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Kasinathan D, Guo Z, Sarver DC, Wong GW, Yun S, Michels AW, Yu L, Sona C, Poy MN, Golson ML, Fu D. Cell-Surface ZnT8 Antibody Prevents and Reverses Autoimmune Diabetes in Mice. Diabetes 2024; 73:806-818. [PMID: 38387059 PMCID: PMC11043063 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease in which pathogenic lymphocytes target autoantigens expressed in pancreatic islets, leading to the destruction of insulin-producing β-cells. Zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) is a major autoantigen abundantly present on the β-cell surface. This unique molecular target offers the potential to shield β-cells against autoimmune attacks in T1D. Our previous work showed that a monoclonal antibody (mAb43) against cell-surface ZnT8 could home in on pancreatic islets and prevent autoantibodies from recognizing β-cells. This study demonstrates that mAb43 binds to exocytotic sites on the β-cell surface, masking the antigenic exposure of ZnT8 and insulin after glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. In vivo administration of mAb43 to NOD mice selectively increased the proportion of regulatory T cells in the islet, resulting in complete and sustained protection against T1D onset as well as reversal of new-onset diabetes. The mAb43-induced self-tolerance was reversible after treatment cessation, and no adverse effects were exhibited during long-term monitoring. Our findings suggest that mAb43 masking of the antigenic exposure of β-cells suppresses the immunological cascade from B-cell antigen presentation to T cell-mediated β-cell destruction, providing a novel islet-targeted and antigen-specific immunotherapy to prevent and reverse clinical T1D. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi Kasinathan
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Zheng Guo
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Dylan C. Sarver
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - G. William Wong
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Shumei Yun
- Office of Graduate Medical Education, University of Maryland Medical System, Largo, MD
| | - Aaron W. Michels
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Liping Yu
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Chandan Sona
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, St. Petersburg, FL
| | - Matthew N. Poy
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, St. Petersburg, FL
| | - Maria L. Golson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Dax Fu
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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2
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Gu CC, Matter A, Turner A, Aggarwal P, Yang W, Sun X, Hunt SC, Lewis CE, Arnett DK, Anson B, Kattman S, Broeckel U. Transcriptional Variabilities in Human hiPSC-derived Cardiomyocytes: All Genes Are Not Equal and Their Robustness May Foretell Donor's Disease Susceptibility. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.18.584138. [PMID: 38659937 PMCID: PMC11042381 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.18.584138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are frequently used to study disease-associated variations. We characterized transcriptional variability from a hiPSC-derived cardiomyocyte (hiPSC-CM) study of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) using donor samples from the HyperGEN study. Multiple hiPSC-CM differentiations over reprogramming events (iPSC generation) across 7 donors were used to assess variabilities from reprogramming, differentiation, and donor LVH status. Variability arising from pathological alterations was assessed using a cardiac stimulant applied to the hiPSC-CMs to trigger hypertrophic responses. We found that for most genes (73.3%~85.5%), technical variability was smaller than biological variability. Further, we identified and characterized lists of "noise" genes showing greater technical variability and "signal" genes showing greater biological variability. Together, they support a "genetic robustness" hypothesis of disease-modeling whereby cellular response to relevant stimuli in hiPSC-derived somatic cells from diseased donors tends to show more transcriptional variability. Our findings suggest that hiPSC-CMs can provide a valid model for cardiac hypertrophy and distinguish between technical and disease-relevant transcriptional changes.
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3
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Masuda M, Horinaka M, Yasuda S, Morita M, Nishimoto E, Ishikawa H, Mutoh M, Sakai T. Discovery of cancer-preventive juices reactivating RB functions. Environ Health Prev Med 2023; 28:54. [PMID: 37743524 PMCID: PMC10519803 DOI: 10.1265/ehpm.23-00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advances have been achieved in the genetic diagnosis and therapies against malignancies due to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying carcinogenesis. Since active preventive methods are currently insufficient, the further development of appropriate preventive strategies is desired. METHODS We searched for drinks that reactivate the functions of tumor-suppressor retinoblastoma gene (RB) products and exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. We also examined whether lactic acid bacteria increased the production of the cancer-specific anti-tumor cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), in human, and examined whether the RB-reactivating drinks with lactic acid bacteria decreased azoxymethane-induced rat colon aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and aberrant crypts (ACs) in vivo. RESULTS Kakadu plum juice and pomegranate juice reactivated RB functions, which inhibited the growth of human colon cancer LIM1215 cells by G1 phase arrest. These juices also exerted anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Lactiplantibacillus (L.) pentosus S-PT84 was administered to human volunteers and increased the production of TRAIL. In an in vivo study, Kakadu plum juice with or without pomegranate juice and S-PT84 significantly decreased azoxymethane-induced rat colon ACF and ACs. CONCLUSIONS RB is one of the most important molecules suppressing carcinogenesis, and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that natural drinks reactivated the functions of RB. As expected, Kakadu plum juice and pomegranate juice suppressed the growth of LIM1215 cells by reactivating the functions of RB, and Kakadu plum juice with or without pomegranate juice and S-PT84 inhibited rat colon ACF and ACs. Therefore, this mixed juice has potential as a novel candidate for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuharu Masuda
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Mano Horinaka
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Shusuke Yasuda
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Mie Morita
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Emi Nishimoto
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Hideki Ishikawa
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Michihiro Mutoh
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Toshiyuki Sakai
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
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4
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Kobaisi F, Fayyad N, Sulpice E, Badran B, Fayyad-Kazan H, Rachidi W, Gidrol X. High-throughput synthetic rescue for exhaustive characterization of suppressor mutations in human genes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:4209-4222. [PMID: 32270227 PMCID: PMC7588364 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03519-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inherited or acquired mutations can lead to pathological outcomes. However, in a process defined as synthetic rescue, phenotypic outcome created by primary mutation is alleviated by suppressor mutations. An exhaustive characterization of these mutations in humans is extremely valuable to better comprehend why patients carrying the same detrimental mutation exhibit different pathological outcomes or different responses to treatment. Here, we first review all known suppressor mutations' mechanisms characterized by genetic screens on model species like yeast or flies. However, human suppressor mutations are scarce, despite some being discovered based on orthologue genes. Because of recent advances in high-throughput screening, developing an inventory of human suppressor mutations for pathological processes seems achievable. In addition, we review several screening methods for suppressor mutations in cultured human cells through knock-out, knock-down or random mutagenesis screens on large scale. We provide examples of studies published over the past years that opened new therapeutic avenues, particularly in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Kobaisi
