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Galili S, Hershenhorn J, Edelman M, Sobolev V, Smirnov E, Amir-Segev O, Bellalou A, Dor E. Novel Mutation in the Acetohydroxyacid Synthase (AHAS), Gene Confers Imidazolinone Resistance in Chickpea Cicer arietinum L. Plants. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10122791. [PMID: 34961262 PMCID: PMC8704328 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important crop in crop-rotation management in Israel. Imidazolinone herbicides have a wide spectrum of weed control, but chickpea plants are sensitive to acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS; also known as acetolactate synthase [ALS]) inhibitors. Using the chemical mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), we developed a chickpea line (M2033) that is resistant to imidazolinone herbicides. A point mutation was detected in one of the two genes encoding the AHAS catalytic subunit of M2033. The transition of threonine to isoleucine at position 192 (203 according to Arabidopsis) conferred resistance of M2033 to imidazolinones, but not to other groups of AHAS inhibitors. The role of this substitution in the resistance of line M2033 was proven by genetic transformation of tobacco plants. This resistance showed a single-gene semidominant inheritance pattern. Conclusion: A novel mutation, T192I (T203I according to Arabidopsis), providing resistance to IMI herbicides but not to other groups of AHAS inhibitors, is described in the AHAS1 protein of EMS-mutagenized chickpea line M2033.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shmuel Galili
- Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 15159, HaMaccabim Road 68, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (O.A.-S.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: (S.G.); (E.D.)
| | - Joseph Hershenhorn
- Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 3009503, Israel; (J.H.); (E.S.)
| | - Marvin Edelman
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel; (M.E.); (V.S.)
| | - Vladimir Sobolev
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel; (M.E.); (V.S.)
| | - Evgeny Smirnov
- Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 3009503, Israel; (J.H.); (E.S.)
| | - Orit Amir-Segev
- Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 15159, HaMaccabim Road 68, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (O.A.-S.); (A.B.)
| | - Aharon Bellalou
- Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 15159, HaMaccabim Road 68, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (O.A.-S.); (A.B.)
| | - Evgenia Dor
- Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 3009503, Israel; (J.H.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.G.); (E.D.)
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Paolis AD, Frugis G, Giannino D, Iannelli MA, Mele G, Rugini E, Silvestri C, Sparvoli F, Testone G, Mauro ML, Nicolodi C, Caretto S. Plant Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology: Following Mariotti's Steps. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E18. [PMID: 30634627 PMCID: PMC6359066 DOI: 10.3390/plants8010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This review is dedicated to the memory of Prof. Domenico Mariotti, who significantly contributed to establishing the Italian research community in Agricultural Genetics and carried out the first experiments of Agrobacterium-mediated plant genetic transformation and regeneration in Italy during the 1980s. Following his scientific interests as guiding principles, this review summarizes the recent advances obtained in plant biotechnology and fundamental research aiming to: (i) Exploit in vitro plant cell and tissue cultures to induce genetic variability and to produce useful metabolites; (ii) gain new insights into the biochemical function of Agrobacterium rhizogenes rol genes and their application to metabolite production, fruit tree transformation, and reverse genetics; (iii) improve genetic transformation in legume species, most of them recalcitrant to regeneration; (iv) untangle the potential of KNOTTED1-like homeobox (KNOX) transcription factors in plant morphogenesis as key regulators of hormonal homeostasis; and (v) elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the transition from juvenility to the adult phase in Prunus tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo De Paolis
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari (ISPA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Frugis
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria (IBBA), UOS Roma, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria Km. 29,300, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015 Roma, Italy.
| | - Donato Giannino
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria (IBBA), UOS Roma, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria Km. 29,300, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015 Roma, Italy.
| | - Maria Adelaide Iannelli
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria (IBBA), UOS Roma, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria Km. 29,300, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015 Roma, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Mele
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria (IBBA), UOS Roma, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria Km. 29,300, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015 Roma, Italy.
| | - Eddo Rugini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Via San Camillo De Lellis S.N.C., 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Cristian Silvestri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Via San Camillo De Lellis S.N.C., 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Francesca Sparvoli
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria (IBBA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Giulio Testone
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria (IBBA), UOS Roma, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria Km. 29,300, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015 Roma, Italy.
| | - Maria Luisa Mauro
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - Chiara Nicolodi
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria (IBBA), UOS Roma, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria Km. 29,300, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015 Roma, Italy.
| | - Sofia Caretto
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari (ISPA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
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Thyssen GN, Naoumkina M, McCarty JC, Jenkins JN, Florane C, Li P, Fang DD. The P450 gene CYP749A16 is required for tolerance to the sulfonylurea herbicide trifloxysulfuron sodium in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:186. [PMID: 30200872 PMCID: PMC6131939 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weed management is critical to global crop production and is complicated by rapidly evolving herbicide resistance in weeds. New sources of herbicide resistance are needed for crop plants so that applied herbicides can be rotated or combined to thwart the evolution of resistant weeds. The diverse family of cytochrome P450 proteins has been suggested to be a source of detoxifying herbicide metabolism in both weed and crop plants, and greater understanding of these genes will offer avenues for crop improvement and novel weed management practices. RESULTS Here, we report the identification of CYP749A16 (Gh_D10G1401) which is responsible for the natural tolerance exhibited by most cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., cultivars to the herbicide trifloxysulfuron sodium (TFS, CGA 362622, commercial formulation Envoke). A 1-bp frameshift insertion in the third exon of CYP749A16 results in the loss of tolerance to TFS. The DNA marker designed from this insertion perfectly co-segregated with the phenotype in 2145 F2 progeny of a cross between the sensitive cultivar Paymaster HS26 and tolerant cultivar Stoneville 474, and in 550 recombinant inbred lines of a multi-parent advanced generation inter-cross population. Marker analysis of 382 additional cotton cultivars identified twelve cultivars containing the 1-bp frameshift insertion. The marker genotypes matched perfectly with phenotypes in 188 plants from the selected twelve cultivars. Virus-induced gene silencing of CYP749A16 generated sensitivity in the tolerant cotton cultivar Stoneville 474. CONCLUSIONS CYP749A16 located on chromosome D10 is required for TFS herbicide tolerance in cotton. This finding should add to the repertoire of tools available to farmers and breeders for the advancement of agricultural productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory N. Thyssen
- Cotton Fiber Bioscience Research Unit, USDA-ARS-SRRC, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA
- Cotton Chemistry and Utilization Research Unit, USDA-ARS-SRRC, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA
| | - Marina Naoumkina
- Cotton Fiber Bioscience Research Unit, USDA-ARS-SRRC, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA
| | - Jack C. McCarty
- Genetics & Sustainable Agriculture Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
| | - Johnie N. Jenkins
- Genetics & Sustainable Agriculture Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
| | - Christopher Florane
- Cotton Fiber Bioscience Research Unit, USDA-ARS-SRRC, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA
| | - Ping Li
- Cotton Fiber Bioscience Research Unit, USDA-ARS-SRRC, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA
