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Hannam M, Hoy C, Thompson JE, Fairhurst S, Raymond V, Colleoni M, Davis D, Estellés H, Haster CJ, Helmling-Cornell A, Husa S, Keitel D, Massinger TJ, Menéndez-Vázquez A, Mogushi K, Ossokine S, Payne E, Pratten G, Romero-Shaw I, Sadiq J, Schmidt P, Tenorio R, Udall R, Veitch J, Williams D, Yelikar AB, Zimmerman A. General-relativistic precession in a black-hole binary. Nature 2022; 610:652-655. [PMID: 36224390 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The general-relativistic phenomenon of spin-induced orbital precession has not yet been observed in strong-field gravity. Gravitational-wave observations of binary black holes (BBHs) are prime candidates, as we expect the astrophysical binary population to contain precessing binaries1,2. Imprints of precession have been investigated in several signals3-5, but no definitive identification of orbital precession has been reported in any of the 84 BBH observations so far5-7 by the Advanced LIGO and Virgo detectors8,9. Here we report the measurement of strong-field precession in the LIGO-Virgo-Kagra gravitational-wave signal GW200129. The binary's orbit precesses at a rate ten orders of magnitude faster than previous weak-field measurements from binary pulsars10-13. We also find that the primary black hole is probably highly spinning. According to current binary population estimates, a GW200129-like signal is extremely unlikely, and therefore presents a direct challenge to many current binary-formation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hannam
- Gravity Exploration Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Charlie Hoy
- Gravity Exploration Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | - Vivien Raymond
- Gravity Exploration Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marta Colleoni
- Departament de Física, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
| | - Derek Davis
- LIGO Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Héctor Estellés
- Departament de Física, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
| | - Carl-Johan Haster
- LIGO Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambirdge, MA, USA
| | | | - Sascha Husa
- Departament de Física, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
| | - David Keitel
- Departament de Física, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
| | - T J Massinger
- LIGO Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambirdge, MA, USA
| | - Alexis Menéndez-Vázquez
- Institut de Fìsica d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kentaro Mogushi
- Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - Serguei Ossokine
- Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ethan Payne
- LIGO Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Geraint Pratten
- Institute for Gravitational Wave Astronomy and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Isobel Romero-Shaw
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,OzGrav: The ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jam Sadiq
- Instituto Galego de Fisica de Altas Enerxias, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Patricia Schmidt
- Institute for Gravitational Wave Astronomy and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rodrigo Tenorio
- Departament de Física, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
| | - Richard Udall
- LIGO Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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Abstract
The discovery of the first binary pulsar in 1974 has opened up a completely new field of experimental gravity. In numerous important ways, pulsars have taken precision gravity tests quantitatively and qualitatively beyond the weak-field slow-motion regime of the Solar System. Apart from the first verification of the existence of gravitational waves, binary pulsars for the first time gave us the possibility to study the dynamics of strongly self-gravitating bodies with high precision. To date there are several radio pulsars known which can be utilized for precision tests of gravity. Depending on their orbital properties and the nature of their companion, these pulsars probe various different predictions of general relativity and its alternatives in the mildly relativistic strong-field regime. In many aspects, pulsar tests are complementary to other present and upcoming gravity experiments, like gravitational-wave observatories or the Event Horizon Telescope. This review gives an introduction to gravity tests with radio pulsars and its theoretical foundations, highlights some of the most important results, and gives a brief outlook into the future of this important field of experimental gravity.
