirals to lower EBV load, it can be misleading when trying to translate concepts of T cell-B cell interaction and autoimmunity development in celiac disease to multiple sclerosis. Here, we propose that EBV might act as the driver of multiple sclerosis without involving autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Aloisi
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome 00161, Italy.
| | - Caterina Veroni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Barbara Serafini
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome 00161, Italy
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Hohlfeld R, Liblau RS. Toward identification of personalized immunological profiles in multiple sclerosis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq4849. [PMID: 35476442 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq4849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The diversity of four previously unidentified autoantigens found in multiple sclerosis mirrors its notorious clinical variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Hohlfeld
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, and Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland S Liblau
- Department of Immunology, Toulouse University Hospital, 31300 Toulouse, France
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, Toulouse, France
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