| | - David D. Fang
- Cotton Fiber Bioscience Research Unit, USDA-ARS-SRRC, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA
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Koetle MJ, Lloyd Evans D, Singh V, Snyman SJ, Rutherford RS, Watt MP. Agronomic evaluation and molecular characterisation of the acetolactate synthase gene in imazapyr tolerant sugarcane (Saccharum hybrid) genotypes. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:1201-1213. [PMID: 29868986 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2306-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mutagenesis had no effect on number of stalks/plot, stalk height, fibre and sucrose content of mutants. Imazapyr tolerance is likely due to a S622N mutation in the acetolactate synthase gene. The herbicidal compound imazapyr is effective against weeds such as Cynodon and Rottboellia species that constrain sugarcane production. This study aimed to compare agronomic characteristics of three imazapyr tolerant mutants (Mut 1, Mut 6 and Mut 7) with the non-mutated N12 control after 18 months of growth, and to sequence the acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene to identify any point mutations conferring imazapyr tolerance. There were no significant differences in the number of stalks/plot, stalk height, fibre and sucrose contents of the mutants compared with the N12 control. However, Mut 1 genotype was more susceptible to the Lepidopteran stalk borer, Eldana saccharina when compared with the non-mutated N12 (11.14 ± 1.37 and 3.89 ± 0.52% internodes bored, respectively), making Mut 1 less desirable for commercial cultivation. Molecular characterisation of the ALS gene revealed non-synonymous mutations in Mut 6. An A to G change at nucleotide position 1857 resulted in a N513D mutation, while a G to A change at nucleotide position 2184 imposed a S622N mutation. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the S622N mutation renders an asparagine side chain clash with imazapyr, hence this mutation is effective in conferring imazapyr tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motselisi J Koetle
- South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Private Bag X02, Mount Edgecombe, Durban, 4300, South Africa.
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Dyfed Lloyd Evans
- South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Private Bag X02, Mount Edgecombe, Durban, 4300, South Africa
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa
| | - Varnika Singh
- South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Private Bag X02, Mount Edgecombe, Durban, 4300, South Africa
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sandy J Snyman
- South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Private Bag X02, Mount Edgecombe, Durban, 4300, South Africa
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa
| | - R Stuart Rutherford
- South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Private Bag X02, Mount Edgecombe, Durban, 4300, South Africa
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa
| | - M Paula Watt
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa
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Barrell PJ, Latimer JM, Baldwin SJ, Thompson ML, Jacobs JME, Conner AJ. Somatic cell selection for chlorsulfuron-resistant mutants in potato: identification of point mutations in the acetohydroxyacid synthase gene. BMC Biotechnol 2017; 17:49. [PMID: 28587679 PMCID: PMC5461709 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-017-0371-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Somatic cell selection in plants allows the recovery of spontaneous mutants from cell cultures. When coupled with the regeneration of plants it allows an effective approach for the recovery of novel traits in plants. This study undertook somatic cell selection in the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivar ‘Iwa’ using the sulfonylurea herbicide, chlorsulfuron, as a positive selection agent. Results Following 5 days’ exposure of potato cell suspension cultures to 20 μg/l chlorsulfuron, rescue selection recovered rare potato cell colonies at a frequency of approximately one event in 2.7 × 105 of plated cells. Plants that were regenerated from these cell colonies retained resistance to chlorsulfuron and two variants were confirmed to have different independent point mutations in the acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) gene. One point mutation involved a transition of cytosine for thymine, which substituted the equivalent of Pro-197 to Ser-197 in the AHAS enzyme. The second point mutation involved a transversion of thymine to adenine, changing the equivalent of Trp-574 to Arg-574. The two independent point mutations recovered were assembled into a chimeric gene and binary vector for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of wild-type ‘Iwa’ potato. This confirmed that the mutations in the AHAS gene conferred chlorsulfuron resistance in the resulting transgenic plants. Conclusions Somatic cell selection in potato using the sulfonylurea herbicide, chlorsulfuron, recovered resistant variants attributed to mutational events in the AHAS gene. The mutant AHAS genes recovered are therefore good candidates as selectable marker genes for intragenic transformation of potato. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12896-017-0371-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa J Barrell
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Julie M Latimer
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Samantha J Baldwin
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Michelle L Thompson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Jeanne M E Jacobs
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand.,Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Anthony J Conner
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand. .,AgResearch Ltd, Lincoln Research Centre, Private Bag 4749, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand.
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Rizwan M, Aslam M, Asghar MJ, Abbas G, Shah TM, Shimelis H. Pre-breeding of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) for herbicide resistance through seed mutagenesis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171846. [PMID: 28196091 PMCID: PMC5308809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentil is a poor competitor of weeds and its sensitivity to herbicides is a major hurdle for large scale production. The present study was conducted to select herbicide resistant lentil genotypes through seed mutagenesis. Seeds of three advanced lentil genotypes (LPP 11001, LPP 11100 and LPP 11116) were treated with two different concentrations of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS; 0.1 and 0.2%), hydrazine hydrate (HH; 0.02 and 0.03%) and sodium azide (SA; 0.01 and 0.02%) to develop M1 seed. The M2 was screened against two herbicides including Ally Max 28.6% SG (X = 34.58 g/ha and 1.5X = 51.87 g/ha) and Atlantis 3.6% WG (X = 395.2 g/ha and 1.5X = 592.8 g/ha) using the following three screening methods: post plant emergence (PPE), pre-plant incorporation (PPI) and seed priming (SP). Data were recorded on survival index and survival percentage from each experimental unit of every population. Plants in all populations were categorized following their reaction to herbicides. The newly developed populations showed greater variation for herbicide resistance when compared to their progenitors. Phenotypic traits were significantly reduced in all the screening environments. Overall, 671 herbicide resistant mutants were selected from all testing environments. The seeds from selected plants were re-mutagenized at 150 Gy of gamma radiation and evaluated against higher dose of herbicides. This allowed selection of 134 herbicide resistant mutants. The selected mutants are useful germplasm for herbicide resistance breeding of lentil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rizwan
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aslam
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Ghulam Abbas
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Hussein Shimelis
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, African Centre for Crop Improvement, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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Abstract
Herbicides that inhibit acetolactate synthase (ALS), the enzyme common to the biosynthesis of the branch-chain amino acids (valine, leucine, and isoleucine), affect many species of higher plants as well as bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and algae. The novel mechanism of action attributed to ALS inhibitors, their effect on the reproduction of some plant species, their potency at extremely low concentrations, and the rapid evolution of resistance to these herbicides in some plants and microorganisms are characteristics that set ALS inhibitors apart from their predecessors. This class of chemicals affects seedling growth. Older plants exhibit varied signs of malformation, stunting, and reduced seed production. These herbicides are so potent that they can affect plants at levels that are undetectable by any standard chemical protocol. Weeds quickly become resistant to ALS inhibitors, presumably because these herbicides have a single mode of action and because many have long residual activity. Concern now is directed towards developing the technology to detect very low concentrations of ALS inhibitors in the environment and their indirect effects on plant and animal health.
