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Petković M, Lucas L, Levatić J, Breskvar M, Stepišnik T, Kostovska A, Panov P, Osojnik A, Boumghar R, Martínez-Heras JA, Godfrey J, Donati A, Džeroski S, Simidjievski N, Ženko B, Kocev D. Machine-learning ready data on the thermal power consumption of the Mars Express Spacecraft. Sci Data 2022; 9:229. [PMID: 35610234 PMCID: PMC9130140 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01336-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We present six datasets containing telemetry data of the Mars Express Spacecraft (MEX), a spacecraft orbiting Mars operated by the European Space Agency. The data consisting of context data and thermal power consumption measurements, capture the status of the spacecraft over three Martian years, sampled at six different time resolutions that range from 1 min to 60 min. From a data analysis point-of-view, these data are challenging even for the more sophisticated state-of-the-art artificial intelligence methods. In particular, given the heterogeneity, complexity, and magnitude of the data, they can be employed in a variety of scenarios and analyzed through the prism of different machine learning tasks, such as multi-target regression, learning from data streams, anomaly detection, clustering, etc. Analyzing MEX’s telemetry data is critical for aiding very important decisions regarding the spacecraft’s status and operation, extracting novel knowledge, and monitoring the spacecraft’s health, but the data can also be used to benchmark artificial intelligence methods designed for a variety of tasks. Measurement(s) | electric current | Technology Type(s) | current readings in spacecraft housekeeping telemetry | Sample Characteristic - Environment | outer space |
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Petković
- Bias Variance Labs, Ljubljana, Slovenia. .,Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | | | | | | | - Tomaž Stepišnik
- Bias Variance Labs, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Kostovska
- Bias Variance Labs, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Panče Panov
- Bias Variance Labs, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | | | - James Godfrey
- European Space Agency - ESA, ESOC, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | - Nikola Simidjievski
- Bias Variance Labs, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Dragi Kocev
- Bias Variance Labs, Ljubljana, Slovenia. .,Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Frahm RA, Winningham JD, Coates AJ, Gérard J, Holmström M, Barabash S. The Largest Electron Differential Energy Flux Observed at Mars by the Mars Express Spacecraft, 2004-2016. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2018; 123:6576-6590. [PMID: 31032167 PMCID: PMC6473521 DOI: 10.1029/2018ja025311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this paper is to understand the processes by which solar wind electrons are energized in the Martian magnetosphere and how this compares to processes at Venus and Earth. Each is unique in the source of its magnetic field topology and how this influences electron energization. To achieve this goal, 24 million spectra spanning 13 years have been examined using the electron spectrometer from the Mars Express spacecraft between about 12,000 km and about 250 km altitude, and from all latitudes and local times. The top 10 largest differential energy flux at energies above the differential energy flux peak have been found: seven spectra from the magnetosheath near noon, three from the dark tail (the largest two from the middle and ionospheric edge of the magnetosheath). Spectral comparisons show a decade range in the peak of the electron distributions; however, all distributions show a similar energy maximum dictated by solar wind/planet interaction. Similarly derived, the largest Venus spectrum occurred near the magnetosheath bow shock and had the same shape as the most intense Mars inner magnetosheath spectrum. The Mars and Venus dayside spectra compared to the Mars nightside spectrum that included an enhanced optical signal attributed to discrete "auroral" precipitation show a similar shape. These spectra are also compared to a selected auroral zone electron spectra from the Earth. The Mars and Venus results suggest that there is no more energy needed to generate electrons forming the nightside precipitation than is gained during the solar wind/planet interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Frahm
- Southwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTXUSA
| | | | - A. J. Coates
- Mullard Space Science LaboratoryUniversity College LondonSurreyUK
| | - J.‐C. Gérard
- Laboratory of Planetary and Atmospheric PhysicsUniversité de LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | | | - S. Barabash
- Swedish Institute of Space PhysicsKirunaSweden
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3
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Schneider NM, Deighan JI, Jain SK, Stiepen A, Stewart AIF, Larson D, Mitchell DL, Mazelle C, Lee CO, Lillis RJ, Evans JS, Brain D, Stevens MH, McClintock WE, Chaffin MS, Crismani M, Holsclaw GM, Lefevre F, Lo DY, Clarke JT, Montmessin F, Jakosky BM. Discovery of diffuse aurora on Mars. Science 2015; 350:aad0313. [PMID: 26542577 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. M. Schneider
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - J. I. Deighan
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - S. K. Jain
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - A. Stiepen
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - A. I. F. Stewart
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - D. Larson
- Space Sciences Lab, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - D. L. Mitchell
- Space Sciences Lab, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - C. Mazelle
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), CNRS, Toulouse, France
- University Paul Sabatier, IRAP, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - C. O. Lee
- Space Sciences Lab, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - R. J. Lillis
- Space Sciences Lab, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - J. S. Evans
- Computational Physics, Inc, Springfield, VA 22151, USA
| | - D. Brain
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - M. H. Stevens
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - W. E. McClintock
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - M. S. Chaffin
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - M. Crismani
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - G. M. Holsclaw
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - F. Lefevre
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Guyancourt, France
| | - D. Y. Lo
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - J. T. Clarke
- Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - F. Montmessin
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - B. M. Jakosky
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
