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Hoyle CH. Evolution of neuronal signalling: Transmitters and receptors. Auton Neurosci 2011; 165:28-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 05/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Singh RP, Jhamb SS, Singh PP. Effects of morphine during Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv infection in mice. Life Sci 2007; 82:308-14. [PMID: 18191418 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Revised: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of opiates in various infections are well known; however, very little is known about tuberculosis infection. Therefore, in the present study, we report for the first time, the effects of morphine during murine tuberculosis. Mice were infected intravenously with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, administered morphine (0.1-100 mg/kg subcutaneously on day 0 and day +15) and sacrificed on day +30 for CFU enumeration in lungs and spleen. Morphine exerted maximum suppression of infection at 5 mg/kg, and sometimes completes elimination of infection; naloxone, silica and aminoguanidine blocked the protective effect of morphine. In vitro, morphine lacked direct antimycobacterial activity up to 1x10(-4) M concentration, as assessed by radiometric BACTEC method. In macrophage model of infection, morphine showed maximal killing at 1x10(-7) M concentration, the activity was blocked by naloxone and aminoguanidine. These observations suggest that morphine exerts a dose-dependent effect in murine tuberculosis, the protective effect being naloxone-reversible and may involve macrophage-mediated protective mechanisms. These results may be helpful in developing new opioid-like chemical entities against tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Preet Singh
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Phase-X, S. A. S Nagar-160 062, India
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Kampe S, Poetter C, Buzello S, Wenchel HM, Paul M, Kiencke P, Kasper SM. Ropivacaine 0.1% with sufentanil 1 microg/mL inhibits in vitro growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and does not promote multiplication of Staphylococcus aureus. Anesth Analg 2003; 97:409-411. [PMID: 12873926 DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000067404.84486.7a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We investigated the effect of ropivacaine combined with sufentanil, a mixture frequently used for postoperative epidural analgesia, on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at room temperature. Aliquots of suspension of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa in saline were transferred into test tubes containing either a mixture of ropivacaine 0.1% and sufentanil 1 microg/mL (R+S) or saline (SA), with the latter serving as control. At 0, 3, 6, 24, and 48 h after inoculation, 1 mL of each solution was spread over standard blood agar. The plates were incubated at 22 degrees C for 48 h, and the numbers of colony-forming units (cfu) were counted. The growth ratio for both bacterial strains was calculated as cfu time (t(n))/cfu baseline (t(0)). The primary efficacy variable was the area under the curve (AUC) in (cfu t(n)/cfu t(0)) x time, based on the growth ratios. The AUC for P. aeruginosa was significantly less in R+S than in SA (P = 0.028). Multiplication of P. aeruginosa (growth ratio >1) was observed for at least 6 h after inoculation in SA. Growth of P. aeruginosa was significantly less in R+S than in SA at 3 h (P = 0.043) and 24 h (P = 0.012) after inoculation. The AUC for S. aureus did not differ significantly between R+S and SA (P = 0.74). Neither R+S nor SA promoted multiplication of S. aureus. Forty-eight hours after inoculation, growth of S. aureus was significantly less in R+S than in SA (P < 0.0001). We conclude that R+S inhibited growth of P. aeruginosa and did not promote multiplication of S. aureus when compared with SA. IMPLICATIONS This laboratory study demonstrated that compared with saline, ropivacaine 0.1% with 1 microg/mL of sufentanil inhibited growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and did not promote multiplication of Staphylococcus aureus at room temperature. With respect to bacterial infection with these two strains, the mixture seems to be safe for continuous epidural administration if prepared under aseptic conditions and after alcohol hand rub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kampe
- *Department of Anesthesiology, †Infection Control Laboratory, ‡Department of Hospital Infection Control, and §Department of Medical Statistics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Kreek MJ. Opioid receptors: some perspectives from early studies of their role in normal physiology, stress responsivity, and in specific addictive diseases. Neurochem Res 1996; 21:1469-88. [PMID: 8947936 DOI: 10.1007/bf02532387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The early history of research on the possible existence of specific opioid receptors and on developing a new form of pharmacotherapy for the treatment of heroin addiction in New York City, from 1960-1973, along with the special relationships between two leading scientists conducting these research efforts, Dr. Eric Simon and Dr. Vincent P. Dole Jr., are presented in a historical perspective. The linkage of these early efforts and the subsequent identification and the elucidation of the effects of exogenous opiates acting at specific opiate receptors in human physiology, including some findings from perspective studies of heroin addicts at time of entry to and during methadone maintenance treatment, are presented in the context of the important clues which thereby were provided concerning the possible roles of the endogenous opioids in normal