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Chandler SF, Senior M, Nakamura N, Tsuda S, Tanaka Y. Expression of flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase and acetolactate synthase genes in transgenic carnation: assessing the safety of a nonfood plant. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:11711-11720. [PMID: 23646984 DOI: 10.1021/jf4004384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
For 16 years, genetically modified flowers of carnation ( Dianthus caryophyllus ) have been sold to the floristry industry. The transgenic carnation carries a herbicide tolerance gene (a mutant gene encoding acetolactate synthase (ALS)) and has been modified to produce delphinidin-based anthocyanins in flowers, which conventionally bred carnation cannot produce. The modified flower color has been achieved by introduction of a gene encoding flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H). Transgenic carnation flowers are produced in South America and are primarily distributed to North America, Europe, and Japan. Although a nonfood crop, the release of the genetically modified carnation varieties required an environmental risk impact assessment and an assessment of the potential for any increased risk of harm to human or animal health compared to conventionally bred carnation. The results of the health safety assessment and the experimental studies that accompanied them are described in this review. The conclusion from the assessments has been that the release of genetically modified carnation varieties which express F3'5'H and ALS genes and which accumulate delphinidin-based anthocyanins do not pose an increased risk of harm to human or animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Chandler
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University , P.O. Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
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van der Vyver C, Conradie T, Kossmann J, Lloyd J. In vitro selection of transgenic sugarcane callus utilizing a plant gene encoding a mutant form of acetolactate synthase. IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY. PLANT : JOURNAL OF THE TISSUE CULTURE ASSOCIATION 2013; 49:198-206. [PMID: 23543883 PMCID: PMC3607717 DOI: 10.1007/s11627-013-9493-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Selection genes are routinely used in plant genetic transformation protocols to ensure the survival of transformed cells by limiting the regeneration of non-transgenic cells. In order to find alternatives to the use of antibiotics as selection agents, we followed a targeted approach utilizing a plant gene, encoding a mutant form of the enzyme acetolactate synthase, to convey resistance to herbicides. The sensitivity of sugarcane callus (Saccharum spp. hybrids, cv. NCo310) to a number of herbicides from the sulfonylurea and imidazolinone classes was tested. Callus growth was most affected by sulfonylurea herbicides, particularly 3.6 μg/l chlorsulfuron. Herbicide-resistant transgenic sugarcane plants containing mutant forms of a tobacco acetolactate synthase (als) gene were obtained following biolistic transformation. Post-bombardment, putative transgenic callus was selectively proliferated on MS medium containing 3 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 20 g/l sucrose, 0.5 g/l casein, and 3.6 μg/l chlorsulfuron. Plant regeneration and rooting was done on MS medium lacking 2,4-D under similar selection conditions. Thirty vigorously growing putative transgenic plants were successfully ex vitro-acclimatized and established under glasshouse conditions. Glasshouse spraying of putative transgenic plants with 100 mg/l chlorsulfuron dramatically decreased the amount of non-transgenic plants that had escaped the in vitro selection regime. PCR analysis showed that six surviving plants were als-positive and that five of these expressed the mutant als gene. This report is the first to describe a selection system for sugarcane transformation that uses a selectable marker gene of plant origin targeted by a sulfonylurea herbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christell van der Vyver
- Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, 7602 South Africa
| | - Tobie Conradie
- Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, 7602 South Africa
| | - Jens Kossmann
- Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, 7602 South Africa
| | - James Lloyd
- Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, 7602 South Africa
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Monitoring and Management of Imidazolinone-Resistant Red Rice (Oryza sativa L., var. sylvatica) in Clearfield® Italian Paddy Rice. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy2040371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Sala CA, Bulos M. Inheritance and molecular characterization of broad range tolerance to herbicides targeting acetohydroxyacid synthase in sunflower. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2012; 124:355-64. [PMID: 21959907 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-011-1710-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ahasl1 is a multilallelic locus where all the induced and natural mutations for herbicide tolerance were described thus far in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). The allele Ahasl1-1 confers moderate tolerance to imidazolinone (IMI), Ahasl1-2, and Ahasl1-3 provides high levels of tolerance solely to sulfonylurea (SU) and IMI, respectively. An Argentinean wild sunflower population showing plants with high level of tolerance to either an IMI and a SU herbicide was discovered and used to develop an inbred line designated RW-B. The objectives of this work were to determine the relative level and pattern of cross-tolerance to different AHAS-inhibiting herbicides, the mode of inheritance, and the molecular basis of herbicide tolerance in this line. Slight or no symptoms observed after application of different herbicides indicated that RW-B possesses a completely new pattern of tolerance to AHAS-inhibiting herbicides in sunflower. Biomass response to increasing doses of metsulfuron or imazapyr demonstrated a higher level of tolerance in RW-B with respect to Ahasl1-1/Ahasl1-1 and Ahasl1-2/Ahasl1-2 lines. On the basis of genetic analyses and cosegregation test, it was concluded that tolerance to imazapyr in the original population is inherited as a single, partially dominant nuclear gene and that this gene is controlling the tolerance to four different AHAS-inhibiting herbicides. Pseudo-allelism test permitted us to conclude that the tolerant allele present in RW-B is an allelic variant of Ahasl1-1 and was designated as Ahasl1-4. Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence indicated that the Ahasl1-4 allele sequence of RW-B has a leucine codon (TTG) at position 574 (relative to the Arabidopsis thaliana AHAS sequence), whereas the enzyme from susceptible lines has a tryptophan residue (TGG) at this position. The utilization of this new allele in the framework of weed control and crop rotation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Sala
- Biotechnology Department, NIDERA S.A, Ruta 8 km 376, Casilla de Correo 6, 2600, Venado Tuerto, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Stalker DM, McBride KE, Malyj LD. Herbicide resistance in transgenic plants expressing a bacterial detoxification gene. Science 2010; 242:419-23. [PMID: 17789813 DOI: 10.1126/science.242.4877.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The herbicide bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile) is a photosynthetic (photosystem II) inhibitor in plants. A gene, bxn, encoding a specific nitrilase that converts bromoxynil to its primary metabolite 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, was cloned from the natural soil bacterium Klebsiella ozaenae. For expression in plants, the bxn gene was placed under control of a light-regulated tissue-specific promoter, the ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit. Transfer of this chimeric gene and expression of a bromoxynil-specific nitrilase in leaves of transgenic tobacco plants conferred resistance to high levels of a commercial formulation of bromoxynil. The results presented indicate a successful approach to obtain herbicide resistance by introducing a novel catabolic detoxification gene in plants.
