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El origen geológico de la vida: una perspectiva desde la meteorítica. TIP REVISTA ESPECIALIZADA EN CIENCIAS QUÍMICO-BIOLÓGICAS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recqb.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Fireman EL, Goebel R. Argon 37 and argon 39 in recently fallen meteorites and cosmic-ray variations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb075i011p02115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Cressy PJ. Cosmogenic radionuclides in the Allende and Murchison carbonaceous chondrites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb077i026p04905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bogard DD, Clark RS, Keith JE, Reynolds MA. Noble gases and radionuclides in Lost City and other recently fallen meteorites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb076i017p04076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Simmonds PG, Bauman AJ, Bollin EM, Gelpi E, Oró J. The unextractable organic fraction of the pueblito de allende meteorite: evidence for its indigenous nature. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 64:1027-34. [PMID: 16591798 PMCID: PMC223339 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.64.3.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pueblito de Allende meteorite contains only 0.1-0.5 ppm of solvent-extractable carbon, most or all of which is due to terrestrial contamination. Determinations of the total carbon content gives values from 0.23 to 0.35 per cent. The presumed indigenous insoluble carbon is thus present in a ratio of 2300:1 relative to contaminant carbon. A sample of the meteorite was extracted with a deuterated solvent containing benzene:methanol (4:1 w/w) to remove contaminants and then was subjected to pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to investigate the nature of the remaining carbon. The pyrolysis products (about 20 ppm) consisted chiefly of aromatic and substituted aromatic hydrocarbons. The pyrolysis results were confirmed by oxidative thermal analysis which showed that the bulk of the carbon present was a macromolecular structure and not graphite. This suggests that an insoluble nongraphitic condensed aromatic polymer is indigenous to the meteorite. The origin and precise chemical structure of this material has not been determined, but it bears a superficial resemblance to coal-like structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Simmonds
- JET PROPULSION LABORATORY, CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PASADENA
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Plutonium-244 fission xenon and primordial xenon in the Allende meteorite. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02387466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Hahn JH, Zenobi R, Bada JL, Zare RN. Application of Two-Step Laser Mass Spectrometry to Cosmogeochemistry: Direct Analysis of Meteorites. Science 1988; 239:1523-5. [PMID: 17772750 DOI: 10.1126/science.239.4847.1523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in C1, C2, and C3 carbonaceous chondrites and in some ordinary chondrites have been directly analyzed by two-step laser desorption/ laser multiphoton ionization mass spectrometry, a selective and sensitive method requiring only milligram samples. At the ionization wavelength of 266 nanometers, parent ion peaks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons dominate the mass spectra. Quantitative analysis is possible; as an example, the concentration of phenanthrene in the Murchison meteorite was determined to be 5.0 parts per million.
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Determination of the sulphur content of a lunar sample by neutron capture gamma-ray spectrometry. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02516944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Green HW, Radcliffe SV, Heuer AH. Allende Meteorite: A High-Voltage Electron Petrographic Study. Science 1971; 172:936-9. [PMID: 17816485 DOI: 10.1126/science.172.3986.936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Electron-transparent sections of the Allende meteorite, a carbonaceous chondrite, have been prepared by ion-thinning and examined by high-voltage (800-kilovolt) transmission electron microscopy. The matrix crystals, mainly olivine, range in size from approximately 5 to approximately 0.01 micrometers; carbon is present as intergranular films of poorly crystalline graphite. The chondrules exhibit extensive radiation damage, a feature lacking in the matrix. In addition, both chondrules and matrix are undeformed and contain negative crystals; submicroscopic exsolution lamellae are present in pyroxenes. Comparison of the substructure in the Allende meteorite with that in the Parnallee meteorite and in lunar and selected terrestrial rocks leads to the conclusion that chondrule irradiation preceded cold accretion during formation of the solar system and that the meteorite has since been undisturbed.