mammalian physiology. From many of these early clinical research findings and studies in animal models, the hypothesis that the endogenous opioids system may play an important role in stress responsivity was formulated along with the related hypothesis, first presented in the early 1970s, that an atypical responsivity to stress and stressors might be involved in the acquisition and persistence of, and relapse to specific addictive diseases, including heroin addiction, cocaine dependency and alcoholism. More recent studies of the possible involvement of the specific opioid receptors in these three addictive diseases-heroin addiction, cocaine addiction and alcoholism-from our laboratory are discussed in a historical perspective of the development of these ideas from the early research findings of not only Dr. Eric Simon, but his numerous colleagues in opioid research in the United States and throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Kreek
- Laboratory on the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Dawson P, Rosenfeld JV, Murphy MA, Hellyar AG. Epidural abscess associated with postoperative epidural analgesia. Anaesth Intensive Care 1991; 19:569-72. [PMID: 1750641 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x9101900415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Dawson
- Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
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Delitheos A, Kefalas S, Kokkinou T, Varonos D. Antibacterial properties of several drug categories. Cell Mol Life Sci 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01954943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Miller CR, O'Steen WK, Deadwyler SA. Effect of morphine on 3H-thymidine incorporation in the subependyma of the rat: an autoradiographic study. J Comp Neurol 1982; 208:209-14. [PMID: 7119157 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902080209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Following morphine treatment, an autoradiographic study investigated the uptake of 3H-thymidine by the subependymal cells in the rat brain. 3H-thymidine was administered subcutaneously to adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats 30 minutes after saline or morphine (19 mg/kg) injection. The animals were sacrified 1 hour after 3H-thymidine administration. In some experiments the opioid antagonist, naloxone, was given alone 45 minutes before 3H-thymidine or 125 minutes before morphine treatment. Three areas of the subependyma were evaluated in terms of the percentage labeled cells and number of grains per nucleus, and a dorsal-to-ventral gradiant was described. Morphine treatment significantly increased the number of 3H-thymidine labeled subependymal cells and number of grains/nucleus within labeled cells. Examination of the distribution of grains/nucleus showed that morphine-treated animals had significantly more cells labeled with 30 or more grains than did saline-injected controls. Prior administration of naloxone blocked the increased 3H-thymidine uptake in morphine-treated animals but had no significant influence on cell proliferation when administered alone. The data are discussed in terms of morphine's possible dual influence on mechanisms which enhance cell transition from G to S phase and/or which accelerate DNA synthesis once these cells have entered the S phase of cell replication.
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Swain N, Das RK, Paul M. Cytogenetic assay of potential mutagenicity in vivo of two narcotic analgesics. Mutat Res 1980; 78:97-100. [PMID: 7383049 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(80)90031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Dame JB, Shapiro BM. Use of polymyxin B, levallorphan, and tetracaine to isolate novel envelope mutants of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1976; 127:961-72. [PMID: 182670 PMCID: PMC233006 DOI: 10.1128/jb.127.2.961-972.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutants of Escherichia coli were isolated by their resistance to the bacteriocidal effects of the membrane-active drugs polymyxin B, levallorphan, and tetracaine. The mutants were examined for additional changes in cellular physiology evoked by the lesions; many polymyxin-resistant strains had a concomitant increased sensitivity to anionic detergents, and several strains of each type had concomitant alterations in generation time and morphology. Mutants of each class (polymyxin resistant, tetracaine resistant, and levallorphan resistant) were transduced into recipient strains. The levallorphan resistance site (lev) was located at approximately 9 min on the E. coli chromosome. Polymyxin (pmx) and tetracaine (tec) resistance loci were also transduced. The lev and tec strains had a slight prolongation of generation time, in contrast with their isogenic wild-type strains. The tec transductant produced long filaments in the absence of tetracaine and had an altered colonial morphology, it reverted at high frequency, with the morphological abnormalities reverting along with the tetracaine resistance. The pmx transductant had an increased sensitivity to levallorphan and to anionic detergents. In contrast, both lev and tec mutants were more resistant to acriflavine than was the wild type or the pmx transductant. The pmx, lev, and tec loci differed in sensitivity to mitomycin C; the lev strain was more resistant, the tec strain was more sensitive, and the pmx strain was much more sensitive than the wild type. There was no difference in sensitivity to several other dyes and detergents, colicins, or T bacteriophage between the transductant and isogenic wild-type strains. Thus, lev, tec, and pmx loci confer more subtle alterations in the permeability barrier than do lipopolysaccharide-deficient mutants previously studied.
