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Yamamoto Y, Fujiwara Y. Calcium storage in Malpighian tubules and the putative use for pupal chamber formation in a wood-feeding insect. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2023:104534. [PMID: 37364813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Cerambycid beetles form a chamber to spend their pupal stages in various forms according to the species. The red-necked longhorn beetle Aromia bungii (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), which is an invasive pest that severely damages Rosaceae trees, makes a pupal chamber at the end of a tunnel deep in the xylem. Beetle larvae and the closely related species form a calcareous lid at the entrance of a pupal chamber. Previous studies on the closely related species conducted more than century ago suggested that Malpighian tubules (MTs) play a vital role in calcium carbonate accumulation. However, the association between this Ca2+ accumulation and pupal chamber lid formation utilizing the possible calcium compounds stored in MTs have not yet been demonstrated. First, we artificially reared A. bungii larvae from eggs in host branches for 100 days and identified the larval developmental status and pupal chamber formation, using X-ray computed tomography. Second, we collected larvae from the branches and observed the internal organs by direct dissection under a microscope. Finally, we analyzed the elemental distribution, particularly calcium, in the larval gut with MTs, using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence. The results suggest that immature larvae of A. bungii could accumulate Ca2+ in the MTs through wood tunneling and feeding activities. Ca2+ was stored at the proximal regions in two of the six MTs located posteriorly in the body. Additionally, larvae that formed a calcareous lid at the entrance of pupal chambers in the branches did not store Ca2+ in the MTs, suggesting that the larvae of A. bungii used the stored Ca2+ in their MTs for lid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Yamamoto
- Research Institute of Environment, Agriculture and Fisheries, Osaka Prefecture, 442, Shakudo, Habikino, Osaka 583-0862, Japan.
| | - Yuko Fujiwara
- Laboratory of Wood Processing Division of Forestry and Biomaterials Science Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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Qin L, Li J, Guo K, Lu M, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Zeng Y, Wang X, Xia Q, Zhao P, Zhang AB, Dong Z. Insights into the structure and composition of mineralized hard cocoons constructed by the oriental moth, Monema (Cnidocampa) flavescens Walker. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 151:103878. [PMID: 36410578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Animals widely use minerals and organic components to construct biomaterials with excellent properties, such as teeth, bones, molluscan shells and eggshells. The larvae of the oriental moth, Monema (Cnidocampa) flavescens Walker, secrete silk proteins that combine closely with calcareous minerals to construct a hard cocoon, which is completely different from the mineral-free Bombyx mori cocoon. The cocoons of oriental moths are likely to be the hardest among the cocoons constructed by insect species. The cocoons of oriental moths were found to be mainly composed of calcium oxalates and Asx/Ser/Gly-rich cocoon proteins, but the types of calcium oxalates and cocoon proteins remain to be elucidated. In this study, we provide an in-depth explanation of the inorganic and organic components in the oriental moth cocoon. Microscopy and imaging technologies revealed that the cocoon is composed of mineral crystals, silk fibers and other organic matter. X-ray diffraction and infrared spectral analyses showed that the mineral crystals in the oriental moth cocoon were mainly CaC2H2O4·H2O. ICP-OES analysis suggested that the mineral crystals in the cocoons were mainly CaC2H2O4·H2O. LC-MS/MS-based proteomics allowed us to identify 467 proteins from the oriental moth cocoon, including 252 uncharacterized proteins, 87 enzymes, 36 small molecule binding proteins, and 5 silk proteins. Among the uncharacterized proteins, 25 of which were Asn-rich proteins because they contained a high proportion of Asn residues (19.1%-41.4%). Among the top 20 cocoon proteins with the highest abundance, 9 of which were Asn-rich proteins. The qPCR was used to investigate the expression patterns of the major cocoon protein-coding genes. Three fibroins and three Asn-rich proteins were expressed only in the silk gland but not in other tissues. The expression of Asn-rich proteins in the silk gland gradually increased from the anterior silk gland to the posterior silk gland. These findings provide important references for understanding the formation mechanism and mechanical properties of mineralized hard cocoons constructed by oriental moths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Kaiyu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Mengyao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yanqiong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ai-Bing Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Zhaoming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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Farina P, Bedini S, Conti B. Multiple Functions of Malpighian Tubules in Insects: A Review. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13111001. [PMID: 36354824 PMCID: PMC9697091 DOI: 10.3390/insects13111001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Malpighian Tubules (MTs) are the main excretory organs in most insects. They play a key role in the production of primary urine and osmoregulation, selectively reabsorbing water, ions, and solutes. Besides these functions conserved in most insects, MTs can serve some specialized tasks at different stages of some species' development. The specialized functions include the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides and proteins for the building of foam nests, mucofibrils for the construction of dwelling tubes, adhesive secretions to help the locomotion, and brochosomes for protection as well as the usage of inorganic salts to harden the puparia, eggs chorion, and pupal cells' closing lids. MTs are also the organs responsible for the astonishing bioluminescence of some Diptera glowworms and can go through some drastic histological changes to produce a silk-like fiber utilized to spin cocoons. The specialized functions are associated with modifications of cells within the entire tubules, in specific segments, or, more rarely, modified secretory cells scattered along the MTs. In this review, we attempted to summarize the observations and experiments made over more than a century concerning the non-excretive functions of insects' MTs, underlying the need for new investigations supported by the current, advanced technologies available to validate outdated theories and clarify some dubious aspects.