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, IRIG-BGE U1038, 38000, Grenoble, France
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
- University of Grenoble Alpes, SYMMES/CIBEST UMR 5819 UGA-CNRS-CEA, IRIG/CEA-Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Nour Fayyad
- University of Grenoble Alpes, SYMMES/CIBEST UMR 5819 UGA-CNRS-CEA, IRIG/CEA-Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Sulpice
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, IRIG-BGE U1038, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Bassam Badran
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Hussein Fayyad-Kazan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Walid Rachidi
- University of Grenoble Alpes, SYMMES/CIBEST UMR 5819 UGA-CNRS-CEA, IRIG/CEA-Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Xavier Gidrol
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, IRIG-BGE U1038, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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5
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Genç Ö, An JY, Fetter RD, Kulik Y, Zunino G, Sanders SJ, Davis GW. Homeostatic plasticity fails at the intersection of autism-gene mutations and a novel class of common genetic modifiers. eLife 2020; 9:55775. [PMID: 32609087 PMCID: PMC7394548 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We identify a set of common phenotypic modifiers that interact with five independent autism gene orthologs (RIMS1, CHD8, CHD2, WDFY3, ASH1L) causing a common failure of presynaptic homeostatic plasticity (PHP) in Drosophila. Heterozygous null mutations in each autism gene are demonstrated to have normal baseline neurotransmission and PHP. However, PHP is sensitized and rendered prone to failure. A subsequent electrophysiology-based genetic screen identifies the first known heterozygous mutations that commonly genetically interact with multiple ASD gene orthologs, causing PHP to fail. Two phenotypic modifiers identified in the screen, PDPK1 and PPP2R5D, are characterized. Finally, transcriptomic, ultrastructural and electrophysiological analyses define one mechanism by which PHP fails; an unexpected, maladaptive up-regulation of CREG, a conserved, neuronally expressed, stress response gene and a novel repressor of PHP. Thus, we define a novel genetic landscape by which diverse, unrelated autism risk genes may converge to commonly affect the robustness of synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özgür Genç
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Joon-Yong An
- Department of Psychiatry UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Richard D Fetter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Yelena Kulik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Giulia Zunino
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Stephan J Sanders
- Department of Psychiatry UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Graeme W Davis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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6
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Goff DC, Buxton DB, Pearson GD, Wei GS, Gosselin TE, Addou EA, Stoney CM, Desvigne-Nickens P, Srinivas PR, Galis ZS, Pratt C, Kit KBK, Maric-Bilkan C, Nicastro HL, Wong RP, Sachdev V, Chen J, Fine L. Implementing the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Strategic Vision in the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences. Circ Res 2019; 124:491-497. [PMID: 31031412 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.314338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As we commemorate the 70th Anniversary of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) and celebrate important milestones that have been achieved by the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences (DCVS), it is imperative that DCVS and the Extramural Research community at-large continue to address critical public health challenges that persist within the area of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD). The NHLBI's Strategic Vision, developed with extensive input from the extramural research community and published in 2016, included overarching goals and strategic objectives that serve to provide a general blueprint for sustaining the legacy of the Institute by leveraging opportunities in emerging scientific areas (e.g., regenerative medicine, omics technology, data science, precision medicine, and mobile health), finding new ways to address enduring challenges (e.g., social determinants of health, health inequities, prevention, and health promotion), and training the next generation of heart, lung, blood, and sleep researchers. DCVS has developed a strategic vision implementation plan to provide a cardiovascular framing for the pursuit of the Institute's overarching goals and strategic objectives garnered from the input of the broader NHLBI community. This plan highlights six scientific focus areas that demonstrate a cross-cutting and multifaceted approach to addressing cardiovascular sciences, including 1) addressing social determinants of cardiovascular health (CVH) and health inequities, 2) enhancing resilience, 3) promoting CVH and preventing CVD Across the lifespan, 4) eliminating hypertension-related CVD, 5) reducing the burden of heart failure, and 6) preventing vascular dementia. These priorities will guide our efforts in Institute-driven activities in the coming years but will not exclude development of other novel ideas or the support of investigator-initiated grant awards. The DCVS Strategic Vision implementation plan is a living document that will evolve with iterative dialogue with the NHLBI community and adapt as the dynamic scientific landscape changes to seize emerging opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David C Goff
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 6701 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Denis B Buxton
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 6701 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Gail D Pearson
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 6701 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Gina S Wei
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 6701 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Teri E Gosselin
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 6701 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ebyan A Addou
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 6701 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Catherine M Stoney
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 6701 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Patrice Desvigne-Nickens
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 6701 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Pothur R Srinivas
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 6701 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Zorina S Galis
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 6701 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Charlotte Pratt
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 6701 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kit Brian K Kit
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 6701 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Christine Maric-Bilkan
- Currently with the Division of Urology, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 6707 Democracy Boulevard, Bethesda MD 20892
| | - Holly L Nicastro
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 6701 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Renee P Wong
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 6701 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Vandana Sachdev
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 6701 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jue Chen