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McClean DK, Zimmerman AM. Response of division-synchronized protozoa to morphine and levorphanol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/0306-3623(75)90049-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Holland MJ, Simon EJ. Inhibition by levorphanol and related drugs of amino acid transport by isolated membrane vesicles from Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1975; 7:530-7. [PMID: 1096802 PMCID: PMC429177 DOI: 10.1128/aac.7.5.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Levorphanol inhibits the transport of the amino acids proline and lysine by cytoplasmic membrane vesicles derived from Escherichia coli. The degree of inhibition increases with increasing levorphanol concentration and ranges from 26% at 10(-6) M levorphanol to 92% at 10(-3) M levorphanol. The effect is independent of the energy source, since levorphanol inhibits proline uptake to the same extent in the presence of 20 mM d-lactate or 20 mM succinate and in the absence of an exogenous energy source. Levorphanol does not irreversibly alter the ability of membrane vesicles to transport proline, since incubation of membrane vesicles for 15 min in the presence of 0.25 mM levorphanol, a concentration which inhibits proline transport by more than 75%, has no effect on the rate of proline transport by these vesicles once the drug is removed. Both the maximum velocity and the K(m) of proline transport are modified by levorphanol, hence, the type of inhibition produced by levorphanol is mixed. The inhibitor constant (K(i)) for levorphanol inhibition of proline transport is approximately 3 x 10(-4) M. Membrane vesicles incubated in the presence of levorphanol accumulate much less proline at the steady state than do control vesicles. Furthermore, the addition of levorphanol to membrane vesicles preloaded to the steady state with proline produces a marked net efflux of proline. Levorphanol does not block either temperature-induced efflux or exchange of external proline with [(14)C]proline present in the intravesicular pool. Dextrorphan, the enantiomorph of levorphanol, and levallorphan, the N-allyl analogue of levorphanol, inhibit proline and lysine transport in a similar manner. Possible mechanisms of the effects of these drugs on cell membranes are discussed.
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Boquet PL, Devynck MA, Monnier C, Fromageot P. Inhibition of stable RNA synthesis by levallorphan in Escherichia coli. Implication of compounds MS I and MS II. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1973; 40:31-42. [PMID: 4589552 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1973.tb03166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Boquet P, Devynck M, Aurelle H, Fromageot P. On the bactericidal action of levallorphan. Irreversible alterations of the plasmic membrane. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1971; 21:536-41. [PMID: 4938620 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1971.tb01499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Wurster N, Elsbach P, Simon EJ, Pettis P, Lebow S. The effects of the morphine analogue levorphanol on leukocytes. Metabolic effects at rest and during phagocytosis. J Clin Invest 1971; 50:1091-9. [PMID: 4928264 PMCID: PMC292031 DOI: 10.1172/jci106580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on bacteria have suggested that morphine-like drugs have effects on the cell membrane. To determine the effect of this class of drugs on a mammalian cell, we selected the rabbit peritoneal exudate granulocyte, which undergoes striking membrane changes during phagocytosis. We examined the effect in vitro of the morphine analogue, levorphanol on phagocytosis and metabolism by granulocytes incubated with and without polystyrene particles or live Escherichia coli. Levorphanol (1 or 2 mmoles/liter) decreased: (a) acylation of lysolecithin or lysophosphatidylethanolamine in the medium (which is stimulated about two-fold during phagocytosis) both at rest (40%) and during phagocytosis (60%); (b) uptake of latex particles and Escherichia coli, as judged by electron microscopy; (c) killing of live Escherichia coli (10-fold); (d) (14)CO(2) production from glucose-1-(14)C during phagocytosis by at least 80%; (e) K(+) content of granulocytes (35%); (f) oxidation of linoleate-1-(14)C by 50%, and its incorporation into triglyceride by more than 80%. However, levorphanol stimulated 2 to 3-fold the incorporation of linoleate-1-(14)C or palmitate-1-(14)C into several phospholipids. Glucose uptake, lactate production, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content are not affected by the drug. Thus, levorphanol does not appear to exert its effects through generalized metabolic suppression. Removal of levorphanol by twice resuspending the granulocytes completely reverses all inhibition. In line with observations on bacteria, it appears that the complex effects of levorphanol on granulocytes may be due at least in part to an effect on the cell membrane.
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Raab C, Röschenthaler R. Inhibition of adsorption and replication of the RNA-phage MS-2 in Escherichia coli C 3000 by levallorphan. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1970; 41:1429-36. [PMID: 4922632 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(70)90546-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Roschenthaler R, Devynck MA, Fromageot P, Simon EJ. Inhibition of the synthesis of 5-S ribosomal RNA in Escherichia coli by levallorphan. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1969; 182:481-90. [PMID: 4894020 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(69)90200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Zimmerman AM. Sensitivity of Amoeba proteus to morphine and N-allylnormorphine. A pressure study. THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1967; 14:451-5. [PMID: 6050652 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1967.tb02025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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