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Oró J, Gibert J, Lichtenstein H, Wikstrom S, Flory DA. Amino-acids, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in the Murchison Meteorite. Nature 1971; 230:105-6. [PMID: 4927006 DOI: 10.1038/230105a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Simmonds PG. Whole Microorganisms Studied by Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: Significance for Extraterrestrial Life Detection Experiments. Appl Microbiol 1970; 20:567-72. [PMID: 16349890 PMCID: PMC376990 DOI: 10.1128/am.20.4.567-572.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometric studies of two microorganisms,
Micrococcus luteus
and
Bacillus subtilis
var.
niger
, indicate that the majority of thermal fragments originate from the principal classes of bio-organic matter found in living systems such as protein and carbohydrate. Furthermore, there is a close qualitative similarity between the type of pyrolysis products found in microorganisms and the pyrolysates of other biological materials. Conversely, there is very little correlation between microbial pyrolysates and comparable pyrolysis studies of meteoritic and fossil organic matter. These observations will aid in the interpretation of a soil organic analysis experiment to be performed on the surface of Mars in 1975. The science payload of this landed mission will include a combined pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry instrument as well as several “direct biology experiments” which are designed to search for extraterrestrial life.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Simmonds
- Space Sciences Division, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, USA
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Wakita H, Schmitt RA. Rare Earth and Other Elemental Abundances in the Allende Meteorite. Nature 1970; 227:478-9. [PMID: 16058008 DOI: 10.1038/227478a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/19/1970] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Wakita
- Department of Chemistry and The Radiation Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331, USA
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Levy RL, Wolf CJ, Grayson MA, Gilbert J, Gelpi E, Updegrove WS, Zlatkis A, Oro' J. Organic Analysis of the Pueblito de Allende Meteorite. Nature 1970; 227:148-50. [PMID: 16057866 DOI: 10.1038/227148a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/1969] [Revised: 04/06/1970] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It appears unlikely that the organic material detected in the meteorite that fell in Mexico last year can have been introduced by contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Levy
- McDonnel Research Laboratories, McDonnel Douglas Corporation, St Louis, Missouri 63166, USA
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Precise determination of oxygen and silicon in chondritic meteorites by 14-MeV neutron activation with a single transfer system. Anal Chim Acta 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)86790-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ponnamperuma C, Kvenvolden K, Chang S, Johnson R, Pollock G, Philpott D, Kaplan I, Smith J, Schopf JW, Gehrke C, Hodgson G, Breger IA, Halpern B, Duffield A, Krauskopf K, Barghoorn E, Holland H, Keil K. Search for organic compounds in the lunar dust from the sea of tranquiblity. Science 1970; 167:760-2. [PMID: 17781583 DOI: 10.1126/science.167.3918.760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A sample of lunar dust was examined for organic compounds. Carbon detected in concentrations of 157 micrograms per gram had a delta(13)C per mil (PDB) value of + 20. Treatment with hydrochloric acid yielded hydrocarbons of low molecular weight, suggesting the presence of carbides. The gas chromatogram of the acylated and esterified derivatives of the hydrolyzate was similar to that obtained for the Pueblito de Allende meteorite. There were no detectable amounts of extractable high-molecular-weight alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, isoprenoid hydrocarbons, normal alkanes, fatty acids, amino acids, sugars, or nucleic acid bases. Traces of porphyrins were found, perhaps arising from rocket exhaust materials.
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Rancitelli LA, Perkins RW, Cooper JA, Kaye JH, Wogman NA. Radionuclide Composition of the Allende Meteorite from Nondestructive Gamma-Ray Spectrometric Analysis. Science 1969; 166:1269-72. [PMID: 17759948 DOI: 10.1126/science.166.3910.1269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The concentrations of beryllium-7, sodium-22, aluminum-26, potassium-40, scandium-46, vanadium-48, chromium-51, manganese-54, cobalt-57, cobalt-60, and thorium-232 (thallium-208) have been measured in the Allende meteorite by nondestructive gamma-ray spectrometry. The high cobalt-60 content of the meteorite is indicative of a preatmospheric body with a minimum effective radius of 50 centimeters and a weight of 1650 kilograms; the aluminum-26 activity indicates a minimum exposure age of 3 million years.
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MORGAN JW, REBAGAY TV, SHOWALTER DL, NADKARNI RA, GILLUM DE, MCKOWN DM, EHMANN WD. Allende Meteorite : Some Major and Trace Element Abundances by Neutron Activation Analysis. Nature 1969. [DOI: 10.1038/224789b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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