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 6701 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Lawrence Fine
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 6701 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892
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7
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Suda K, Nakaoka H, Yoshihara K, Ishiguro T, Tamura R, Mori Y, Yamawaki K, Adachi S, Takahashi T, Kase H, Tanaka K, Yamamoto T, Motoyama T, Inoue I, Enomoto T. Clonal Expansion and Diversification of Cancer-Associated Mutations in Endometriosis and Normal Endometrium. Cell Rep 2019; 24:1777-1789. [PMID: 30110635 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is characterized by ectopic endometrial-like epithelium and stroma, of which molecular characteristics remain to be fully elucidated. We sequenced 107 ovarian endometriotic and 82 normal uterine endometrial epithelium samples isolated by laser microdissection. In both endometriotic and normal epithelium samples, numerous somatic mutations were identified within genes frequently mutated in endometriosis-associated ovarian cancers. KRAS is frequently mutated in endometriotic epithelium, with a higher mutant allele frequency (MAF) accompanied by arm-level allelic imbalances. Analyses of MAF, combined with multiregional sequencing, illuminated spatiotemporal evolution of the endometriosis and uterine endometrium genomes. We sequenced 109 single endometrial glands and found that each gland carried distinct cancer-associated mutations, demonstrating the heterogeneity of the genomic architecture of endometrial epithelium. Remarkable increases in MAF of mutations in cancer-associated genes in endometriotic epithelium suggest retrograde flow of endometrial cells already harboring cancer-associated mutations, with selective advantages at ectopic sites, leading to the development of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Suda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nakaoka
- Division of Human Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
| | - Kosuke Yoshihara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Ishiguro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Ryo Tamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yutaro Mori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Kaoru Yamawaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Sosuke Adachi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoko Takahashi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kase
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagaoka Chuo General Hospital, Nagaoka 940-8653, Japan
| | - Kenichi Tanaka
- Niigata Medical Center Hospital, Niigata 950-2022, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamoto
- COI-s Biofluid Biomarker Center, Institute of Research Collaboration and Promotion, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Teiichi Motoyama
- Department of Molecular and Diagnostic Pathology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Ituro Inoue
- Division of Human Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Enomoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
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8
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Lotta LA, Mokrosiński J, Mendes de Oliveira E, Li C, Sharp SJ, Luan J, Brouwers B, Ayinampudi V, Bowker N, Kerrison N, Kaimakis V, Hoult D, Stewart ID, Wheeler E, Day FR, Perry JRB, Langenberg C, Wareham NJ, Farooqi IS. Human Gain-of-Function MC4R Variants Show Signaling Bias and Protect against Obesity. Cell 2019; 177:597-607.e9. [PMID: 31002796 PMCID: PMC6476272 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) is a G protein-coupled receptor whose disruption causes obesity. We functionally characterized 61 MC4R variants identified in 0.5 million people from UK Biobank and examined their associations with body mass index (BMI) and obesity-related cardiometabolic diseases. We found that the maximal efficacy of β-arrestin recruitment to MC4R, rather than canonical Gαs-mediated cyclic adenosine-monophosphate production, explained 88% of the variance in the association of MC4R variants with BMI. While most MC4R variants caused loss of function, a subset caused gain of function; these variants were associated with significantly lower BMI and lower odds of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and coronary artery disease. Protective associations were driven by MC4R variants exhibiting signaling bias toward β-arrestin recruitment and increased mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation. Harnessing β-arrestin-biased MC4R signaling may represent an effective strategy for weight loss and the treatment of obesity-related cardiometabolic diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Body Mass Index
- Coronary Artery Disease/complications
- Coronary Artery Disease/metabolism
- Coronary Artery Disease/pathology
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Databases, Factual
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Female
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/metabolism
- Gain of Function Mutation/genetics
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genotype
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/pathology
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/chemistry
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/genetics
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- beta-Arrestins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca A Lotta
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Jacek Mokrosiński
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Edson Mendes de Oliveira
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Chen Li
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stephen J Sharp
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jian'an Luan
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Bas Brouwers
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Vikram Ayinampudi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nicholas Bowker
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nicola Kerrison
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Vasileios Kaimakis
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Diana Hoult
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Isobel D Stewart
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Eleanor Wheeler
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Felix R Day
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - John R B Perry
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - I Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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9
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Merriman C, Li H, Li H, Fu D. Highly specific monoclonal antibodies for allosteric inhibition and immunodetection of the human pancreatic zinc transporter ZnT8. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:16206-16216. [PMID: 30181214 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Solute carrier family 30 member 8 (SLC30A8), encoding the pancreatic zinc transporter ZnT8, is a susceptibility gene for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Reducing ZnT8 transport activity or down-regulating its cellular expression is hypothesized to be an antidiabetogenic strategy mimicking the protective effect of SLC30A8 haploinsufficiency in humans. However, research tools to inhibit ZnT8 activity and measure cellular ZnT8 levels are not available. Here, we report the identification of two anti-ZnT8 mAbs applicable to addressing these unmet needs. Both mAbs exhibited subnanomolar affinities for human ZnT8 and were selective against homologous zinc transporters with distinct cross-species reactivities and epitope recognition. We showed that antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) protected ZnT8 from unfolding and inhibited ZnT8-mediated zinc transport in proteoliposomes. Negative-stain EM revealed a ternary binding complex of a ZnT8 monomer and two different Fabs at a 1:1:1 stoichiometry. Moreover, dual bindings of two different mAbs to a single ZnT8 protein multiplied the individual anti-ZnT8 specificities, enabling quantification of cellular ZnT8 levels by homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF). Our results demonstrate the utilities of the two generated mAbs as allosteric inhibitors and highly specific biosensors of human ZnT8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfeng Merriman
