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Katagiri K, Pikuz T, Fang L, Albertazzi B, Egashira S, Inubushi Y, Kamimura G, Kodama R, Koenig M, Kozioziemski B, Masaoka G, Miyanishi K, Nakamura H, Ota M, Rigon G, Sakawa Y, Sano T, Schoofs F, Smith ZJ, Sueda K, Togashi T, Vinci T, Wang Y, Yabashi M, Yabuuchi T, Dresselhaus-Marais LE, Ozaki N. Transonic dislocation propagation in diamond. Science 2023; 382:69-72. [PMID: 37796999 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh5563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The motion of line defects (dislocations) has been studied for more than 60 years, but the maximum speed at which they can move is unresolved. Recent models and atomistic simulations predict the existence of a limiting velocity of dislocation motion between the transonic and subsonic ranges at which the self-energy of dislocation diverges, though they do not deny the possibility of the transonic dislocations. We used femtosecond x-ray radiography to track ultrafast dislocation motion in shock-compressed single-crystal diamond. By visualizing stacking faults extending faster than the slowest sound wave speed of diamond, we show the evidence of partial dislocations at their leading edge moving transonically. Understanding the upper limit of dislocation mobility in crystals is essential to accurately model, predict, and control the mechanical properties of materials under extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Katagiri
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tatiana Pikuz
- Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research in Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Lichao Fang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bruno Albertazzi
- LULI, CNRS, CEA, Ecole Polytechnique, UPMC, Univ Paris 06: Sorbonne Universites, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, F-91128, France
| | - Shunsuke Egashira
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichi Inubushi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, 679-5198, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Genki Kamimura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kodama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
- Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research in Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Michel Koenig
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
- LULI, CNRS, CEA, Ecole Polytechnique, UPMC, Univ Paris 06: Sorbonne Universites, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, F-91128, France
| | | | - Gooru Masaoka
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | | | - Hirotaka Nakamura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masato Ota
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Gabriel Rigon
- Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Youichi Sakawa
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Sano
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Frank Schoofs
- United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon OX14 3DB, UK
| | - Zoe J Smith
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Tadashi Togashi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, 679-5198, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Tommaso Vinci
- LULI, CNRS, CEA, Ecole Polytechnique, UPMC, Univ Paris 06: Sorbonne Universites, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, F-91128, France
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Makina Yabashi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, 679-5198, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Toshinori Yabuuchi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, 679-5198, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Leora E Dresselhaus-Marais
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Norimasa Ozaki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
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Liu C, Lay T, Wang R, Taymaz T, Xie Z, Xiong X, Irmak TS, Kahraman M, Erman C. Complex multi-fault rupture and triggering during the 2023 earthquake doublet in southeastern Türkiye. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5564. [PMID: 37689816 PMCID: PMC10492857 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41404-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Two major earthquakes (MW 7.8 and MW 7.7) ruptured left-lateral strike-slip faults of the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ) on February 6, 2023, causing >59,000 fatalities and ~$119B in damage in southeastern Türkiye and northwestern Syria. Here we derived kinematic rupture models for the two events by inverting extensive seismic and geodetic observations using complex 5-6 segment fault models constrained by satellite observations and relocated aftershocks. The larger event nucleated on a splay fault, and then propagated bilaterally ~350 km along the main EAFZ strand. The rupture speed varied from 2.5-4.5 km/s, and peak slip was ~8.1 m. 9-h later, the second event ruptured ~160 km along the curved northern EAFZ strand, with early bilateral supershear rupture velocity (>4 km/s) followed by a slower rupture speed (~3 km/s). Coulomb Failure stress increase imparted by the first event indicates plausible triggering of the doublet aftershock, along with loading of neighboring faults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengli Liu
- School of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Thorne Lay
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Rongjiang Wang
- School of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tuncay Taymaz
- Department of Geophysical Engineering, The Faculty of Mines, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34467, Sarıyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zujun Xie
- School of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiong Xiong
- School of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tahir Serkan Irmak
- Department of Geophysical Engineering, Kocaeli University, 41380, Umuttepe, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Metin Kahraman