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Chaleff RS, Mauvais CJ. Acetolactate synthase is the site of action of two sulfonylurea herbicides in higher plants. Science 2010; 224:1443-5. [PMID: 17793381 DOI: 10.1126/science.224.4656.1443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Biochemical and genetic studies of a tobacco mutant resistant to the herbicides chlorsulfuron and sulfometuron methyl have demonstrated that these sulfonylurea herbicides inhibit acetolactate synthase, the first enzyme specific to the branched chain amino acid biosynthetic pathway. Resistance of this mutant is accomplished by production of a form of the enzyme that is insensitive to inhibition by the two herbicides.
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Smith JK, Schloss JV, Mazur BJ. Functional expression of plant acetolactate synthase genes in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 86:4179-83. [PMID: 16594052 PMCID: PMC287413 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.11.4179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetolactate synthase (ALS; EC 4.1.3.18) is the first common enzyme in the biosynthetic pathways leading to leucine, isoleucine, and valine. It is the target enzyme for three classes of structurally unrelated herbicides, the sulfonylureas, the imidazolinones, and the triazolopyrimidines. A cloned ALS gene from the small cruciferous plant Arabidopsis thaliana has been fused to bacterial transcription/translation signals and the resulting plasmid has been used to transform Escherichia coli. The cloned plant gene, which includes sequences encoding the chloroplast transit peptide, is functionally expressed in the bacteria. It is able to complement genetically a strain of E. coli that lacks endogenous ALS activity. An ALS gene cloned from a line of Arabidopsis previously shown to be resistant to sulfonylurea herbicides has been similarly expressed in E. coli. The herbicide-resistance phenotype is expressed in the bacteria, as assayed by both enzyme activity and the ability to grow in the presence of herbicides. This system has been useful for purifying substantial amounts of the plant enzyme, for studying the sequence parameters involved in subcellular protein localization, and for characterizing the interactions that occur between ALS and its various inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Smith
- Agricultural Products Department, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Experimental Station E402, Wilmington, DE 19880-0402
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15
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Wu F, Eannetta NT, Xu Y, Plieske J, Ganal M, Pozzi C, Bakaher N, Tanksley SD. COSII genetic maps of two diploid Nicotiana species provide a detailed picture of synteny with tomato and insights into chromosome evolution in tetraploid N. tabacum. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2010; 120:809-27. [PMID: 19921141 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-009-1206-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Using single-copy conserved ortholog set (COSII) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, we have constructed two genetic maps for diploid Nicotiana species, N. tomentosiformis and N. acuminata, respectively. N. acuminata is phylogenetically closer to N. sylvestris than to N. tomentosiformis, the latter two of which are thought to contribute the S-genome and T-genome, respectively, to the allotetraploid tobacco (N. tabacum L., 2n = 48). A comparison of the two maps revealed a minimum of seven inversions and one translocation subsequent to the divergence of these two diploid species. Further, comparing the diploid maps with a dense tobacco map revealed that the tobacco genome experienced chromosomal rearrangements more frequently than its diploid relatives, supporting the notion of accelerated genome evolution in allotetraploids. Mapped COSII markers permitted the investigation of Nicotiana-tomato syntenic relationships. A minimum of 3 (and up to 10) inversions and 11 reciprocal translocations differentiate the tomato genome from that of the last common ancestor of N. tomentosiformis and N. acuminata. Nevertheless, the marker/gene order is well preserved in 25 conserved syntenic segments. Molecular dating based on COSII sequences suggested that tobacco was formed 1.0 MYA or later. In conclusion, these COSII and SSR markers link the cultivated tobacco map to those of wild diploid Nicotiana species and tomato, thus providing a platform for cross-reference of genetic and genomic information among them as well as other solanaceous species including potato, eggplant, pepper and the closely allied coffee (Rubiaceae). Therefore they will facilitate genetic research in the genus Nicotiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feinan Wu
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Green JM, Hazel CB, Forney DR, Pugh LM. New multiple-herbicide crop resistance and formulation technology to augment the utility of glyphosate. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2008; 64:332-9. [PMID: 18069651 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 06/08/2007] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate has performed long and well, but now some weed communities are shifting to populations that survive glyphosate, and growers need new weed management technologies to augment glyphosate performance in glyphosate-resistant crops. Unfortunately, most companies are not developing any new selective herbicides with new modes of action to fill this need. Fortunately, companies are developing new herbicide-resistant crop technologies to combine with glyphosate resistance and expand the utility of existing herbicides. One of the first multiple-herbicide-resistant crops will have a molecular stack of a new metabolically based glyphosate resistance mechanism with an active-site-based resistance to a broad spectrum of ALS-inhibiting herbicides. Additionally, new formulation technology called homogeneous blends will be used in conjunction with glyphosate and ALS-resistant crops. This formulation technology satisfies governmental regulations, so that new herbicide mixture offerings with diverse modes of action can be commercialized more rapidly and less expensively. Together, homogeneous blends and multiple-herbicide-resistant crops can offer growers a wider choice of herbicide mixtures at rates and ratios to augment glyphosate and satisfy changing weed management needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry M Green
- Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Stine-Haskell Research Center, Newark, DE 19714-0030, USA.