- From the Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 and
| | - Hua Li
- the Cryo-EM Structural Biology Laboratory, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503
| | - Huilin Li
- the Cryo-EM Structural Biology Laboratory, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503
| | - Dax Fu
- From the Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 and
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10
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Abstract
Precision medicine is an integrative approach to cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment that considers an individual's genetics, lifestyle, and exposures as determinants of their cardiovascular health and disease phenotypes. This focus overcomes the limitations of reductionism in medicine, which presumes that all patients with the same signs of disease share a common pathophenotype and, therefore, should be treated similarly. Precision medicine incorporates standard clinical and health record data with advanced panomics (ie, transcriptomics, epigenomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiomics) for deep phenotyping. These phenotypic data can then be analyzed within the framework of molecular interaction (interactome) networks to uncover previously unrecognized disease phenotypes and relationships between diseases, and to select pharmacotherapeutics or identify potential protein-drug or drug-drug interactions. In this review, we discuss the current spectrum of cardiovascular health and disease, population averages and the response of extreme phenotypes to interventions, and population-based versus high-risk treatment strategies as a pretext to understanding a precision medicine approach to cardiovascular disease prevention and therapeutic interventions. We also consider the search for resilience and Mendelian disease genes and argue against the theory of a single causal gene/gene product as a mediator of the cardiovascular disease phenotype, as well as an Erlichian magic bullet to solve cardiovascular disease. Finally, we detail the importance of deep phenotyping and interactome networks and the use of this information for rational polypharmacy. These topics highlight the urgent need for precise phenotyping to advance precision medicine as a strategy to improve cardiovascular health and prevent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Leopold
- From the Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Joseph Loscalzo
- From the Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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11
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Schiaffino S. Knockout of human muscle genes revealed by large scale whole-exome studies. Mol Genet Metab 2018; 123:411-415. [PMID: 29452748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Large scale whole-exome sequence studies have revealed that a number of individuals from different populations have predicted loss-of-function of different genes due to nonsense, frameshift, or canonical splice-site mutations. Surprisingly, many of these mutations do not apparently show the deleterious phenotypic consequences expected from gene knockout. These homozygous null mutations, when confirmed, can provide insight into human gene function and suggest novel approaches to correct gene dysfunction, as the lack of the expected disease phenotype may reflect the existence of modifier genes that reveal potential therapeutic targets. Human knockouts complement the information derived from mouse knockouts, which are not always good models of human disease. We have examined human knockout datasets searching for genes expressed exclusively or predominantly in striated muscle. A number of well-known muscle genes was found in one or more datasets, including genes coding for sarcomeric myosins, components of the sarcomeric cytoskeleton, sarcoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane, and enzymes involved in muscle metabolism. The surprising absence of phenotype in some of these human knockouts is critically discussed, focusing on the comparison with the corresponding mouse knockouts.
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12
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Lacaze P, Woods R, Zoungas S, McNeil J. The genomic potential of the Aspirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly and Statins in Reducing Events in the Elderly studies. Intern Med J 2017; 47:461-463. [PMID: 28401726 DOI: 10.1111/imj.13384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human genetic studies are continuing to increase in size and scale, but the availability of well-phenotyped longitudinal cohorts remains rare. Significant infrastructure, investment and effort are required to establish and maintain high-quality cohorts with biobanking, genetic consent and repeated clinical data measurements. Australia currently has two such cohorts established by Monash University as part of community-based clinical trials in the elderly. Both studies involve capture of demographic, mood, cognitive performance, physical function, neuroimaging, audiometry and various clinical data types over an average of 5 years. The ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) cohort is comprised of 16 703 Australians aged over 70 years and 2411 Americans aged over 65 years - recruited and randomised to either daily low-dose aspirin or placebo to examine the preventative benefit of aspirin on a range of clinical outcomes. The STAtins in Reducing Events in the Elderly (STAREE) study uses a similar model, and is currently recruiting 10 000 men and women aged over 70 years across Australia randomised to either low-dose statins or placebo. Both cohorts involve biobanking and consent for genetic research, with recruitment through a network of general practitioners in the community. A combination of whole-genome and targeted sequencing approaches will allow gene-phenotype relationships to be explored within the context of detailed longitudinal data. Genetic risk factors for late-onset high-burden conditions, such as cardiovascular disease and dementia will be investigated, plus research into other areas, such as healthy ageing and disease resilience will be possible due to unique phenotypes of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lacaze
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robyn Woods
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sophia Zoungas
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John McNeil
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Dimitriadou E, Melotte C, Debrock S, Esteki MZ, Dierickx K, Voet T, Devriendt K, de Ravel T, Legius E, Peeraer K, Meuleman C, Vermeesch JR. Principles guiding embryo selection following genome-wide haplotyping of preimplantation embryos. Hum Reprod 2017; 32:687-697. [PMID: 28158716 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dex011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION How to select and prioritize embryos during PGD following genome-wide haplotyping? SUMMARY ANSWER In addition to genetic disease-specific information, the embryo selected for transfer is based on ranking criteria including the existence of mitotic and/or meiotic aneuploidies, but not carriership of mutations causing recessive disorders. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Embryo selection for monogenic diseases has been mainly performed using targeted disease-specific assays. Recently, these targeted approaches are being complemented by generic genome-wide genetic analysis methods such as karyomapping or haplarithmisis, which are based on genomic haplotype reconstruction of cell(s) biopsied from embryos. This provides not only information about the inheritance of Mendelian disease alleles but also about numerical and structural chromosome anomalies and haplotypes genome-wide. Reflections on how to use this information in the diagnostic laboratory are lacking. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION We present the results of the first 101 PGD cycles (373 embryos) using haplarithmisis, performed in the Centre for Human Genetics, UZ Leuven. The questions raised were addressed by a multidisciplinary team of clinical geneticist, fertility specialists and ethicists. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Sixty-three couples enrolled in the genome-wide haplotyping-based PGD program. Families presented with either inherited genetic variants causing known disorders and/or chromosomal rearrangements that could lead to unbalanced translocations in the offspring. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Embryos were selected based on the absence or presence of the disease allele, a trisomy or other chromosomal abnormality leading to known developmental disorders. In addition, morphologically normal Day 5 embryos were prioritized for transfer based on the presence of other chromosomal imbalances and/or carrier information. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Some of the choices made and principles put forward are specific for cleavage-stage-based genetic testing. The proposed guidelines are subject to continuous update based on the accumulating knowledge from the implementation of genome-wide methods for PGD in many different centers world-wide as well as the results of ongoing scientific research. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our embryo selection principles have a profound impact on the organization of PGD operations and on the information that is transferred among the genetic unit, the fertility clinic and the patients. These principles are also important for the organization of pre- and post-counseling and influence the interpretation and reporting of preimplantation genotyping results. As novel genome-wide approaches for embryo selection are revolutionizing the field of reproductive genetics, national and international discussions to set general guidelines are warranted. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The European Union's Research and Innovation funding programs FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IAPP SARM: 324509 and Horizon 2020 WIDENLIFE: 692065 to J.R.V., T.V., E.D. and M.Z.E. J.R.V., T.V. and M.Z.E. have patents ZL910050-PCT/EP2011/060211-WO/2011/157846 ('Methods for haplotyping single cells') with royalties paid and ZL913096-PCT/EP2014/068315-WO/2015/028576 ('Haplotyping and copy-number typing using polymorphic variant allelic frequencies') with royalties paid, licensed to Cartagenia (Agilent technologies). J.R.V. also has a patent ZL91 2076-PCT/EP20 one 3/070858 ('High throughout genotyping by sequencing') with royalties paid. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eftychia Dimitriadou
- Department of Human Genetics, Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, O&N I Herestraat 49 - box 602, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cindy Melotte
- Department of Human Genetics, Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, O&N I Herestraat 49 - box 602, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sophie Debrock
- University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven University Fertility Center, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Masoud Zamani Esteki
- Department of Human Genetics, Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, O&N I Herestraat 49 - box 602, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kris Dierickx
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics and Law, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thierry Voet
- Department of Human Genetics, Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, O&N I Herestraat 49 - box 602, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Single-cell Genomics Centre, Welcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Department of Human Genetics, Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, O&N I Herestraat 49 - box 602, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomy de Ravel
- Department of Human Genetics, Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, O&N I Herestraat 49 - box 602, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eric Legius
- Department of Human Genetics, Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, O&N I Herestraat 49 - box 602, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karen Peeraer
- University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven University Fertility Center, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christel Meuleman
- University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven University Fertility Center, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris Robert Vermeesch
- Department of Human Genetics, Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, O&N I Herestraat 49 - box 602, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Bal-Price A, Meek MEB. Adverse outcome pathways: Application to enhance mechanistic understanding of neurotoxicity. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 179:84-95. [PMID: 28529068 PMCID: PMC5869951 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments have prompted the transition of empirically based testing of late stage toxicity in animals for a range of different endpoints including neurotoxicity to more efficient and predictive mechanistically based approaches with greater emphasis on measurable key events early in the progression of disease. The adverse outcome pathway (AOP) has been proposed as a simplified organizational construct to contribute to this transition by linking molecular initiating events and earlier (more predictive) key events at lower levels of biological organization to disease outcomes. As such, AOPs are anticipated to facilitate the compilation of information to increase mechanistic understanding of pathophysiological pathways that are responsible for human disease. In this review, the sequence of key events resulting in adverse outcome (AO) defined as parkinsonian motor impairment and learning and memory deficit in children, triggered by exposure to environmental chemicals has been briefly described using the AOP framework. These AOPs follow convention adopted in an Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) AOP development program, publically available, to permit tailored application of AOPs for a range of different purposes. Due to the complexity of disease pathways, including neurodegenerative disorders, a specific symptom of the disease (e.g. parkinsonian motor deficit) is considered as the AO in a developed AOP. Though the description is necessarily limited by the extent of current knowledge, additional characterization of involved pathways through description of related AOPs interlinked into networks for the same disease has potential to contribute to more holistic and mechanistic understanding of the pathophysiological pathways involved, possibly leading to the mechanism-based reclassification of diseases, thus facilitating more personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bal-Price
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Directorate F - Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Ispra, Italy.
| | - M E Bette Meek
- McLaughlin Centre for Risk Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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15
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Efthimiou O, Allison ST. Heroism Science: Frameworks for an Emerging Field. JOURNAL OF HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0022167817708063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article outlines the conceptual framework for a new science focused on heroism using multiple perspectives to generate a science that is explicitly in service to humanity. The role of heroism as a case study for deviant interdisciplinarity, heroism science as storytelling and story revising, and its impacts for research and communities are considered. The primary concern of the deviant agenda of heroism science is the unity of knowledge and the testability of narrative-driven scientific inquiry. In this agenda, science as “episteme” and heroism are unified in their core epistemic function. Heroism science is posited as a prime candidate for promoting science as enabler for improving the world, based on Hefner’s concept of embodied science, and a nonlinear, open, and participatory model of science. Contemporary heroism research trends across the disciplines are mapped in a preliminary taxonomy of peak, emerging, and low subfields of research activity. Heroism science is defined as a nascent multiple disciplinary field which seeks to reconceptualize heroism and its correlates through a close examination of the origins, types, and processes of these interrelated phenomena.
