1
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Zhang X, Li L, Chen Y, Valenzuela C, Liu Y, Yang Y, Feng Y, Wang L, Feng W. Mechanically Tunable Circularly Polarized Luminescence of Liquid Crystal-Templated Chiral Perovskite Quantum Dots. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404202. [PMID: 38525500 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Endowing perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) with circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) offers great promise for innovative chiroptical applications, but the existing strategies are inefficient in acquiring stimuli-responsive flexible chiral perovskite films with large, tunable dissymmetry factor (glum) and long-term stability. Here, we report a strategy for the design and synthesis of luminescent cholesteric liquid crystal elastomer (Lumin-CLCE) films with mechanically tunable CPL, which is enabled by liquid crystal-templated chiral self-assembly and in situ covalent cross-linking of judiciously designed photopolymerizable CsPbX3 (X=Cl, Br, I) PQD nanomonomers into the elastic polymer networks. The resulting Lumin-CLCE films showcase circularly polarized structural color in natural light and noticeable CPL with a maximum glum value of up to 1.5 under UV light. The manipulation of CPL intensity and rotation direction is achieved by controlling the self-assembled helicoidal nanostructure and the handedness of soft helices. A significant breakthrough lies in the achievement of a reversible, mechanically tunable perovskite-based CPL switch activated by biaxial stretching, which enables flexible, dynamic anti-counterfeiting labels capable of decrypting preset information in specific polarization states. This work can provide new insights for the development of advanced chiral perovskite materials and their emerging applications in information encryption, flexible 3D displays, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Lin Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, TKL of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yuanhao Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Cristian Valenzuela
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yanzhao Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yufan Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Binhai Industrial Research Institute, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300452, P. R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Binhai Industrial Research Institute, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300452, P. R. China
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2
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Zhao T, Duan P. Photon Upconversion Cooperates with Downshifting in Chiral Systems: Modulation, Amplification, and Applications of Circularly Polarized Luminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202406524. [PMID: 38702292 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Circularly polarized luminescence (CPL)-active materials are increasingly recognized for their potential applications such as 3D imaging, data storage, and optoelectronic devices. Typically, CPL materials have required high-energy (HE) photons for excitation to emit low-energy (LE) circularly polarized light, a process known as downshifting CPL (DSCPL). However, the emergence of upconverted CPL (UCCPL), where the absorption of multi LE photons results in the emission of a single HE photon with circular polarization, has recently attracted considerable attention. This minireview highlights the intricate relationship between upconversion and CPL phenomena. During upconversion, the dissymmetry factor (glum) value can be improved in certain systems. Additionally, the integration of both LE and HE photons in upconversion-downshifting-synergistic systems offers avenues for dual-excitation or dual-emission CPL functionalities. More in detail, the emerging UCCPL based on various photon upconversion mechanisms and their synergy with DSCPL are introduced. Additionally, several examples that demonstrate the applications of UCCPL are presented to highlight the future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonghan Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No.11, ZhongGuanCun BeiYiTiao, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Pengfei Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No.11, ZhongGuanCun BeiYiTiao, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Yanqihu East Rd, Huairou District, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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3
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Ding Z, Chen Q, Jiang Y, Yuan M. Structure-Guided Approaches for Enhanced Spin-Splitting in Chiral Perovskite. JACS AU 2024; 4:1263-1277. [PMID: 38665652 PMCID: PMC11040671 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites with diverse lattice structures and chemical composition provide an ideal material platform for novel functionalization, including chirality transfer. Chiral perovskites combine organic and inorganic sublattices, therefore encoding the structural asymmetry into the electronic structures and giving rise to the spin-splitting effect. From a structural chemistry perspective, the magnitude of the spin-splitting effect crucially depends on the noncovalent and electrostatic interaction within the chiral perovskite, which induces the local site and long-range bulk inversion symmetry breaking. In this regard, we systematically retrospect the structure-property relationships in chiral perovskite. Insight into the rational design of chiral perovskites based on molecular configuration, dimensionality, and chemical composition along with their effects on spin-splitting manifestation is presented. Lastly, challenges in purposeful material design and further integration into chiral perovskite-based spintronic devices are outlined. With an understanding of fundamental chemistry and physics, we believe that this Perspective will propel the application of multifunctional spintronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijin Ding
- State
Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, Key Laboratory
of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Frontiers
Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Quanlin Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, Key Laboratory
of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Frontiers
Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yuanzhi Jiang
- State
Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, Key Laboratory