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Manabe Y, Tinker N, Colville A, Miki B. CSR1, the sole target of imidazolinone herbicide in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 48:1340-58. [PMID: 17693453 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcm105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The imidazolinone-tolerant mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana, csr1-2(D), carries a mutation equivalent to that found in commercially available Clearfield crops. Despite their widespread usage, the mechanism by which Clearfield crops gain imidazolinone herbicide tolerance has not yet been fully characterized. Transcription profiling of imazapyr (an imidazolinone herbicide)-treated wild-type and csr1-2(D) mutant plants using Affymetrix ATH1 GeneChip microarrays was performed to elucidate further the biochemical and genetic mechanisms of imidazolinone resistance. In wild-type shoots, the genes which responded earliest to imazapyr treatment were detoxification-related genes which have also been shown to be induced by other abiotic stresses. Early-response genes included steroid sulfotransferase (ST) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase (ACO), as well as members of the glycosyltransferase, glutathione transferase (GST), cytochrome P450, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE) and alternative oxidase (AOX) protein families. Later stages of the imazapyr response involved regulation of genes participating in biosynthesis of amino acids, secondary metabolites and tRNA. In contrast to the dynamic changes in the transcriptome profile observed in imazapyr-treated wild-type plants, the transcriptome of csr1-2(D) did not exhibit significant changes following imazapyr treatment, compared with mock-treated csr1-2(D). Further, no substantial difference was observed between wild-type and csr1-2(D) transcriptomes in the absence of imazapyr treatment. These results indicate that CSR1 is the sole target of imidazolinone and that the csr1-2(D) mutation has little or no detrimental effect on whole-plant fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuki Manabe
- Bioproducts and Bioprocesses, Research Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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19
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Brown HM. Mode of action, crop selectivity, and soil relations of the sulfonylurea herbicides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ps.2780290304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Blair AM, Martin TD. A review of the activity, fate and mode of action of sulfonylurea herbicides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ps.2780220303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Aragão FJL, Brasileiro ACM. Positive, negative and marker-free strategies for transgenic plant selection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1590/s1677-04202002000100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this review, the use of the most common selection marker genes on plant transformation and the effects of their respective selective agents are discussed. These genes could be divided in two categories according their mode of action: genes for positive and negative selection. The retention of the marker gene flow through chloroplast transformation is also discussed. Further, strategies to recover marker-free transgenic plants, involving multi-auto-transformation (MAT), co-transformation, site-specific recombination and intragenomic relocation of transgenes through transposable elements are reviewed.
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22
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Beetham PR, Kipp PB, Sawycky XL, Arntzen CJ, May GD. A tool for functional plant genomics: chimeric RNA/DNA oligonucleotides cause in vivo gene-specific mutations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:8774-8. [PMID: 10411951 PMCID: PMC17592 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.15.8774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/1999] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-complementary chimeric oligonucleotides (COs) composed of DNA and modified RNA residues were evaluated as a means to (i) create stable, site-specific base substitutions in a nuclear gene and (ii) introduce a frameshift in a nuclear transgene in plant cells. To demonstrate the creation of allele-specific mutations in a member of a gene family, COs were designed to target the codon for Pro-196 of SuRA, a tobacco acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene. An amino acid substitution at Pro-196 of ALS confers a herbicide-resistance phenotype that can be used as a selectable marker in plant cells. COs were designed to contain a 25-nt homology domain comprised of a five-deoxyribonucleotide region (harboring a single base mismatch to the native ALS sequence) flanked by regions each composed of 10 ribonucleotides. After recovery of herbicide-resistant tobacco cells on selective medium, DNA sequence analyses identified base conversions in the ALS gene at the codon for Pro-196. To demonstrate a site-specific insertion of a single base into a targeted gene, COs were used to restore expression of an inactive green fluorescent protein transgene that had been designed to contain a single base deletion. Recovery of fluorescent cells confirmed the deletion correction. Our results demonstrate the application of a technology to modify individual genetic loci by catalyzing either a base substitution or a base addition to specific nuclear genes; this approach should have great utility in the area of plant functional genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Beetham
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853-1801, USA
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23
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Brar DS, Jain SM. Somaclonal Variation: Mechanism and Applications in Crop Improvement. SOMACLONAL VARIATION AND INDUCED MUTATIONS IN CROP IMPROVEMENT 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-9125-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
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24
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Ahloowalia BS. In-vitro Techniques and Mutagenesis for the Improvement of Vegetatively Propagated Plants. SOMACLONAL VARIATION AND INDUCED MUTATIONS IN CROP IMPROVEMENT 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-9125-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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25
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Atanassova S, Valkov V, Slavov S, Batchvarova R. A Physiological Approach for Analysing Transgenic and Original Tobacco Cultivars with Respect of OrobancheSpp. Control. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 1998. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.1998.10818986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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26
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Azevedo RA, Arruda P, Turner WL, Lea PJ. The biosynthesis and metabolism of the aspartate derived amino acids in higher plants. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 1997; 46:395-419. [PMID: 9332022 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(97)00319-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The essential amino acids lysine, threonine, methionine and isoleucine are synthesised in higher plants via a common pathway starting with aspartate. The regulation of the pathway is discussed in detail, and the properties of the key enzymes described. Recent data obtained from studies of regulation at the gene level and information derived from mutant and transgenic plants are also discussed. The herbicide target enzyme acetohydroxyacid synthase involved in the synthesis of the branched chain amino acids is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Azevedo
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
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27
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Hervieu F, Vaucheret H. A single amino acid change in acetolactate synthase confers resistance to valine in tobacco. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1996; 251:220-4. [PMID: 8668133 DOI: 10.1007/bf02172921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic control of branches chain amino acid (BCAA) biosynthesis involves allosteric regulation of acetolactate synthase (ALS) by the end-products of the pathway, valine, leucine and isoleucine. We describe here the molecular basis of valine resistance. We cloned and sequenced an ALS gene from the tobacco mutant Valr-1 and found a single basepair substitution relative to the wild-type allele. This mutation causes a serine to leucine change in the amino acid sequence of ALS at position 214. We then mutagenized the wild-type allele of the ALS gene of Arabidopsis and found that it confers valine resistance when introduced into tobacco plants. Taken together, these results suggest that the serine to leucine change at position 214 of ALS is responsible for valine resistance in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hervieu
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, INRA, Versailles, France