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Leblanc F, Langlais B, Fouchet T, Barabash S, Breuer D, Chassefière E, Coates A, Dehant V, Forget F, Lammer H, Lewis S, Lopez-Valverde M, Mandea M, Menvielle M, Pais A, Paetzold M, Read P, Sotin C, Tarits P, Vennerstrom S. Mars environment and magnetic orbiter scientific and measurement objectives. ASTROBIOLOGY 2009; 9:71-89. [PMID: 19317625 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2007.0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we summarize our present understanding of Mars' atmosphere, magnetic field, and surface and address past evolution of these features. Key scientific questions concerning Mars' surface, atmosphere, and magnetic field, along with the planet's interaction with solar wind, are discussed. We also define what key parameters and measurements should be performed and the main characteristics of a martian mission that would help to provide answers to these questions. Such a mission--Mars Environment and Magnetic Orbiter (MEMO)--was proposed as an answer to the Cosmic Vision Call of Opportunity as an M-class mission (corresponding to a total European Space Agency cost of less than 300 Meuro). MEMO was designed to study the strong interconnection between the planetary interior, atmosphere, and solar conditions, which is essential to our understanding of planetary evolution, the appearance of life, and its sustainability. The MEMO main platform combined remote sensing and in situ measurements of the atmosphere and the magnetic field during regular incursions into the martian upper atmosphere. The micro-satellite was designed to perform simultaneous in situ solar wind measurements. MEMO was defined to conduct: * Four-dimensional mapping of the martian atmosphere from the surface up to 120 km by measuring wind, temperature, water, and composition, all of which would provide a complete view of the martian climate and photochemical system; Mapping of the low-altitude magnetic field with unprecedented geographical, altitude, local time, and seasonal resolutions; A characterization of the simultaneous responses of the atmosphere, magnetic field, and near-Mars space to solar variability by means of in situ atmospheric and solar wind measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Leblanc
- Service d'Aéronomie du CNRS/IPSL, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, France.
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Leblanc F, Witasse O, Lilensten J, Frahm RA, Safaenili A, Brain DA, Mouginot J, Nilsson H, Futaana Y, Halekas J, Holmström M, Bertaux JL, Winningham JD, Kofman W, Lundin R. Observations of aurorae by SPICAM ultraviolet spectrograph on board Mars Express: Simultaneous ASPERA-3 and MARSIS measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Leblanc
- Service d'Aéronomie; CNRS, IPSL; Verrières-le-Buisson France
| | - O. Witasse
- Research and Scientific Support Department; ESA, ESTEC; Noordwijk Netherlands
| | - J. Lilensten
- Laboratoire de Planétologie de Grenoble; Grenoble France
| | - R. A. Frahm
- Southwest Research Institute; San Antonio Texas USA
| | | | - D. A. Brain
- Space Sciences Laboratory; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - J. Mouginot
- Laboratoire de Planétologie de Grenoble; Grenoble France
| | - H. Nilsson
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics; Kiruna Sweden
| | - Y. Futaana
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics; Kiruna Sweden
| | - J. Halekas
- Space Sciences Laboratory; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - M. Holmström
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics; Kiruna Sweden
| | - J. L. Bertaux
- Service d'Aéronomie; CNRS, IPSL; Verrières-le-Buisson France
| | | | - W. Kofman
- Laboratoire de Planétologie de Grenoble; Grenoble France
| | - R. Lundin
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics; Kiruna Sweden
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Luhmann JG, Kasprzak WT, Russell CT. Space weather at Venus and its potential consequences for atmosphere evolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chan CK, Peng H, Twesten RD, Jarausch K, Zhang XF, Cui Y. Fast, completely reversible li insertion in vanadium pentoxide nanoribbons. NANO LETTERS 2007; 7:490-5. [PMID: 17256918 DOI: 10.1021/nl062883j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Layered-structure nanoribbons with efficient electron transport and short lithium ion insertion lengths are promising candidates for Li battery applications. Here we studied at the single nanostructure level the chemical, structural, and electrical transformations of V2O5 nanoribbons. We found that transformation of V2O5 into the omega-Li3V2O5 phase depends not only on the width but also the thickness of the nanoribbons. Transformation can take place within 10 s in thin nanoribbons, suggesting a Li diffusion constant 3 orders of magnitude faster than in bulk materials, resulting in a significant increase in battery power density (360 C power rate). For the first time, complete delithiation of omega-Li3V2O5 back to the single-crystalline, pristine V2O5 nanoribbon was observed, indicating a 30% higher energy density. These new observations are attributed to the ability of facile strain relaxation and phase transformation at the nanoscale. In addition, efficient electronic transport can be maintained to charge a Li3V2O5 nanoribbon within less than 5 s. These exciting nanosize effects can be exploited to fabricate high-performance Li batteries for applications in electric and hybrid electric vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace K Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Stasiewicz K. Heating of the solar corona by dissipative Alfvén solitons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 96:175003. [PMID: 16712308 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.175003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Solar photospheric convection drives myriads of dissipative Alfvén solitons (hereinafter called alfvenons) capable of accelerating electrons and ions to energies of hundreds of keV and producing the x-ray corona. Alfvenons are exact solutions of two-fluid equations for a collisionless plasma and represent natural accelerators for conversion of the electromagnetic energy flux driven by convective flows into kinetic energy of charged particles in space and astrophysical plasmas. Their properties have been experimentally verified in the magnetosphere, where they accelerate auroral electrons to tens of keV.
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Leblanc F, Witasse O, Winningham J, Brain D, Lilensten J, Blelly PL, Frahm RA, Halekas JS, Bertaux JL. Origins of the Martian aurora observed by Spectroscopy for Investigation of Characteristics of the Atmosphere of Mars (SPICAM) on board Mars Express. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja011763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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