of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Frontiers
Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Mingjian Yuan
- State
Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, Key Laboratory
of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Frontiers
Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
- Haihe
Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300051, P. R. China
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4
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Zerhoch J, Bodnar S, Lerpinière JE, Liu S, Neumann T, Sergl B, Heindl MW, Shcherbakov A, Elghandour A, Klingeler R, Walker AB, Deschler F. Motional Narrowing Effects in the Excited State Spin Populations of Mn-Doped Hybrid Perovskites. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:2851-2858. [PMID: 38442903 PMCID: PMC10945573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Spin-orbit coupling in the electronic states of solution-processed hybrid metal halide perovskites forms complex spin-textures in the band structures and allows for optical manipulation of the excited state spin-polarizations. Here, we report that motional narrowing acts on the photoexcited spin-polarization in CH3NH3PbBr3 thin films, which are doped at percentage-level with Mn2+ ions. Using ultrafast circularly polarized broadband transient absorption spectroscopy at cryogenic temperatures, we investigate the spin population dynamics in these doped hybrid perovskites and find that spin relaxation lifetimes are increased by a factor of 3 compared to those of undoped materials. Using quantitative analysis of the photoexcitation cooling processes, we reveal increased carrier scattering rates in the doped perovskites as the fundamental mechanism driving spin-polarization-maintaining motional narrowing. Our work reports transition-metal doping as a concept to extend spin lifetimes of hybrid perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Zerhoch
- Physikalisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Walter
Schottky Institut, Technische Universität
München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Physics
Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Stanislav Bodnar
- Physikalisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Walter
Schottky Institut, Technische Universität
München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Physics
Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | - Shangpu Liu
- Physikalisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Walter
Schottky Institut, Technische Universität
München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Physics
Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Timo Neumann
- Walter
Schottky Institut, Technische Universität
München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Physics
Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Barbara Sergl
- Walter
Schottky Institut, Technische Universität
München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Physics
Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Markus W. Heindl
- Physikalisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Walter
Schottky Institut, Technische Universität
München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Physics
Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Andrii Shcherbakov
- Physikalisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Walter
Schottky Institut, Technische Universität
München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Physics
Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ahmed Elghandour
- Kirchhoff
Institut für Physik, Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Klingeler
- Kirchhoff
Institut für Physik, Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Felix Deschler
- Physikalisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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5
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Bangruwa N, Tiwari M, Shandilya A, Gutierrez R, Peralta M, Varela S, Cuniberti G, Mishra D. Chiral-Induced Spin Selectivity Modulated Time-Correlated Single-Photon Counting for DNA Hybridization Detection. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:2384-2391. [PMID: 38394034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect can distinguish between the spin of electrons as they pass through chiral molecules by backscattering one of the spin components. Herein, we explore the role of the CISS effect in time-correlated single-photon counting measurements to detect DNA hybridization. We observe that the average lifetime of optical excited states of quantum dots attached to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) varies with directions of the applied magnetic field. Specifically, the difference in the nonradiative average decay lifetime for the two orientations of the applied magnetic field is 2.21 ns in the case of hybridized strands, which is 130 times higher than that observed with quantum dots attached to single-strand DNA. Additionally, we investigate the application of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for detecting double-stranded DNA in the presence of a magnetic field, establishing a theoretical framework to substantiate the experimental evidence of magnetic field-dependent FTIR spectroscopy for dsDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Bangruwa
- Department of Physics and Astrophysics, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Mayank Tiwari
- Department of Physics and Astrophysics, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Ankur Shandilya
- Department of Physics, Hindu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Rafael Gutierrez
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, 01062, Germany
| | - Mayra Peralta
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Solmar Varela
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, 01062, Germany
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, 01062, Germany
- Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science, Dresden, 01062, Germany
| | - Debabrata Mishra
- Department of Physics and Astrophysics, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
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6