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28
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Godon C, Krapp A, Leydecker MT, Daniel-Vedele F, Caboche M. Methylammonium-resistant mutants of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia are affected in nitrate transport. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1996; 250:357-66. [PMID: 8602151 DOI: 10.1007/bf02174394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the isolation and preliminary characterization of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia mutants resistant to methylammonium. Nicotiana plumbaginifolia plants cannot grow on low levels of nitrate in the presence of methylammonium. Methylammonium is not used as a nitrogen source, although it can be efficiently taken up by Nicotiana plumbaginifolia cells and converted into methylglutamine, an analog of glutamine. Glutamine is known to repress the expression of the enzymes that mediate the first two steps in the nitrate assimilatory pathway, nitrate reductase (NR) and nitrite reductase (NiR). Methylammonium has therefore been used, in combination with low concentrations of nitrate, as a selective agent in order to screen for mutants in which the nitrate pathway is de-repressed. Eleven semi-dominant mutants, all belonging to the same complementation group, were identified. The mutant showing the highest resistance to methylammonium was not affected either in the utilization of ammonium, accumulation of methylammonium or in glutamine synthase activity. A series of experiments showed that utilization of nitrite by the wild-type and the mutant was comparable, in the presence or the absence of methylammonium, thus suggesting that the mutation specifically affected nitrate transport or reduction. Although NR mRNA levels were less repressed by methylammonium treatment of the wild-type than the mutant, NR activities of the mutant remained comparable with or without methylammonium, leading to the hypothesis that modified expression of NR is probably not responsible for resistance to methylammonium. Methylammonium inhibited nitrate uptake in the wild-type but had only a limited effect in the mutant. The implications of these results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Godon
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, INRA, Versailles, France
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29
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Lavigne C, Manac'h H, Guyard C, Gasquez J. The cost of herbicide resistance in white-chicory: ecological implications for its commercial release. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1995; 91:1301-1308. [PMID: 24170062 DOI: 10.1007/bf00220945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/1995] [Accepted: 06/23/1995] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Applications for the commercial release of herbicide-resistant crops, most of them transgenic, are likely to become more frequent in the coming years. The ecological concerns raised by their large scale use call for risk-assessment studies. One of the major issues in such studies is the relative fitness of the resistant line compared to the susceptible when no herbicide is applied since this will largely determine the long-term fate of the resistance gene outside of the field. Here we report on a comparison of a sulfonylurea-resistant line of white-chicory regenerated from a non-mutagenized cell culture with a supposedly isogenic susceptible biotype. The plants were grown in experimental plots at a range of densities in a replacement series. The reproductive output of the plants decreased with increasing density but no significant difference was found between the two lines for any vegetative or reproductive trait at any density. This suggests that no cost is associated with the mutation causing the resistance and that the resistance gene would not be selected against if it escaped to populations of wild chicories.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lavigne
- Laboratoire d'Evolution et Systématique des Végétaux, Université Paris-Sud, bât. 362, URA 1492, F-91405, Orsay cedex, France
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Grula JW, Hudspeth RL, Hobbs SL, Anderson DM. Organization, inheritance and expression of acetohydroxyacid synthase genes in the cotton allotetraploid Gossypium hirsutum. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1995; 28:837-846. [PMID: 7640356 DOI: 10.1007/bf00042069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) gene family of the cotton AD allotetraploid Gossypium hirsutum has been cloned and characterized. We have identified six different AHAS genes from an analysis of genomic clones and Southern blots of genomic DNA. Four of the six genes are organized as tandem pairs, in which the genes are separated by only 2-3 kb. Conservation of restriction fragment length polymorphisms between G. hirsutum and A-genome and D-genome-containing diploid cottons was sufficient to assign the single genes in clones A5 and A19 to the A and D subgenomes, respectively. Each diploid genome has one tandem pair, but in these cases we could not make specific subgenomic assignments. DNA and deduced amino acid sequences were determined for the A5 and A19 genes, and an AHAS cDNA clone isolated from a leaf library. The sequence of the A19 gene matches that of the cDNA clone, while the A5 gene is 97.8% similar. The four genes comprising the tandem pairs are much less similar to the cDNA clone. The deduced amino acid sequences of the mature polypeptides encoded by the A5 and A19 genes are collinear with the housekeeping forms of AHAS from Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana tabacum and Brassica napus. The constitutive expression of A5 and A19 was confirmed with RNase protection assays and northern blots. We conclude that these genes encode the main housekeeping forms of AHAS in G. hirsutum. Among the four AHAS genes comprising the two tandem pairs, at least two are functional. These genes exhibit either low-level constitutive expression (one or both of the 'downstream' genes of each pair), or highly specific expression in reproductive tissue (one or both of the 'upstream' genes of each pair). The AHAS gene family of G. hirsutum is more complex than that of other plants so far examined.
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Caretto S, Giardina MC, Nicolodi C, Mariotti D. Chlorsulfuron resistance in Daucus carota cell lines and plants:Involvement of gene amplification. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1994; 88:520-524. [PMID: 24186104 DOI: 10.1007/bf01240912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/1993] [Accepted: 10/12/1993] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Daucus carota L. cell lines stably resistant to the herbicide chlorsulfuron (CS) have been isolated according to a stepwise selection. Studies carried out during different selection steps show that the specific activity of the target enzyme acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) increases along with CS resistance. Southern hybridization analysis performed with aBrassica napus AHAS probe in a CS highly-resistant cell line reveals the presence of a greatly amplifiedEcoRI fragment of genomic DNA. This indicates that AHAS overproduction induced by stepwise selection is due to gene amplification. Regenerants from some resistant cell lines maintained the CS-resistant trait at the whole plant level.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Caretto
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Ecophysiology - CNR, Via Salaria km 29.3000-00016 Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, Italy
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Kenton A, Parokonny AS, Gleba YY, Bennett MD. Characterization of the Nicotiana tabacum L. genome by molecular cytogenetics. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1993; 240:159-69. [PMID: 8355650 DOI: 10.1007/bf00277053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Nicotiana tabacum (2n = 48) is a natural amphidiploid with component genomes S and T. We used non-radioactive in situ hybridization to provide physical chromosome markers for N. tabacum, and to determine the extant species most similar to the S and T genomes. Chromosomes of the S genome hybridized strongly to biotinylated total DNA from N. sylvestris, and showed the same physical localization of a tandemly repeated DNA sequence, HRS 60.1, confirming the close relationship between the S genome and N. sylvestris. Results of dot blot and in situ hybridizations of N. tabacum DNA to biotinylated total genomic DNA from N. tomentosiformis and N. otophora suggested that the T genome may derive from an introgressive hybrid between these two species. Moreover, a comparison of nucleolus-organizing chromosomes revealed that the nucleolus organizer region (NOR) most strongly expressed in N. tabacum had a very similar counterpart in N. otophora. Three different N. tabacum genotypes each had up to 9 homozygous translocations between chromosomes of the S and T genomes. Such translocations, which were either unilateral or reciprocal, demonstrate that intergenomic transfer of DNA has occurred in the amphidiploid, possibly accounting for some results of previous genetic and molecular analyses. Molecular cytogenetics of N. tabacum has identified new chromosome markers, providing a basis for physical gene mapping and showing that the amphidiploid genome has diverged structurally from its ancestral components.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kenton