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16
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Vanyukov MM, Tarter RE, Conway KP, Kirillova GP, Chandler RK, Daley DC. Risk and resistance perspectives in translation-oriented etiology research. Transl Behav Med 2016; 6:44-54. [PMID: 27012252 DOI: 10.1007/s13142-015-0355-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk for a disorder and the mechanisms that determine its elevation, risk factors, are the focus of medical research. Targeting risk factors should serve the goal of prevention and treatment intervention. Risk, however, is but one of the aspects of liability to a disorder, a latent trait that encompasses effects of all factors leading to or from the diagnostic threshold. The coequal but opposite aspect of liability is resistance to a disorder. The factors that increase resistance and thus enable prevention or recovery may differ from those that elevate risk. Accordingly, there are nontrivial differences between research perspectives that focus on risk and on resistance. This article shows how this distinction translates into goals and methods of research and practice, from the choice of potential mechanisms tested to the results sought in intervention. The resistance concept also differs from those of "resilience" and "protective factors," subsuming but not limited to them. The implications of the concept are discussed using substance use disorder as an example and substantiate the need for biomedical research and its translation to shift to the resistance perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Vanyukov
- University of Pittsburgh, 3520 Forbes Ave., Suite 203, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Ralph E Tarter
- University of Pittsburgh, 3520 Forbes Ave., Suite 203, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Kevin P Conway
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Galina P Kirillova
- University of Pittsburgh, 3520 Forbes Ave., Suite 203, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Redonna K Chandler
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dennis C Daley
- University of Pittsburgh, 3520 Forbes Ave., Suite 203, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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17
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Johnston-Cox H, Björkegren JL, Kovacic JC. Genetics and Pharmacogenetics in Interventional Cardiology. Interv Cardiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118983652.ch48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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18
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Chen R, Shi L, Hakenberg J, Naughton B, Sklar P, Zhang J, Zhou H, Tian L, Prakash O, Lemire M, Sleiman P, Cheng WY, Chen W, Shah H, Shen Y, Fromer M, Omberg L, Deardorff MA, Zackai E, Bobe JR, Levin E, Hudson TJ, Groop L, Wang J, Hakonarson H, Wojcicki A, Diaz GA, Edelmann L, Schadt EE, Friend SH. Analysis of 589,306 genomes identifies individuals resilient to severe Mendelian childhood diseases. Nat Biotechnol 2016; 34:531-8. [PMID: 27065010 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies of human disease have traditionally focused on the detection of disease-causing mutations in afflicted individuals. Here we describe a complementary approach that seeks to identify healthy individuals resilient to highly penetrant forms of genetic childhood disorders. A comprehensive screen of 874 genes in 589,306 genomes led to the identification of 13 adults harboring mutations for 8 severe Mendelian conditions, with no reported clinical manifestation of the indicated disease. Our findings demonstrate the promise of broadening genetic studies to systematically search for well individuals who are buffering the effects of rare, highly penetrant, deleterious mutations. They also indicate that incomplete penetrance for Mendelian diseases is likely more common than previously believed. The identification of resilient individuals may provide a first step toward uncovering protective genetic variants that could help elucidate the mechanisms of Mendelian diseases and new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Chen
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lisong Shi
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jörg Hakenberg
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Pamela Sklar
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Lifeng Tian
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Om Prakash
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes &Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Center, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Mathieu Lemire
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick Sleiman
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wei-Yi Cheng
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Hardik Shah
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Menachem Fromer
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Matthew A Deardorff
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elaine Zackai
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jason R Bobe
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elissa Levin
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas J Hudson
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes &Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Center, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - George A Diaz
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lisa Edelmann
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eric E Schadt
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stephen H Friend
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, Washington, USA
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19
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Narasimhan VM, Xue Y, Tyler-Smith C. Human Knockout Carriers: Dead, Diseased, Healthy, or Improved? Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:341-351. [PMID: 26988438 PMCID: PMC4826344 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Whole-genome and whole-exome sequence data from large numbers of individuals reveal that we all carry many variants predicted to inactivate genes (knockouts). This discovery raises questions about the phenotypic consequences of these knockouts and potentially allows us to study human gene function through the investigation of homozygous loss-of-function carriers. Here, we discuss strategies, recent results, and future prospects for large-scale human knockout studies. We examine their relevance to studying gene function, population genetics, and importantly, the implications for accurate clinical interpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yali Xue
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
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20
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21
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Abstract
Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are not unlike common diseases. They often present as a spectrum of disease phenotypes that correlates poorly with the severity of the disease-causing mutations. This greatly impacts patient care and reveals fundamental gaps in our knowledge of disease modifying biology. Systems biology approaches that integrate multi-omics data into molecular networks have significantly improved our understanding of complex diseases. Similar approaches to study IEM are rare despite their complex nature. We highlight that existing common disease-derived datasets and networks can be repurposed to generate novel mechanistic insight in IEM and potentially identify candidate modifiers. While understanding disease pathophysiology will advance the IEM field, the ultimate goal should be to understand per individual how their phenotype emerges given their primary mutation on the background of their whole genome, not unlike personalized medicine. We foresee that panomics and network strategies combined with recent experimental innovations will facilitate this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen A Argmann
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, Box 1498, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Sander M Houten
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, Box 1498, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, Box 1498, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Eric E Schadt
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, Box 1498, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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22
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Beckmann JS. Can we afford to sequence every newborn baby's genome? Hum Mutat 2015; 36:283-6. [PMID: 25546530 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Whole-exome sequencing and whole-genome sequencing are gradually entering into the clinical arena. Drops in sequencing prices have led some to suggest that these analyses could be extended to the screening of whole populations or subsets thereof. Herein, we argue that this optimism is presently still unfounded. While cost estimates take into account the generation of sequence data, they fail to properly evaluate both the price of accurate and efficient interpretation and of the proper return of genomic information to the consulting individuals. Thus, short of inventing new, cost-effective ways of achieving these goals, the latter are likely to ruin our healthcare systems. We posit that due to lack of available resources, generalization of this practice remains, for the time being, unrealistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques S Beckmann
- Clinical Bioinformatics, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Abstract
The combination of next-generation sequencing technologies and high-throughput genotyping platforms has revolutionized the pursuit of genetic variants that contribute towards disease. Furthermore, these technologies have provided invaluable insight into the genetic factors that prevent individuals from developing disease. Exploiting the evolutionary mechanisms that were designed by nature to help prevent disease is an attractive line of enquiry. Such efforts have the potential to generate a therapeutic target roadmap and rejuvenate the current drug-discovery pathway. By delineating the genomic factors that are protective against disease, there is potential to derive highly effective, genomically anchored medicines that assist in maintaining health.