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Li J, Guo Z, Qin Y, Liu R, He Y, Zhu X, Xu F, He T. Rashba Effect and Spin-Dependent Excitonic Properties in Chiral Two-Dimensional/Three-Dimensional Composite Perovskite Films. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:11697-11703. [PMID: 38109354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Among various chiral semiconductor materials, chiral two-dimensional (2D)/three-dimensional (3D) composite perovskites (CPs) offer the benefits of strong interface asymmetry and energy transfer between 2D and 3D phases, making the chiral CPs promising for spintronic devices. Therefore, understanding their spintronic properties will be greatly important for expanding their relevant applications. In this work, we synthesized one pair of chiral 2D/3D CP films. Their Rashba effect and spin relaxation process have been investigated by polarization-dependent femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Interestingly, under left- and right-handed circularly polarized light (CPL) excitation, a two-photon emission intensity difference is observed in chiral 2D/3D CP films at 298 K. This work sheds light on the spin-dependent excitonic characteristics of chiral 2D/3D CPs and confirms the feasibility of their application in near-infrared CPL detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzi Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhihang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Rulin Liu
- School of Science and Engineering, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Yejun He
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xi Zhu
- School of Science and Engineering, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Fuming Xu
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Tingchao He
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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7
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Liang K, Ristow F, Li K, Pittrich J, Fehn N, Dörringer L, Heiz U, Kienberger R, Pescitelli G, Iglev H, Kartouzian A. Negative Nonlinear CD-ee Dependence in Polycrystalline BINOL Thin Films. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27933-27938. [PMID: 38088870 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Generally, the relationship between the observed circular dichroism and the enantiomeric excess in chiral systems (CD-ee dependence) is linear. While positive nonlinear behavior has often been reported in the past, examples of negative nonlinear (NN) behavior in CD-ee dependence are rare and not well understood. Here, we present a strong NN CD-ee dependence within polycrystalline thin films of BINOL by using second-harmonic-generation circular dichroism (SHG-CD) and commercial CD spectroscopy studies. Theoretical calculations, microscopy, and FTIR studies are employed to further clarify the underlying cause of this observation. This behavior is attributed to the changing supramolecular chirality of the system. Systems exhibiting NN CD-ee dependence hold promise for highly accurate enantiomeric excess characterization, which is essential for the refinement of enantio-separating and -purifying processes in pharmaceuticals, asymmetric catalysis, and chiral sensing. Our findings suggest that a whole class of single-species systems, i.e., racemate crystals, might possess NN CD-ee dependence and thus provide us a vast playground to better understand and exploit this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Liang
- Catalysis Research Center and School of Natural Sciences, Chair of Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Florian Ristow
- Physik-Department E11 and School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Kevin Li
- Catalysis Research Center and School of Natural Sciences, Chair of Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes Pittrich
- Physik-Department E11 and School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Natalie Fehn
- Catalysis Research Center and School of Natural Sciences, Chair of Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Lukas Dörringer
- Physik-Department E11 and School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ueli Heiz
- Catalysis Research Center and School of Natural Sciences, Chair of Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Reinhard Kienberger
- Physik-Department E11 and School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Hristo Iglev
- Physik-Department E11 and School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Aras Kartouzian
- Catalysis Research Center and School of Natural Sciences, Chair of Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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8
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Liu Q, Wei Q, Ren H, Zhou L, Zhou Y, Wang P, Wang C, Yin J, Li M. Circular polarization-resolved ultraviolet photonic artificial synapse based on chiral perovskite. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7179. [PMID: 37935714 PMCID: PMC10630371 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Circularly polarized light (CPL) adds a unique dimension to optical information processing and communication. Integrating CPL sensitivity with light learning and memory in a photonic artificial synapse (PAS) device holds significant value for advanced neuromorphic vision systems. However, the development of such systems has been impeded by the scarcity of suitable CPL active optoelectronic materials. In this work, we employ a helical chiral perovskite hybrid combined with single-wall carbon nanotubes to achieve circularly polarized ultraviolet neuromorphic vision sensing and imaging. The heterostructure demonstrates long-term charge storage as evidenced by multiple-pulsed transient absorption measurements and highly sensitive circular polarization-dependent photodetection, thereby enabling efficient CPL-resolved synaptic and neuromorphic behaviors. Significantly, our PAS sensor arrays adeptly visualize, discriminate, and memorize distinct circularly polarized images with up to 93% recognition accuracy in spiking neural network simulations. These findings underscore the pivotal role of chiral perovskites in advancing PAS technology and circular polarization-enhanced ultraviolet neuromorphic vision systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qi Wei
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hui Ren
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Luwei Zhou
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yifan Zhou
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pengzhi Wang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chenghao Wang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mingjie Li
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China.
- Photonics Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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