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Kool EC, Johansson J, Sollerman J, Moldón J, Moriya TJ, Mattila S, Schulze S, Chomiuk L, Pérez-Torres M, Harris C, Lundqvist P, Graham M, Yang S, Perley DA, Strotjohann NL, Fremling C, Gal-Yam A, Lezmy J, Maguire K, Omand C, Smith M, Andreoni I, Bellm EC, Bloom JS, De K, Groom SL, Kasliwal MM, Masci FJ, Medford MS, Park S, Purdum J, Reynolds TM, Riddle R, Robert E, Ryder SD, Sharma Y, Stern D. A radio-detected type Ia supernova with helium-rich circumstellar material. Nature 2023; 617:477-482. [PMID: 37198310 PMCID: PMC10191849 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05916-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are thermonuclear explosions of degenerate white dwarf stars destabilized by mass accretion from a companion star1, but the nature of their progenitors remains poorly understood. A way to discriminate between progenitor systems is through radio observations; a non-degenerate companion star is expected to lose material through winds2 or binary interaction3 before explosion, and the supernova ejecta crashing into this nearby circumstellar material should result in radio synchrotron emission. However, despite extensive efforts, no type Ia supernova (SN Ia) has ever been detected at radio wavelengths, which suggests a clean environment and a companion star that is itself a degenerate white dwarf star4,5. Here we report on the study of SN 2020eyj, a SN Ia showing helium-rich circumstellar material, as demonstrated by its spectral features, infrared emission and, for the first time in a SN Ia to our knowledge, a radio counterpart. On the basis of our modelling, we conclude that the circumstellar material probably originates from a single-degenerate binary system in which a white dwarf accretes material from a helium donor star, an often proposed formation channel for SNe Ia (refs. 6,7). We describe how comprehensive radio follow-up of SN 2020eyj-like SNe Ia can improve the constraints on their progenitor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik C Kool
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Joel Johansson
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Sollerman
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Javier Moldón
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Takashi J Moriya
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Mitaka, Japan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Seppo Mattila
- Tuorla Observatory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Steve Schulze
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Chomiuk
- Center for Data Intensive and Time Domain Astronomy, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Miguel Pérez-Torres
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Chelsea Harris
- Center for Data Intensive and Time Domain Astronomy, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Peter Lundqvist
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthew Graham
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Sheng Yang
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden
- Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Daniel A Perley
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nora Linn Strotjohann
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Christoffer Fremling
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Avishay Gal-Yam
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jeremy Lezmy
- Univ. Lyon, Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Kate Maguire
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Conor Omand
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mathew Smith
- Univ. Lyon, Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, France
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Igor Andreoni
- Joint Space-Science Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Astrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Eric C Bellm
- DIRAC Institute, Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joshua S Bloom
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kishalay De
- Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Steven L Groom
- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Mansi M Kasliwal
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Frank J Masci
- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Medford
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sungmin Park
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Josiah Purdum
- Caltech Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Thomas M Reynolds
- The Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Reed Riddle
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Estelle Robert
- Univ. Lyon, Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Stuart D Ryder
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Astronomy, Astrophysics and Astrophotonics Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yashvi Sharma
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Stern
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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2
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Fraser M. Supernovae and transients with circumstellar interaction. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:200467. [PMID: 32874641 PMCID: PMC7428271 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It is 30 years since the characteristic signatures of interaction with circumstellar material (CSM) were first observed in a core-collapse supernova. Since then, CSM interaction has been observed and inferred across a range of transients, from the low-energy explosions of low-mass stars as likely electron-capture supernovae, through to the brightest superluminous supernovae. In this review, I present a brief overview of some of the interacting supernovae and transients that have been observed to date, and attempt to classify and group them together in a phenomenological framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Fraser