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Richmond, Surrey, UK
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Last RL. The genetics of nitrogen assimilation and amino acid biosynthesis in flowering plants: progress and prospects. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1993; 143:297-330. [PMID: 8449664 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61878-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R L Last
- Plant Molecular Biology Program, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1801
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Abstract
Of the variety of compounds expressed in transgenic plants, antibodies offer probably the widest range of applications. The antibodies appear to possess all of the functional characteristics of antibody derived from hybridoma cells, although further study will be required to determine the effect of the difference in heavy chain glycosylation. More work will also be directed toward the assembly, accumulation, stability and secretion of plant antibodies. The effect of the signal sequence on the expression and assembly of antibodies has been shown and further methods of optimizing transgenic protein accumulation in plants almost certainly exist. Plant antibody technology is still in its infancy. However, it offers enormous potential in "mix-and-match" antibody engineering, and the construction of multimeric immunoglobulin complexes may be feasible relatively easily, for the first time. Furthermore, as there is an enduring interest in using antibodies for therapeutic purposes, agricultural production and distribution offers a means of obtaining large quantities of antibodies at a relatively low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hiatt
- Department of Cell Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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36
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Abstract
Techniques for plant transformation have been developed to such an extent that a number of foreign genes are currently being introduced into transgenic plants. Tobacco plants that produce monoclonal antibodies are of interest, because in addition to synthesis of two gene products (i.e. the heavy and light chains), the two polypeptides need to be assembled correctly, in order to result in a functional antibody. The studies on a catalytic antibody suggest that this is the case, and that the antibody functions identically to the native murine-derived antibody. The only difference observed was in the glycosylation of the heavy chain. Further transgenic plants are being generated to produce monoclonal antibodies that may be used therapeutically (and are therefore required in large quantities), or to provide disease resistance in plants. In addition, the ability of plants to assemble antibody complexes is being investigated further, to study the possibility of generating secretory IgA, which consists of heavy and light chains as well as two additional polypeptide units.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hiatt
- Department of Cell Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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McSheffrey SA, McHughen A, Devine MD. Characterization of transgenic sulfonylurea-resistant flax (Linum usitatissimum). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1992; 84:480-486. [PMID: 24203211 DOI: 10.1007/bf00229510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/1991] [Accepted: 11/29/1991] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fourteen transgenic flax (Linum usitatissimum) lines, carrying a mutant Arabidopsis acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene selected for resistance to chlorsulfuron, were characterized for resistance to two sulfonylurea herbicides. Progeny of 10 of the 14 lines segregated in a ratio of 3 resistant to 1 susceptible, indicating a single insertion. Progeny of 1 line segregated in a 15∶1 ratio, indicating two insertions of the ALS gene at independent loci. Progeny from 3 lines did not segregate in a Mendelian fashion and were likely the products of chimeric shoots. Resistance to chlorsulfuron was stably inherited in all lines. At the enzyme level, the transgenic lines were 2.5 to more than 60 times more resistant to chlorsulfuron than the parental lines. The transgenic lines were 25-260 times more resistant to chlorsulfuron than the parental lines in root growth experiments and demonstrated resistance when grown in soil treated with 20 g ha(-1) chlorsulfuron. The lines demonstrated less resistance to metsulfuron methyl; in root growth experiments, the transgenic lines were only 1.6-4.8 times more resistant to metsulfuron methyl than the parental lines. Resistance was demonstrated in the field at half (2.25 g ha(-1)) and full (4.5 g ha(-1)) rates of metsulfuron methyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A McSheffrey
- Department of Crop Science and Plant Ecology, University of Saskatchewan, S7N 0W0, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Harms CT, Armour SL, DiMaio JJ, Middlesteadt LA, Murray D, Negrotto DV, Thompson-Taylor H, Weymann K, Montoya AL, Shillito RD. Herbicide resistance due to amplification of a mutant acetohydroxyacid synthase gene. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1992; 233:427-35. [PMID: 1620098 DOI: 10.1007/bf00265440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have selected a tobacco cell line, SU-27D5, that is highly resistant to sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides. This line was developed by selection first on a lethal concentration of cinosulfuron and then on increasing concentrations of primisulfuron, both sulfonylurea herbicides. SU-27D5 was tested against five sulfonylureas and one imidazolinone herbicide and was shown, in every case, to be two to three orders of magnitude more resistant than wild-type cells. The acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) of SU-27D5 was 50- to 780-fold less sensitive than that of wild-type cells to herbicide inhibition. The specific activity of AHAS in the SU-27D5 cell lysate was 6 to 7 times greater than that in wild-type cells. Using Southern analysis, we showed that cell line SU-27D5 had amplified its SuRB AHAS gene about 20-fold while maintaining a normal diploid complement of the SuRA AHAS gene. Genomic clones of both AHAS genes were isolated and used to transform wild-type tobacco protoplasts. SuRB clones gave rise to herbicide-resistant transformants, whereas SuRA clones did not. DNA sequencing showed that all SuRB clones contained a point mutation at nucleotide 588 that converted amino acid 196 of AHAS from proline to serine. In contrast, no mutations were found in the SuRA clones. The stability of SuRB gene amplification was variable in the absence of selection. In one experiment, the withdrawal of selection reduced the copy number of the amplified SuRB gene to the normal level within 30 days. In another experiment, amplification remained stable after extended cultivation on herbicide-free medium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Harms
- CIBA-GEIGY Corporation, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Unit, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
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Hattori J, Rutledge R, Labbé H, Brown D, Sunohara G, Miki B. Multiple resistance to sulfonylureas and imidazolinones conferred by an acetohydroxyacid synthase gene with separate mutations for selective resistance. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1992; 232:167-73. [PMID: 1557022 DOI: 10.1007/bf00279993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) gene from the Arabidopsis thaliana mutant line GH90 carrying the imidazolinone resistance allele imr1 was cloned. Expression of the AHAS gene under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter in transgenic tobacco resulted in selective imidazolinone resistance, confirming that the single base-pair change found near the 3' end of the coding region of this gene is responsible for imidazolinone resistance. A chimeric AHAS gene containing both the imr1 mutation and the csr1 mutation, responsible for selective resistance to sulfonylurea herbicides, was constructed. It conferred on transgenic tobacco plants resistance to both sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides. The data illustrate that a multiple-resistance phenotype can be achieved in an AHAS gene through combinations of separate mutations, each of which individually confers resistance to only one class of herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hattori
- Plant Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa