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Ropers HH, Wienker T. Penetrance of pathogenic mutations in haploinsufficient genes for intellectual disability and related disorders. Eur J Med Genet 2015; 58:715-8. [PMID: 26506440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
De novo loss of function (LOF) mutations in the ASXL3 gene cause Bainbridge-Ropers syndrome, a severe form of intellectual disability (ID) and developmental delay, but there is evidence that they also occur in healthy individuals. This has prompted us to look for non-pathogenic LOF variants in other ID genes. Heterozygous LOF mutations in ASXL1, a paralog of ASXL3, are known to cause Bohring-Opitz syndrome (BOS), and benign LOF mutations in this gene have not been published to date. Therefore, we were surprised to find 56 ASXL1 LOF variants in the ExAC database (http://exac.broadinstitute.org), comprising exomes from 60,706 individuals who had been selected to exclude severe genetic childhood disorders. 4 of these variants have been described as disease-causing in patients with BOS, which rules out the possibility that pathogenic and clinically neutral LOF variants in this gene are functionally distinct. Apparently benign LOF variants were also detected in several other genes for ID and related disorders, including CDH15, KATNAL2, DEPDC5, ARID1B and AUTS2, both in the ExAC database and in the 6,500 exomes of the Exome Variant Server (http://evs.gs.washington.edu/EVS/). These observations argue for low penetrance of LOF mutations in ASXL1 and other genes for ID and related disorders, which could have far-reaching implications for genetic counseling and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hilger Ropers
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medicine, Langenbeckstrasse 1, Building 601, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Thomas Wienker
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Albert DM, Phelps PO, Surapaneni KR, Thuro BA, Potter HAD, Ikeda A, Teixeira LBC, Dubielzig RR. The Significance of the Discordant Occurrence of Lens Tumors in Humans versus Other Species. Ophthalmology 2015; 122:1765-70. [PMID: 26130328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine in which species and under what conditions lens tumors occur. DESIGN A review of databases of available human and veterinary ocular pathologic material and the previously reported literature. PARTICIPANTS Approximately 18 000 patients who had ocular surgical specimens submitted and studied at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health between 1920 and 2014 and 45 000 ocular veterinary cases from the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin between 1983 and 2014. METHODS Material in 2 major archived collections at the University of Wisconsin medical and veterinary schools were studied for occurrence of lens tumors. Tumor was defined as a new growth of tissue characterized by progressive, uncontrolled proliferation of cells. In addition, cases presented at 3 major eye pathologic societies (Verhoeff-Zimmerman Ophthalmic Pathology Society, Eastern Ophthalmic Pathology Society, and The Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Ophthalmic Alumni Society) from 1975 through 2014 were reviewed. Finally, a careful search of the literature was carried out. Approval from the institutional review board to carry out this study was obtained. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The presence of tumors of the lens. RESULTS The database search and literature review failed to find an example of a lens tumor in humans. In contrast, examples of naturally occurring lens tumors were found in cats, dogs, rabbits, and birds. In the veterinary school database, 4.5% of feline intraocular and adnexal neoplasms (234/5153) were designated as feline ocular posttraumatic sarcoma, a tumor previously demonstrated to be of lens epithelial origin. Similar tumors were seen in rabbit eyes, a bird, and in a dog. All 4 species with lens tumors had a history of either ocular trauma or protracted uveitis. The literature search also revealed cases where lens tumors were induced in zebrafish, rainbow trout, hamsters, and mice by carcinogenic agents (methylcholanthrene, thioacetamide), oncogenic viruses (SV40, HPV-16), and genetic manipulation. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that lens tumors do not occur in humans. In contrast, after lens capsule rupture, a lens tumor can occur in other species. We hypothesize that a genetic mechanism exists that prevents lens tumors in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Albert
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
| | - Paul O Phelps
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Krishna R Surapaneni
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Bradley A Thuro
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Heather A D Potter
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Akihiro Ikeda
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Leandro B C Teixeira
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Richard R Dubielzig
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Scruggs
- From the Departments of Physiology, Medicine, and Bioinformatics (S.B.S., P.P.) and Department of Medicine (K.W.), University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine; Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.I.S.) and Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology (J.R.Y.), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; Proteomics Services, European Molecular Biology Laboratories, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.H.); and Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.L.L.)
| | - Karol Watson
- From the Departments of Physiology, Medicine, and Bioinformatics (S.B.S., P.P.) and Department of Medicine (K.W.), University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine; Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.I.S.) and Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology (J.R.Y.), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; Proteomics Services, European Molecular Biology Laboratories, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.H.); and Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.L.L.)
| | - Andrew I Su
- From the Departments of Physiology, Medicine, and Bioinformatics (S.B.S., P.P.) and Department of Medicine (K.W.), University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine; Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.I.S.) and Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology (J.R.Y.), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; Proteomics Services, European Molecular Biology Laboratories, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.H.); and Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.L.L.)
| | - Henning Hermjakob
- From the Departments of Physiology, Medicine, and Bioinformatics (S.B.S., P.P.) and Department of Medicine (K.W.), University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine; Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.I.S.) and Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology (J.R.Y.), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; Proteomics Services, European Molecular Biology Laboratories, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.H.); and Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.L.L.)
| | - John R Yates
- From the Departments of Physiology, Medicine, and Bioinformatics (S.B.S., P.P.) and Department of Medicine (K.W.), University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine; Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.I.S.) and Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology (J.R.Y.), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; Proteomics Services, European Molecular Biology Laboratories, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.H.); and Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.L.L.)
| | - Merry L Lindsey
- From the Departments of Physiology, Medicine, and Bioinformatics (S.B.S., P.P.) and Department of Medicine (K.W.), University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine; Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.I.S.) and Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology (J.R.Y.), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; Proteomics Services, European Molecular Biology Laboratories, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.H.); and Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.L.L.)
| | - Peipei Ping
- From the Departments of Physiology, Medicine, and Bioinformatics (S.B.S., P.P.) and Department of Medicine (K.W.), University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine; Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.I.S.) and Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology (J.R.Y.), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; Proteomics Services, European Molecular Biology Laboratories, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.H.); and Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.L.L.).