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Shin M, Yang S, Kwak HW, Lee KH. Synthesis of gold nanoparticles using silk sericin as a green reducing and capping agent. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Darshan GH, Kong D, Gautrot J, Vootla S. Physico-chemical characterization of Antheraea mylitta silk mats for wound healing applications. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10344. [PMID: 28871135 PMCID: PMC5583262 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10531-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the field of plastic reconstructive surgery, development of new innovative matrices for skin repair is in demand. The ideal biomaterial should promote attachment, proliferation and growth of cells. Additionally, it should degrade in an appropriate time period without releasing harmful substances, not exerting a pathological immune response. The materials used should display optimized mechanical properties to sustain cell growth and limit scaffold contraction. Wound healing is a biological process directed towards restoration of tissue that has suffered an injury. An important phase of wound healing is the generation of a basal epithelium wholly replacing the epidermis of the wound. Wild silk from Antheraea mylitta meets these demands to a large extent. To evaluate the effects of the treatment, Antheraea mylitta and Bombyx mori samples were characterized by SEM-EDX, FT-IR, XRD and TGA-DSC techniques. Preliminary cell growth behavior was carried out by culturing epidermal cells and proliferation was quantified via viability assay. Moreover, Antheraea mylitta possesses excellent cell-adhesive capability, effectively promoting cell attachment and proliferation. Antheraea mylitta serves as a delivery vehicle for cells. With all these unique features, it is expected that Antheraea mylitta mat will have wide utility in the areas of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Darshan
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580 003, Karnataka, India
| | - Dexu Kong
- School of engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Julien Gautrot
- School of engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Shyamkumar Vootla
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580 003, Karnataka, India.
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Tulachan B, Meena SK, Rai RK, Mallick C, Kusurkar TS, Teotia AK, Sethy NK, Bhargava K, Bhattacharya S, Kumar A, Sharma RK, Sinha N, Singh SK, Das M. Electricity from the silk cocoon membrane. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5434. [PMID: 24961354 PMCID: PMC4069722 DOI: 10.1038/srep05434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Silk cocoon membrane (SCM) is an insect engineered structure. We studied the electrical properties of mulberry (Bombyx mori) and non-mulberry (Tussar, Antheraea mylitta) SCM. When dry, SCM behaves like an insulator. On absorbing moisture, it generates electrical current, which is modulated by temperature. The current flowing across the SCM is possibly ionic and protonic in nature. We exploited the electrical properties of SCM to develop simple energy harvesting devices, which could operate low power electronic systems. Based on our findings, we propose that the temperature and humidity dependent electrical properties of the SCM could find applications in battery technology, bio-sensor, humidity sensor, steam engines and waste heat management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brindan Tulachan
- Bioelectricity, Green Energy, Physiology & Sensor Group, Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP, 208016, India
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Sunil Kumar Meena
- Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP, 208016, India
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Ratan Kumar Rai
- Center for Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, UP, 226014, India
| | - Chandrakant Mallick
- Bioelectricity, Green Energy, Physiology & Sensor Group, Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP, 208016, India
| | - Tejas Sanjeev Kusurkar
- Bioelectricity, Green Energy, Physiology & Sensor Group, Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP, 208016, India
| | - Arun Kumar Teotia
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering & Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP, 208016, India
| | - Niroj Kumar Sethy
- Peptide and Proteomics Unit, Defense Institute Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defense Research Development Organization, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Kalpana Bhargava
- Peptide and Proteomics Unit, Defense Institute Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defense Research Development Organization, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Shantanu Bhattacharya
- Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP, 208016, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering & Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP, 208016, India
| | | | - Neeraj Sinha
- Center for Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, UP, 226014, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Singh
- Functional Materials Group, Solid State Physics Laboratory, Defense Research Development Organization, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Mainak Das
- Bioelectricity, Green Energy, Physiology & Sensor Group, Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP, 208016, India
- Design Program, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP, 208016, India
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Horrocks NP, Vollrath F, Dicko C. The silkmoth cocoon as humidity trap and waterproof barrier. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2013; 164:645-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Roy M, Meena SK, Kusurkar TS, Singh SK, Sethy NK, Bhargava K, Sarkar S, Das M. Carbondioxide Gating in Silk Cocoon. Biointerphases 2012; 7:45. [DOI: 10.1007/s13758-012-0045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Gheysens T, Collins A, Raina S, Vollrath F, Knight DP. Demineralization Enables Reeling of Wild Silkmoth Cocoons. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:2257-66. [DOI: 10.1021/bm2003362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Gheysens
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Collins
- Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, University of Bristol, School of Chemistry, Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Suresh Raina
- Commercial Insects Program, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Box 30772, 00100, Kenya
| | - Fritz Vollrath
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
| | - David P. Knight
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
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Teigler DJ, Arnott HJ. X-ray diffraction and fine structural studies of crystals in the malpighian tubules of silkworms. Nature 1972; 235:166-7. [PMID: 4334101 DOI: 10.1038/235166a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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