- Eurasian Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34467, Sarıyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ceyhun Erman
- Department of Geophysical Engineering, The Faculty of Mines, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34467, Sarıyer, Istanbul, Turkey
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Jara J, Bruhat L, Thomas MY, Antoine SL, Okubo K, Rougier E, Rosakis AJ, Sammis CG, Klinger Y, Jolivet R, Bhat HS. Signature of transition to supershear rupture speed in the coseismic off-fault damage zone. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2021; 477:20210364. [PMID: 35153594 PMCID: PMC8595990 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2021.0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most earthquake ruptures propagate at speeds below the shear wave velocity within the crust, but in some rare cases, ruptures reach supershear speeds. The physics underlying the transition of natural subshear earthquakes to supershear ones is currently not fully understood. Most observational studies of supershear earthquakes have focused on determining which fault segments sustain fully grown supershear ruptures. Experimentally cross-validated numerical models have identified some of the key ingredients required to trigger a transition to supershear speed. However, the conditions for such a transition in nature are still unclear, including the precise location of this transition. In this work, we provide theoretical and numerical insights to identify the precise location of such a transition in nature. We use fracture mechanics arguments with multiple numerical models to identify the signature of supershear transition in coseismic off-fault damage. We then cross-validate this signature with high-resolution observations of fault zone width and early aftershock distributions. We confirm that the location of the transition from subshear to supershear speed is characterized by a decrease in the width of the coseismic off-fault damage zone. We thus help refine the precise location of such a transition for natural supershear earthquakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Jara
- Laboratoire de Géologie, Département de Géosciences, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, UMR 8538, PSL Université, Paris, France
| | - Lucile Bruhat
- Laboratoire de Géologie, Département de Géosciences, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, UMR 8538, PSL Université, Paris, France
| | - Marion Y. Thomas
- Institut des Sciences de la Terre de Paris, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7193, Paris, France
| | - Solène L. Antoine
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, Paris 75005, France
| | - Kurama Okubo
- National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, 3-1 Tennnodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
| | - Esteban Rougier
- EES-17–Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Ares J. Rosakis
- Graduate Aerospace Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Charles G. Sammis
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yann Klinger
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, Paris 75005, France
| | - Romain Jolivet
- Laboratoire de Géologie, Département de Géosciences, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, UMR 8538, PSL Université, Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, Paris 75005, France
| | - Harsha S. Bhat
- Laboratoire de Géologie, Département de Géosciences, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, UMR 8538, PSL Université, Paris, France
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Bacques G, de Michele M, Foumelis M, Raucoules D, Lemoine A, Briole P. Sentinel optical and SAR data highlights multi-segment faulting during the 2018 Palu-Sulawesi earthquake (M w 7.5). Sci Rep 2020; 10:9103. [PMID: 32499496 PMCID: PMC7272429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66032-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The main active tectonic structure in the western part of Central Sulawesi (Indonesia) is the left-lateral Palu-Koro strike-slip fault. Its offshore section was thought not to have broken during the Mw 7.5 Palu Earthquake on 28 September 2018, challenging the established knowledge of the tectonic setting at this location. Here, we use Sentinel-1 SAR interferometry to produce a map of the ground velocities in the area of the Mw 7.5 earthquake for the seven months following the 2018 earthquake. We show evidence of surface deformation along the western coast of the Palu bay, indicating that the Palu Koro offshore fault section might have contribute to or been affected by the earthquake. As the possibility of multi-segment ruptures is a high concern in the area because of the high seismic and tsunami hazard, we present here, a fault model that includes the offshore section of the Palu-Koro fault. Thanks to four independents space-based geodetics measurements of the co-seismic displacement (Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 correlograms) we constrain the 3D co-seismic ground displacements. The modeling of these displacements allows us to estimate the co-seismic fault slip amplitude and geometry at depth. At the end, we consider the multi-segment faulting scenario, including the offshore section of the Palu-Koro fault, as a plausible model to explain the submarine landslides and the tsunamis. This study also gives the opportunity to observe a super-shear earthquake in the context of a complex fault network and implies an increase in the probability of submarine landslides within the bay in the forthcoming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Bacques
- Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont (OPGC), University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | | | - Michael Foumelis
- Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM), Orléans, France
| | - Daniel Raucoules
- Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM), Orléans, France
| | - Anne Lemoine
- Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM), Orléans, France
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