Chromatid breakage: cytosine arabinoside-induced lesions inhibited by ultraviolet irradiation

Development of a High-Throughput Human HepG2 Dual Luciferase Assay for Detection of Metabolically Activated Hepatotoxicants and Genotoxicants

Hepatic toxicity remains a major concern for drug failure; therefore, a thorough examination of chemically induced liver toxicity is essential for a robust safety evaluation. Current hypotheses suggest that the metabolic activation of a drug to a reactive intermediate is an important process. In this article, we describe a new high-throughput GADD45β reporter assay developed for assessing potential liver toxicity. Most importantly, this assay utilizes a human cell line and incorporates metabolic activation and thus provides significant advantage over other comparable assays used to determine hepatotoxicity. Our assay has low compound requirement and relies upon 2 reporter genes cotransfected into the HepG2 cells. The gene encoding Renilla luciferase is fused to the CMV promoter and provides a control for cell numbers. The firefly luciferase gene is fused to the GADD45β promoter and used to report an increase in DNA damage. A dual luciferase assay is performed by measuring the firefly and Renilla luciferase activities in the same sample. Results are expressed as the ratio of the 2 luciferase activities; increases over the control are interpreted as evidence of stress responses. This mammalian dual luciferase reporter has been characterized with, and without, metabolic activation using positive and negative control agents. Our data demonstrate that this assay provides for an assessment of potential toxic metabolites, is adaptable to a high-throughput platform, and yields data that accurately and reproducibly detect hepatotoxicants.

Complexes of 3d(n) metal ions with thiosemicarbazones: synthesis and antimicrobial activity

The chelating behavior of the thiosemicarbazone derivatives of 2-hydroxy-8-R-tricyclo[7.3.1.0.(2,7)]tridecane-13-one (where R = H, CH3, C6H5) towards Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) has been investigated by elemental analysis, molar conductivity measurements, UV-VIS, IR, ESR spectroscopy and thermal studies. It was deduced from the experiments performed that the ligands coordinate to metal ions in different ways--neutral bidentate or mononegative bidentate--depending on the nature of R. Also, if metal acetates are used instead of metal chlorides, the ligands coordinate in a mononegative bidentate fashion, regardless of the nature of R or the thiosemicarbazone type ligand. The antimicrobial activity of the ligands and of the complexes towards samples of Acinetobacter boumanii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was determined.

Chromatid breakage: differential effect of inhibitors of DNA synthesis during G 2 phase

The cell cycle specificity of chromatid breakage induced by inhibitors of DNA synthesis depends on the mechanism of drug action. 5-Hydroxy-2-formylpyridine thiosemicarbazone, hydroxyurea, and guanazole, compounds that inhibit ribonucleotide reductase, do not cause chromatid breakage during G(2) phase. In contrast, two active antitumor agents, arabinosylcytosine and 5-azacytidine, which are either incorporated into polynucleotides or affect DNA polymerase, produce chromatid breakage during G(2) phase. All of these agents except guanazole also induce breakage in S phase.