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3
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Feola P, Forteza XJ, Capozziello S, Cianci R, Vignolo S. Mass-radius relation for neutron stars in
f(R)=R+αR2
gravity: A comparison between purely metric and torsion formulations. Int J Clin Exp Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.101.044037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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4
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Desvignes G, Kramer M, Lee K, van Leeuwen J, Stairs I, Jessner A, Cognard I, Kasian L, Lyne A, Stappers BW. Radio emission from a pulsar's magnetic pole revealed by general relativity. Science 2019; 365:1013-1017. [PMID: 31488685 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav7272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Binary pulsars are affected by general relativity (GR), causing the spin axis of each pulsar to precess. We present polarimetric radio observations of the pulsar PSR J1906+0746 that demonstrate the validity of the geometrical model of pulsar polarization. We reconstruct the (sky-projected) polarization emission map over the pulsar's magnetic pole and predict the disappearance of the detectable emission by 2028. Two tests of GR are performed using this system, including the spin precession for strongly self-gravitating bodies. We constrain the relativistic treatment of the pulsar polarization model and measure the pulsar beaming fraction, with implications for the population of neutron stars and the expected rate of neutron star mergers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Desvignes
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel, 69 D-53121 Bonn, Germany. .,Laboratoire d'Études Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris-Sciences-et-Lettres, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
| | - Michael Kramer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel, 69 D-53121 Bonn, Germany.,Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Kejia Lee
- Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Joeri van Leeuwen
- ASTRON, The Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands.,Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Stairs
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Axel Jessner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel, 69 D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ismaël Cognard
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université d'Orléans, F-45071 Orléans, France.,Station de radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers, F-18330 Nançay, France
| | - Laura Kasian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Andrew Lyne
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Ben W Stappers
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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5
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Barack L, Pound A. Self-force and radiation reaction in general relativity. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2019; 82:016904. [PMID: 30270849 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aae552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The detection of gravitational waves from binary black-hole mergers by the LIGO-Virgo Collaboration marks the dawn of an era when general-relativistic dynamics in its most extreme manifestation is directly accessible to observation. In the future, planned (space-based) observatories operating in the millihertz band will detect the intricate gravitational-wave signals from the inspiral of compact objects into massive black holes residing in galactic centers. Such inspiral events are extremely effective probes of black-hole geometries, offering unparalleled precision tests of general relativity in its most extreme regime. This prospect has in the past two decades motivated a programme to obtain an accurate theoretical model of the strong-field radiative dynamics in a two-body system with a small mass ratio. The problem naturally lends itself to a perturbative treatment based on a systematic expansion of the field equations in the small mass ratio. At leading order one has a pointlike particle moving in a geodesic orbit around the large black hole. At subsequent orders, interaction of the particle with its own gravitational perturbation gives rise to an effective 'self-force', which drives the radiative evolution of the orbit, and whose effects can be accounted for order by order in the mass ratio. This review surveys the theory of gravitational self-force in curved spacetime and its application to the astrophysical inspiral problem. We first lay the relevant formal foundation, describing the rigorous derivation of the equation of self-forced motion using matched asymptotic expansions and other ideas. We then review the progress that has been achieved in numerically calculating the self-force and its physical effects in astrophysically realistic inspiral scenarios. We highlight the way in which, nowadays, self-force calculations make a fruitful contact with other approaches to the two-body problem and help inform an accurate universal model of binary black hole inspirals, valid across all mass ratios. We conclude with a summary of the state of the art, open problems and prospects. Our review is aimed at non-specialist readers and is for the most part self-contained and non-technical; only elementary-level acquaintance with general relativity is assumed. Where useful, we draw on analogies with familiar concepts from Newtonian gravity or classical electrodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leor Barack
- Mathematical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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Abstract
AbstractFifty years of pulsars also mean fifty years of using them as tools to probe other phenomena and physics. One prominent example is the usage of pulsars to test theories of gravity. Probing the quasi-stationary strong-field regime, pulsars allow high precision tests that will maintain their importance even in the era of gravitation wave observations with ground-based detectors. This contribution summarise the methods and status of the field and provides a brief outlook into the future.
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Prospects of Constraining the Dense Matter Equation of State from Timing Analysis of Pulsars in Double Neutron Star Binaries: The Cases of PSR J0737 ‒ 3039A and PSR J1757 ‒ 1854. UNIVERSE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/universe4020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Cameron AD, Champion DJ, Kramer M, Bailes M, Barr ED, Bassa CG, Bhandari S, Bhat NDR, Burgay M, Burke-Spolaor S, Eatough RP, Flynn CML, Freire PCC, Jameson A, Johnston S, Karuppusamy R, Keith MJ, Levin L, Lorimer DR, Lyne AG, McLaughlin MA, Ng C, Petroff E, Possenti A, Ridolfi A, Stappers BW, van Straten W, Tauris TM, Tiburzi C, Wex N. The High Time Resolution Universe Pulsar Survey – XIII. PSR J1757−1854, the most accelerated binary pulsar. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/mnrasl/sly003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A D Cameron
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - D J Champion
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - M Kramer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Jodrell Bank Center for Astrophysics, University of Manchester, Alan Turing Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - M Bailes
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Mail H39, PO Box 218, VIC 3122, Australia
- ARC Center of Excellence for All-Sky Astronomy (CAASTRO), Swinburne University of Technology, Mail H30, PO Box 218, VIC 3122, Australia
- ARC Center of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery (OzGrav), Swinburne University of Technology, Mail H11, PO Box 218, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - E D Barr
