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Duarte GT, Volkova PY, Fiengo Perez F, Horemans N. Chronic Ionizing Radiation of Plants: An Evolutionary Factor from Direct Damage to Non-Target Effects. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1178. [PMID: 36904038 PMCID: PMC10005729 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In present times, the levels of ionizing radiation (IR) on the surface of Earth are relatively low, posing no high challenges for the survival of contemporary life forms. IR derives from natural sources and naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM), the nuclear industry, medical applications, and as a result of radiation disasters or nuclear tests. In the current review, we discuss modern sources of radioactivity, its direct and indirect effects on different plant species, and the scope of the radiation protection of plants. We present an overview of the molecular mechanisms of radiation responses in plants, which leads to a tempting conjecture of the evolutionary role of IR as a limiting factor for land colonization and plant diversification rates. The hypothesis-driven analysis of available plant genomic data suggests an overall DNA repair gene families' depletion in land plants compared to ancestral groups, which overlaps with a decrease in levels of radiation exposure on the surface of Earth millions of years ago. The potential contribution of chronic IR as an evolutionary factor in combination with other environmental factors is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nele Horemans
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre—SCK CEN, 2400 Mol, Belgium
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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2
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The Binary-Encounter-Bethe Model for Computation of Singly Differential Cross Sections Due to Electron-Impact Ionization. ATOMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atoms10020060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present work, we assess the effectiveness of singly differential cross sections (SDCS) due to electron-impact ionization by invoking the binary-encounter-Bethe (BEB) model on various atomic and molecular targets. The computed results were compared with the experimental and theoretical data. A good agreement was observed between the present and the available results. This agreement improves as the incident energy of the projectile increases. The model can be applied to compute the SDCS for the ions produced due to the electron-impact dissociative ionization process and the average energy due to the secondary electrons. Both these quantities are of interest in plasma processing and radiation physics.
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3
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Distribution of water phase near the poles of the Moon from gravity aspects. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4501. [PMID: 35296705 PMCID: PMC8927600 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our Moon periodically moves through the magnetic tail of the Earth that contains terrestrial ions of hydrogen and oxygen. A possible density contrast might have been discovered that could be consistent with the presence of water phase of potential terrestrial origin. Using novel gravity aspects (descriptors) derived from harmonic potential coefficients of gravity field of the Moon, we discovered gravity strike angle anomalies that point to water phase locations in the polar regions of the Moon. Our analysis suggests that impact cratering processes were responsible for specific pore space network that were subsequently filled with the water phase filling volumes of permafrost in the lunar subsurface. In this work, we suggest the accumulation of up to ~ 3000 km3 of terrestrial water phase (Earth’s atmospheric escape) now filling the pore spaced regolith, portion of which is distributed along impact zones of the polar regions of the Moon. These unique locations serve as potential resource utilization sites for future landing exploration and habitats (e.g., NASA Artemis Plan objectives).
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Wei Y, Fraenz M, Dubinin E, Wan W, Zhang T, Rong Z, Chai L, Zhong J, Zhu R, Futaana Y, Barabash S. Ablation of Venusian oxygen ions by unshocked solar wind. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2017; 62:1669-1672. [PMID: 36659387 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
As an Earth-like planet Venus probably had a primordial dipole field for several million years after formation of the planet. Since this dipole field eventually vanished the ionosphere of Venus has been exposed to the solar wind. The solar wind is shocked near Venus, and then scavenges the ionospheric particles through the magnetosheath and the magnetotail. The escape rate of oxygen ions (O+) estimated from spacecraft observations over the past several decades has manifested its importance for the evolution of planetary habitability, considering the accumulated effect over the history of Venus. However, all the previous observations were made in the shocked solar wind and/or inside the wake, though some simulations showed that unshocked solar wind can also ablate O+ ions. Here we report Venus Express observations of O+ ions in the unshocked solar wind during the solar minimum. The observations suggest that these O+ ions are accelerated by the unshocked solar wind through pickup processes. The estimated O+ escape rate, 2.1 × 1024 ions/s, is comparable to those measured in the shocked solar wind and the wake. This escape rate could result in about 2 cm global water loss over 4.5 billion years. Our results suggest that the atmospheric loss at unmagnetized planets is significantly underestimated by previous observations, and thus we can emphasize the importance of an Earth-like dipole for planetary habitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institutions of Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Markus Fraenz
- Max-Planck-Institute for Solar System Research, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Edward Dubinin
- Max-Planck-Institute for Solar System Research, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Weixing Wan
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tielong Zhang
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz 8042, Austria
| | - Zhaojin Rong
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lihui Chai
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Rixiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | - Stas Barabash
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna SE-981 28, Sweden
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6
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Huang F, Chen Y, Peng HO, Zheng JG, Shi GF, Hu ZQ, Yu MY. Lower hybrid drift instability in a neutral sheet with O+ ions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2009; 80:056401. [PMID: 20365077 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.80.056401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 09/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The electromagnetic lower-hybrid drift instability (LHDI) in the intermediate-wavelength regime k_(y)sqrt[rho_(i)rho_(e)] approximately 1 , where k_(y) and rho_(e,i) are the wave vector and the electron and ion gyroradii, respectively, in a thin plasma sheet containing electrons and H+ and O+ ions is examined using kinetic theory. It is shown that the growth rate of the LHDI first decreases and then increases with increase in the O+ content and temperature, with a minimum at a moderate level of the latter. The results can be relevant to understanding magnetic reconnection in the presence of LHDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Huang
- Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, People's Republic of China
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7
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Ozima M, Yin QZ, Podosek FA, Miura YN. Toward understanding early Earth evolution: prescription for approach from terrestrial noble gas and light element records in lunar soils. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:17654-8. [PMID: 19001263 PMCID: PMC2584670 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0806596105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the almost total lack of geological record on the Earth's surface before 4 billion years ago, the history of the Earth during this period is still enigmatic. Here we describe a practical approach to tackle the formidable problems caused by this lack. We propose that examinations of lunar soils for light elements such as He, N, O, Ne, and Ar would shed a new light on this dark age in the Earth's history and resolve three of the most fundamental questions in earth science: the onset time of the geomagnetic field, the appearance of an oxygen atmosphere, and the secular variation of an Earth-Moon dynamical system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Ozima
- Graduate School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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8
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Luhmann JG, Kasprzak WT, Russell CT. Space weather at Venus and its potential consequences for atmosphere evolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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Abstract
Tian et al. (Reports, 13 May 2005, p. 1014) proposed a hydrogen-rich early atmosphere with slow hydrogen escape from a cold thermosphere. However, their model neglects the ultraviolet absorption of all gases other than H2. The model also neglects Earth's magnetic field, which affects the temperature and density of ions and promotes nonthermal escape of neutral hydrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Catling
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Queen's Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK
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Takahashi K, Denton RE, Anderson RR, Hughes WJ. Mass density inferred from toroidal wave frequencies and its comparison to electron density. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005ja011286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Ozima M, Seki K, Terada N, Miura YN, Podosek FA, Shinagawa H. Terrestrial nitrogen and noble gases in lunar soils. Nature 2005; 436:655-9. [PMID: 16079836 DOI: 10.1038/nature03929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2004] [Accepted: 06/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The nitrogen in lunar soils is correlated to the surface and therefore clearly implanted from outside. The straightforward interpretation is that the nitrogen is implanted by the solar wind, but this explanation has difficulties accounting for both the abundance of nitrogen and a variation of the order of 30 per cent in the 15N/14N ratio. Here we propose that most of the nitrogen and some of the other volatile elements in lunar soils may actually have come from the Earth's atmosphere rather than the solar wind. We infer that this hypothesis is quantitatively reasonable if the escape of atmospheric gases, and implantation into lunar soil grains, occurred at a time when the Earth had essentially no geomagnetic field. Thus, evidence preserved in lunar soils might be useful in constraining when the geomagnetic field first appeared. This hypothesis could be tested by examination of lunar farside soils, which should lack the terrestrial component.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ozima
- Graduate School of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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12
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Winglee RM. Ion cyclotron and heavy ion effects on reconnection in a global magnetotail. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004ja010385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Roy S, Khanna S, Sen CK. Perceived Hyperoxia: Oxygen-Regulated Signal Transduction Pathways in the Heart. Methods Enzymol 2004; 381:133-9. [PMID: 15063670 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(04)81008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sashwati Roy
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Surgery, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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14
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Stephan AW. Oxygen aurora during the recovery phase of a major geomagnetic storm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004ja010557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Seki K, Hirahara M, Hoshino M, Terasawa T, Elphic RC, Saito Y, Mukai T, Hayakawa H, Kojima H, Matsumoto H. Cold ions in the hot plasma sheet of Earth's magnetotail. Nature 2003; 422:589-92. [PMID: 12686993 DOI: 10.1038/nature01502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2002] [Accepted: 02/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Most visible matter in the Universe exists as plasma. How this plasma is heated, and especially how the initial non-equilibrium plasma distributions relax to thermal equilibrium (as predicted by Maxwell-Boltzman statistics), is a fundamental question in studies of astrophysical and laboratory plasmas. Astrophysical plasmas are often so tenuous that binary collisions can be ignored, and it is not clear how thermal equilibrium develops for these 'collisionless' plasmas. One example of a collisionless plasma is the Earth's plasma sheet, where thermalized hot plasma with ion temperatures of about 5 x 10(7) K has been observed. Here we report direct observations of a plasma distribution function during a solar eclipse, revealing cold ions in the Earth's plasma sheet in coexistence with thermalized hot ions. This cold component cannot be detected by plasma sensors on satellites that are positively charged in sunlight, but our observations in the Earth's shadow show that the density of the cold ions is comparable to that of hot ions. This high density is difficult to explain within existing theories, as it requires a mechanism that permits half of the source plasma to remain cold upon entry into the hot turbulent plasma sheet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Seki
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Honohara 3-13, Toyokawa, Aichi 442-8507, Japan.
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lundin
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, SE-981 28 Kiruna, Sweden.
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