Induced photolysis of DDT

Photosensitized reduction of DDT using visible light: the intermediates and pathways of dechlorination

A reaction mixture containing DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane), methylene green (as the photosensitizer), and triethylamine (as the electron donor) in acetonitrile:water (1:1) was irradiated by an ordinary 150-W GE-Miser spotlight to facilitate visible-light photosensitized DDT dehalogenation. The intermediates and reaction products were identified by GC/MS (gas chromatography/mass spectrometer) and NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance). The photosensitized dehalogenation method partially degraded DDT via an electron transfer relay mechanism. Results indicate that DDT lost about three chlorines after a total of 19 days of irradiation. Aliphatic chlorines were found to be removed easier than aromatic chlorines. Various types of reductants were compared for electron donation efficiency, and photosensitizer concentration was optimized for our reaction system. In most cases, clean and simple dechlorinated products were observed. The proposed photosensitized reduction was coexisted with a thermal elimination effect for the first chlorine removal of DDT, and the photosensitized electron transfer reduction was shown to be the dominating mechanism responsible for further dechlorination after the initial stage. A sequential dechlorination pathway was proposed, with each successive dehalogenation, the reaction proceeds more slowly. The results have shown the feasibility of utilizing visible light, nontoxic dyes and electron donors to render a toxic compound less toxic and to enhance the natural carbon regeneration rates.

On-fiber photodegradation after solid-phase microextraction of p,p'-DDT and two of its major photoproducts, p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDD

The potential of performing photochemical studies in solid phase microextraction (SPME) fibers, "photo-SPME", to study the photodegradation of p,p'-DDT and two of its major degradation products, p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDD, is shown. Analyses were carried out by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy detection. DDT was extracted from aqueous solutions using five different commercial coatings. The fibers were then exposed to UV light emitted by a low-pressure mercury lamp. After 30 min of irradiation, the degradation of DDT only occurred in polydimethylsiloxane fibers. The on-fiber degradation kinetics of p,p'-DDT was studied from 2 to 60 min. A large number of photoproducts were generated and their kinetic behavior was studied. In order to clarify the possible photoreaction pathways for DDT, individual water solutions containing p,p'-DDD or p.p'-DDE were prepared and photo-SPME was performed for each compound at different irradiation times. On the basis of the photoproducts identified, some photodegradation pathways are proposed. Finally, aqueous photodegradation studies followed by SPME were performed and compared to the photo-SPME. This work will show the enormous potential of photo-SPME to perform photodegradation studies.

The effect of temperature and solar radiations on volatilisation, mineralisation and degradation of [14C]-DDT in soil

The influence of temperature and solar radiations on the rapid dissipation of DDT from tropical soils was studied by quantifying volatilisation, mineralisation, binding and degradation of ((14)C)-p,p'-DDT in a sandy loam soil. The bulk of the DDT loss occurred by volatilisation, which increased fivefold when the temperature changed from 15 to 45 degrees C. Degradation of DDT to DDE was also faster at higher temperatures. Mineralisation of DDT, though minimal, increased with temperature and time. Higher temperatures also enhanced binding of DDT to soil. Flooding the treated soil further increased volatilisation and degradation, although mineralisation was greatly reduced. Exposure of flooded and unflooded soils treated with DDT to sunlight in quartz, glass and dark tubes for 42 days during summer resulted in significant volatile losses. Volatilisation in the quartz tubes was nearly twice as great as that in the dark tubes The volatilised organics from the quartz tubes contained larger amounts of p,p'-DDE than the glass and dark tubes. Higher rates of volatilisation and degradation were found in flooded soils. Also significant quantities of p,p'-DDD were detected in addition to DDE. The data clearly show that volatilisation is the major mechanism for the rapid dissipation of DDT from Indian soils.

Photodegradable formulatins of DDT

The incorporation of diphenylamine and diethylaniline in commercial DDT-WDP formulations sprayed on Phaseolus aureus and Tabernaemontana coronaria revealed that both these chemicals enhanced the initial rate of loss of DDT. Both these sensitizers exhibited no immediate adverse effect on the storage stability, pH, sieve requirement and colour of the formulations and introduced no phytotoxicity. Diphenylamine addition, however, had some adverse effects on the suspensibility.