- School of Physics, O’Brien Centre for Science North, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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3
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Variable Hα Emission in the Nebular Spectra of the Low-luminosity Type Ia SN2018cqj/ATLAS18qtd. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab6323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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4
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5
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Justham S. Portrait of a doomed star. Nature 2014; 512:34-5. [DOI: 10.1038/512034a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Postnov KA, Yungelson LR. The Evolution of Compact Binary Star Systems. LIVING REVIEWS IN RELATIVITY 2014; 17:3. [PMID: 28179847 PMCID: PMC5255895 DOI: 10.12942/lrr-2014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We review the formation and evolution of compact binary stars consisting of white dwarfs (WDs), neutron stars (NSs), and black holes (BHs). Mergings of compact-star binaries are expected to be the most important sources for forthcoming gravitational-wave (GW) astronomy. In the first part of the review, we discuss observational manifestations of close binaries with NS and/or BH components and their merger rate, crucial points in the formation and evolution of compact stars in binary systems, including the treatment of the natal kicks, which NSs and BHs acquire during the core collapse of massive stars and the common envelope phase of binary evolution, which are most relevant to the merging rates of NS-NS, NS-BH and BH-BH binaries. The second part of the review is devoted mainly to the formation and evolution of binary WDs and their observational manifestations, including their role as progenitors of cosmologically-important thermonuclear SN Ia. We also consider AM CVn-stars, which are thought to be the best verification binary GW sources for future low-frequency GW space interferometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin A. Postnov
- Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Moscow M.V. Lomonosov State University, 13 Universitetskij Pr., 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Lev R. Yungelson
- Institute of Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 48 Pyatnitskaya St., 119017 Moscow, Russia
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7
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van Kerkwijk MH. Merging white dwarfs and thermonuclear supernovae. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2013; 371:20120236. [PMID: 23630372 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2012.0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Thermonuclear supernovae result when interaction with a companion reignites nuclear fusion in a carbon-oxygen white dwarf, causing a thermonuclear runaway, a catastrophic gain in pressure and the disintegration of the whole white dwarf. It is usually thought that fusion is reignited in near-pycnonuclear conditions when the white dwarf approaches the Chandrasekhar mass. I briefly describe two long-standing problems faced by this scenario, and the suggestion that these supernovae instead result from mergers of carbon-oxygen white dwarfs, including those that produce sub-Chandrasekhar-mass remnants. I then turn to possible observational tests, in particular, those that test the absence or presence of electron captures during the burning.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H van Kerkwijk
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H4.
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8
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Wang X, Wang L, Filippenko AV, Zhang T, Zhao X. Evidence for Two Distinct Populations of Type Ia Supernovae. Science 2013; 340:170-3. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1231502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Lifan Wang
- Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Purple Mountain Observatory, Nanjing, 201008 Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Tianmeng Zhang
- National Astronomical Observatory of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xulin Zhao
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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9
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Johansson J, Amanullah R, Goobar A. Herschel limits on far-infrared emission from circumstellar dust around three nearby Type Ia supernovae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/mnrasl/slt005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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10
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Dilday B, Howell DA, Cenko SB, Silverman JM, Nugent PE, Sullivan M, Ben-Ami S, Bildsten L, Bolte M, Endl M, Filippenko AV, Gnat O, Horesh A, Hsiao E, Kasliwal MM, Kirkman D, Maguire K, Marcy GW, Moore K, Pan Y, Parrent JT, Podsiadlowski P, Quimby RM, Sternberg A, Suzuki N, Tytler DR, Xu D, Bloom JS, Gal-Yam A, Hook IM, Kulkarni SR, Law NM, Ofek EO, Polishook D, Poznanski D. PTF 11kx: A Type Ia Supernova with a Symbiotic Nova Progenitor. Science 2012; 337:942-5. [PMID: 22923575 DOI: 10.1126/science.1219164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Dilday
- Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network, 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, Broida Hall, Mail Code 9530, Santa Barbara, CA 93106–9530, USA
| | - D. A. Howell
- Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network, 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, Broida Hall, Mail Code 9530, Santa Barbara, CA 93106–9530, USA
| | - S. B. Cenko
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3411, USA
| | - J. M. Silverman
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3411, USA
| | - P. E. Nugent
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3411, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Mail Stop 50B-4206, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - M. Sullivan
- Department of Physics (Astrophysics), University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