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - C G Bassa
- ASTRON, the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, the Netherlands
| | - S Bhandari
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Mail H39, PO Box 218, VIC 3122, Australia
- ARC Center of Excellence for All-Sky Astronomy (CAASTRO), Swinburne University of Technology, Mail H30, PO Box 218, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - N D R Bhat
- ARC Center of Excellence for All-Sky Astronomy (CAASTRO), Swinburne University of Technology, Mail H30, PO Box 218, VIC 3122, Australia
- International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - M Burgay
- INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Via della Scienza 5, I-09047 Selargius (CA), Italy
| | - S Burke-Spolaor
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, PO Box 6315, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Center for Gravitational Waves and Cosmology, West Virginia University, Chestnut Ridge Research Building, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - R P Eatough
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - C M L Flynn
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Mail H39, PO Box 218, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - P C C Freire
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - A Jameson
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Mail H39, PO Box 218, VIC 3122, Australia
- ARC Center of Excellence for All-Sky Astronomy (CAASTRO), Swinburne University of Technology, Mail H30, PO Box 218, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - S Johnston
- CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science, Australia Telescope National Facility, PO Box 76, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia
| | - R Karuppusamy
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - M J Keith
- Jodrell Bank Center for Astrophysics, University of Manchester, Alan Turing Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - L Levin
- Jodrell Bank Center for Astrophysics, University of Manchester, Alan Turing Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - D R Lorimer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, PO Box 6315, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - A G Lyne
- Jodrell Bank Center for Astrophysics, University of Manchester, Alan Turing Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - M A McLaughlin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, PO Box 6315, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - C Ng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - E Petroff
- ASTRON, the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, the Netherlands
| | - A Possenti
- INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Via della Scienza 5, I-09047 Selargius (CA), Italy
| | - A Ridolfi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - B W Stappers
- Jodrell Bank Center for Astrophysics, University of Manchester, Alan Turing Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - W van Straten
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Mail H39, PO Box 218, VIC 3122, Australia
- ARC Center of Excellence for All-Sky Astronomy (CAASTRO), Swinburne University of Technology, Mail H30, PO Box 218, VIC 3122, Australia
- Institute for Radio Astronomy & Space Research, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - T M Tauris
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Argelander-Insitut für Astronomie, Universität Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 71, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - C Tiburzi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - N Wex
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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10
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11
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Del Pozzo W, Vecchio A. On tests of general relativity with binary radio pulsars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/mnrasl/slw116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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12
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van Leeuwen J, Kasian L, Stairs IH, Lorimer DR, Camilo F, Chatterjee S, Cognard I, Desvignes G, Freire PCC, Janssen GH, Kramer M, Lyne AG, Nice DJ, Ransom SM, Stappers BW, Weisberg JM. THE BINARY COMPANION OF YOUNG, RELATIVISTIC PULSAR J1906+0746. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/798/2/118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Chatziioannou K, Cornish N, Klein A, Yunes N. SPIN-PRECESSION: BREAKING THE BLACK HOLE-NEUTRON STAR DEGENERACY. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1088/2041-8205/798/1/l17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Will CM. The Confrontation between General Relativity and Experiment. LIVING REVIEWS IN RELATIVITY 2014; 17:4. [PMID: 28179848 PMCID: PMC5255900 DOI: 10.12942/lrr-2014-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The status of experimental tests of general relativity and of theoretical frameworks for analyzing them is reviewed and updated. Einstein's equivalence principle (EEP) is well supported by experiments such as the Eötvös experiment, tests of local Lorentz invariance and clock experiments. Ongoing tests of EEP and of the inverse square law are searching for new interactions arising from unification or quantum gravity. Tests of general relativity at the post-Newtonian level have reached high precision, including the light deflection, the Shapiro time delay, the perihelion advance of Mercury, the Nordtvedt effect in lunar motion, and frame-dragging. Gravitational wave damping has been detected in an amount that agrees with general relativity to better than half a percent using the Hulse-Taylor binary pulsar, and a growing family of other binary pulsar systems is yielding new tests, especially of strong-field effects. Current and future tests of relativity will center on strong gravity and gravitational waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford M. Will
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
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15
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Murphy TW. Lunar laser ranging: the millimeter challenge. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2013; 76:076901. [PMID: 23764926 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/76/7/076901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Lunar laser ranging has provided many of the best tests of gravitation since the first Apollo astronauts landed on the Moon. The march to higher precision continues to this day, now entering the millimeter regime, and promising continued improvement in scientific results. This review introduces key aspects of the technique, details the motivations, observables, and results for a variety of science objectives, summarizes the current state of the art, highlights new developments in the field, describes the modeling challenges, and looks to the future of the enterprise.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Murphy
- Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0424, USA.
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17
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Clifton T, Barrow JD. Observational constraints on the completeness of space near astrophysical objects. Int J Clin Exp Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.81.063006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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D'Amico N. Pinpointing Gravity. Science 2009; 323:1299-300. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1170936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò D'Amico
- Observatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, National Institute for Astrophysics, Loc. Poggio dei Pini, Strada 54, Capoterra, I-09012 Italy
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