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Björkegren JLM, Kovacic JC, Dudley JT, Schadt EE. Genome-wide significant loci: how important are they? Systems genetics to understand heritability of coronary artery disease and other common complex disorders. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 65:830-845. [PMID: 25720628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been extensively used to study common complex diseases such as coronary artery disease (CAD), revealing 153 suggestive CAD loci, of which at least 46 have been validated as having genome-wide significance. However, these loci collectively explain <10% of the genetic variance in CAD. Thus, we must address the key question of what factors constitute the remaining 90% of CAD heritability. We review possible limitations of GWAS, and contextually consider some candidate CAD loci identified by this method. Looking ahead, we propose systems genetics as a complementary approach to unlocking the CAD heritability and etiology. Systems genetics builds network models of relevant molecular processes by combining genetic and genomic datasets to ultimately identify key "drivers" of disease. By leveraging systems-based genetic approaches, we can help reveal the full genetic basis of common complex disorders, enabling novel diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan L M Björkegren
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pathological Anatomy and Forensic Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Jason C Kovacic
- Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Joel T Dudley
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Eric E Schadt
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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Hartman JL, Stisher C, Outlaw DA, Guo J, Shah NA, Tian D, Santos SM, Rodgers JW, White RA. Yeast Phenomics: An Experimental Approach for Modeling Gene Interaction Networks that Buffer Disease. Genes (Basel) 2015; 6:24-45. [PMID: 25668739 PMCID: PMC4377832 DOI: 10.3390/genes6010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The genome project increased appreciation of genetic complexity underlying disease phenotypes: many genes contribute each phenotype and each gene contributes multiple phenotypes. The aspiration of predicting common disease in individuals has evolved from seeking primary loci to marginal risk assignments based on many genes. Genetic interaction, defined as contributions to a phenotype that are dependent upon particular digenic allele combinations, could improve prediction of phenotype from complex genotype, but it is difficult to study in human populations. High throughput, systematic analysis of S. cerevisiae gene knockouts or knockdowns in the context of disease-relevant phenotypic perturbations provides a tractable experimental approach to derive gene interaction networks, in order to deduce by cross-species gene homology how phenotype is buffered against disease-risk genotypes. Yeast gene interaction network analysis to date has revealed biology more complex than previously imagined. This has motivated the development of more powerful yeast cell array phenotyping methods to globally model the role of gene interaction networks in modulating phenotypes (which we call yeast phenomic analysis). The article illustrates yeast phenomic technology, which is applied here to quantify gene X media interaction at higher resolution and supports use of a human-like media for future applications of yeast phenomics for modeling human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Hartman
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 730 Hugh Kaul Human Genetics Building, 720 20th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Chandler Stisher
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 730 Hugh Kaul Human Genetics Building, 720 20th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Darryl A Outlaw
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 730 Hugh Kaul Human Genetics Building, 720 20th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Jingyu Guo
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 730 Hugh Kaul Human Genetics Building, 720 20th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Najaf A Shah
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 730 Hugh Kaul Human Genetics Building, 720 20th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Dehua Tian
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 730 Hugh Kaul Human Genetics Building, 720 20th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Sean M Santos
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 730 Hugh Kaul Human Genetics Building, 720 20th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - John W Rodgers
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 730 Hugh Kaul Human Genetics Building, 720 20th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Richard A White
- Department of Statistics and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 3182 Earth Sciences Building, 2207 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T-1Z4, Canada.
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Katsonis P, Koire A, Wilson SJ, Hsu TK, Lua RC, Wilkins AD, Lichtarge O. Single nucleotide variations: biological impact and theoretical interpretation. Protein Sci 2014; 23:1650-66. [PMID: 25234433 PMCID: PMC4253807 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and whole-exome sequencing (WES) generate massive amounts of genomic variant information, and a major challenge is to identify which variations drive disease or contribute to phenotypic traits. Because the majority of known disease-causing mutations are exonic non-synonymous single nucleotide variations (nsSNVs), most studies focus on whether these nsSNVs affect protein function. Computational studies show that the impact of nsSNVs on protein function reflects sequence homology and structural information and predict the impact through statistical methods, machine learning techniques, or models of protein evolution. Here, we review impact prediction methods and discuss their underlying principles, their advantages and limitations, and how they compare to and complement one another. Finally, we present current applications and future directions for these methods in biological research and medical genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Katsonis
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, Texas
| | - Amanda Koire
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular BiophysicsHouston, Texas
| | - Stephen Joseph Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, Texas
| | - Teng-Kuei Hsu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, Texas
| | - Rhonald C Lua
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, Texas
| | - Angela Dawn Wilkins
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, Texas
- Computational and Integrative Biomedical Research Center, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, Texas
| | - Olivier Lichtarge
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, Texas
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular BiophysicsHouston, Texas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, Texas
- Computational and Integrative Biomedical Research Center, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, Texas
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, Texas
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de Magalhães JP. The scientific quest for lasting youth: prospects for curing aging. Rejuvenation Res 2014; 17:458-67. [PMID: 25132068 PMCID: PMC4203147 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2014.1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
People have always sought eternal life and everlasting youth. Recent technological breakthroughs and our growing understanding of aging have given strength to the idea that a cure for human aging can eventually be developed. As such, it is crucial to debate the long-term goals and potential impact of the field. Here, I discuss the scientific prospect of eradicating human aging. I argue that curing aging is scientifically possible and not even the most challenging enterprise in the biosciences. Developing the means to abolish aging is also an ethical endeavor because the goal of biomedical research is to allow people to be as healthy as possible for as long as possible. There is no evidence, however, that we are near to developing the technologies permitting radical life extension. One major difficulty in aging research is the time and costs it takes to do experiments and test interventions. I argue that unraveling the functioning of the genome and developing predictive computer models of human biology and disease are essential to increase the accuracy of medical interventions, including in the context of life extension, and exponential growth in informatics and genomics capacity might lead to rapid progress. Nonetheless, developing the tools for significantly modifying human biology is crucial to intervening in a complex process like aging. Yet in spite of advances in areas like regenerative medicine and gene therapy, the development of clinical applications has been slow and this remains a key hurdle for achieving radical life extension in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pedro de Magalhães
- Integrative Genomics of Ageing Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, United Kingdom
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