| | - S. Ben-Ami
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - L. Bildsten
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, Broida Hall, Mail Code 9530, Santa Barbara, CA 93106–9530, USA
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - M. Bolte
- University of California Observatories, Lick Observatory, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - M. Endl
- McDonald Observatory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - A. V. Filippenko
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3411, USA
| | - O. Gnat
- Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - A. Horesh
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - E. Hsiao
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Mail Stop 50B-4206, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Carnegie Institution of Washington, Las Campanas Observatory, Colina El Pino, Casilla 601, Chile
| | - M. M. Kasliwal
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science, 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
| | - D. Kirkman
- Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093–0424, USA
| | - K. Maguire
- Department of Physics (Astrophysics), University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
| | - G. W. Marcy
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3411, USA
| | - K. Moore
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, Broida Hall, Mail Code 9530, Santa Barbara, CA 93106–9530, USA
| | - Y. Pan
- Department of Physics (Astrophysics), University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
| | - J. T. Parrent
- Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network, 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - P. Podsiadlowski
- Department of Physics (Astrophysics), University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
| | - R. M. Quimby
- Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
| | - A. Sternberg
- Minerva Fellow, Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Karl Schwarzschild Strasse 1, D-85741 Garching, Germany
| | - N. Suzuki
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Mail Stop 50B-4206, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - D. R. Tytler
- Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093–0424, USA
| | - D. Xu
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - J. S. Bloom
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3411, USA
| | - A. Gal-Yam
- Benoziyo Center for Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - I. M. Hook
- Department of Physics (Astrophysics), University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
| | - S. R. Kulkarni
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - N. M. Law
- University of Toronto, 50 St. George Street, Toronto M5S 3H4, Ontario, Canada
| | - E. O. Ofek
- Benoziyo Center for Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - D. Polishook
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - D. Poznanski
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
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11
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Sternberg A, Gal-Yam A, Simon JD, Leonard DC, Quimby RM, Phillips MM, Morrell N, Thompson IB, Ivans I, Marshall JL, Filippenko AV, Marcy GW, Bloom JS, Patat F, Foley RJ, Yong D, Penprase BE, Beeler DJ, Prieto CA, Stringfellow GS. Circumstellar Material in Type Ia Supernovae via Sodium Absorption Features. Science 2011; 333:856-9. [PMID: 21836010 DOI: 10.1126/science.1203836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Sternberg
- Benoziyo Center for Astrophysics, Faculty of Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - A. Gal-Yam
- Benoziyo Center for Astrophysics, Faculty of Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - J. D. Simon
- Observatories of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
| | - D. C. Leonard
- Department of Astronomy, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - R. M. Quimby
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - M. M. Phillips
- Carnegie Observatories, Las Campanas Observatory, Casilla 601, La Serena, Chile
| | - N. Morrell
- Carnegie Observatories, Las Campanas Observatory, Casilla 601, La Serena, Chile
| | - I. B. Thompson
- Observatories of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
| | - I. Ivans
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - J. L. Marshall
- Department of Physics, Texas A&M University, 4242 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - A. V. Filippenko
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3411, USA
| | - G. W. Marcy
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3411, USA
| | - J. S. Bloom
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3411, USA
| | - F. Patat
- European Southern Observatory (ESO), Karl Schwarzschild Strasse 2, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - R. J. Foley
- Clay Fellow, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - D. Yong
- Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The Australian National University, Mount Stromlo Observatory, Cotter Road, Weston ACT 2611, Australia
| | - B. E. Penprase
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Pomona College, 610 North College Avenue, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - D. J. Beeler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Pomona College, 610 North College Avenue, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - C. Allende Prieto
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, 38205, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - G. S. Stringfellow
- Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy, University of Colorado, 389-UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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Frster F, Schawinski K. The radial distribution of Type Ia supernovae in early-type galaxies: implications for progenitor scenarios. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-3933.2008.00502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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