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Pofelis S, Le H, Grant WF. The development of sulfonylurea herbicide-resistant birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) plants from in vitro selection. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1992; 83:480-488. [PMID: 24202595 DOI: 10.1007/bf00226537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/1991] [Accepted: 06/11/1991] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Herbicide-resistant lines of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L. cv 'Leo') were isolated after sequential selection at the callus, shoot, and whole plant levels to the sulfonylurea (SU) herbicide Harmony {DPX-M6316; 3-[[[(4-methoxy-6methyl-1,3,5, triazine-2-yl) amino] carbonyl] amino] sulfonyl-2-thiophenecarboxylate}. In field and growth chamber tests the Harmony regenerant lines displayed an increased tolerance as compared to control plants from tissue culture and controls grown from seed. Results of evaluation of callus cultures of regenerated mutant lines signify stability of the resistance. Outcrossed seeds collected from field trials, and tested in vitro for herbicide resistance, indicate that the trait is heritable and that resistance may be due to reduced sensitivity of acetolactate synthase to SU inhibition. Genetically stable herbicide-resistant lines of birdsfoot trefoil were successfully isolated using in vitro selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pofelis
- Department of Plant Science, Monacdonald Campus of McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, PO Box 4000, H9X 1C0, Quebec, Canada
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Hiatt A, Tang Y, Weiser W, Hein MB. Assembly of Antibodies and Mutagenized Variants in Transgenic Plants and Plant Cell Cultures. GENETIC ENGINEERING 1992; 14:49-64. [PMID: 1368282 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-3424-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Hiatt
- Department of Cell Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Newhouse K, Singh B, Shaner D, Stidham M. Mutations in corn (Zea mays L.) conferring resistance to imidazolinone herbicides. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1991; 83:65-70. [PMID: 24202258 DOI: 10.1007/bf00229227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/11/1991] [Accepted: 02/04/1992] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Three corn (Zea mays L.) lines resistant to imidazolinone herbicides were developed by in vitro selection and plant regeneration. For all three lines, resistance is inherited as a single semidominant allele. The resistance alleles from resistant lines XA17, XI12, and QJ22 have been crossed into the inbred line B73, and in each case homozygotes are tolerant of commercial use rates of imidazolinone herbicides. All resistant selections have herbicide-resistant forms of acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS), the known site of action of imidazolinone herbicides. The herbicide-resistant phenotypes displayed at the whole plant level correlate directly with herbicide insensitivity of the AHAS activities of the selections. The AHAS activities from all three selections have normal feedback regulation by valine and leucine, and plants containing the mutations display a normal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Newhouse
- Agricultural Research Division, American Cyanamid Company, P.O. Box 400, 08543-0400, Princeton, NJ, USA
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Rutledge RG, Quellet T, Hattori J, Miki BL. Molecular characterization and genetic origin of the Brassica napus acetohydroxyacid synthase multigene family. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1991; 229:31-40. [PMID: 1896019 DOI: 10.1007/bf00264210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The Brassica napus rapeseed cultivar Topas contains an acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) multigene family consisting of five members (AHAS 1-5). DNA sequence analysis indicate that AHAS1 and AHAS3 share extensive homology. They probably encode the AHAS enzymes essential for plant growth and development. AHAS2 has diverged significantly from AHAS1 and AHAS3 and has unique features in the coding region of the mature polypeptide, transit peptide and upstream non-coding DNA, which raises the possibility that it has a distinct function. AHAS4 and AHAS5 have interrupted coding regions and may be defective. The complexity of the AHAS multigene family in the allotetraploid species B. napus is much greater than reported for Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum. Analysis of the presumptive progenitor diploid species B. campestris and B. oleracea indicated that AHAS2, AHAS3 and AHAS4 originate from the A genome, whereas AHAS1 and AHAS5 originate from the C genome. Further variation within each of the AHAS genes in these species was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Rutledge
- Plant Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa
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Joshi RL, Joshi V. Strategies for expression of foreign genes in plants. Potential use of engineered viruses. FEBS Lett 1991; 281:1-8. [PMID: 2015879 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80346-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Advances in gene transfer techniques for higher plants have already permitted important achievements towards crop protection and improvement using recombinant DNA technology. Besides plant genetic engineering, the possible use of plant viruses to express foreign genes could be of considerable interest to plant biotechnology. However, insuring containment of engineered viruses for environmental use is an important safety issue that must be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Joshi
- Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
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Miki BL, Labbé H, Hattori J, Ouellet T, Gabard J, Sunohara G, Charest PJ, Iyer VN. Transformation of Brassica napus canola cultivars with Arabidopsis thaliana acetohydroxyacid synthase genes and analysis of herbicide resistance. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1990; 80:449-458. [PMID: 24221001 DOI: 10.1007/bf00226744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/1990] [Accepted: 04/11/1990] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A survey of selected crop species and weeds was conducted to evaluate the inhibition of the enzyme acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) and seedling growth in vitro by the sulfonylurea herbicides chlorsulfuron, DPX A7881, DPX L5300, DPX M6316 and the imidazolinone herbicides AC243,997, AC263,499, AC252,214. Particular attention was given to the Brassica species including canola cultivars and cruciferous weeds such as B. kaber (wild mustard) and Thlaspi arvense (stinkweed). Transgenic lines of B. napus cultivars Westar and Profit, which express the Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type AHAS gene or the mutant gene csr1-1 at levels similar to the resident AHAS genes, were generated and compared. The mutant gene was essential for resistance to the sulfonylurea chlorsulfuron but not to DPX A7881, which appeared to be tolerated by certain Brassica species. Cross-resistance to the imidazolinones did not occur. The level of resistance to chlorsulfuron in transgenic canola greatly exceeded the levels that were toxic to the Brassica species or cruciferous weeds. Direct selection of transgenic lines with chlorsulfuron sprayed at field levels under greenhouse conditions was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Miki
- Plant Research Center, Agriculture Canada, K1A 0C6, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Dominant mutations causing alterations in acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase confer tolerance to cyclohexanedione and aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides in maize. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:7175-9. [PMID: 1976254 PMCID: PMC54706 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.18.7175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A partially dominant mutation exhibiting increased tolerance to cyclohexanedione and aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides was isolated by exposing susceptible maize (Zea mays) tissue cultures to increasingly inhibitory concentrations of sethoxydim (a cyclohexanedione). The selected tissue culture (S2) was greater than 40-fold more tolerant to sethoxydim and 20-fold more tolerant to haloxyfop (an aryloxyphenoxypropionate) than the nonselected wild-type tissue culture. Regenerated S2 plants were heterozygous for the mutant allele and exhibited a high-level, but not complete, tolerance to both herbicides. Homozygous mutant families derived by self-pollinating the regenerated S2 plants exhibited no injury after treatment with 0.8 kg of sethoxydim per ha, which was greater than 16-fold the rate lethal to wild-type plants. Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase; EC 6.4.1.2) is the target enzyme of cyclohexanedione and aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides. ACCase activities of the nonselected wild-type and homozygous mutant seedlings were similar in the absence of herbicide. ACCase activity from homozygous tolerant plants required greater than 100-fold more sethoxydim and 16-fold more haloxyfop for 50% inhibition than ACCase from wild-type plants. These results indicate that tolerance to sethoxydim and haloxyfop is controlled by a partially dominant nuclear mutation encoding a herbicide-insensitive alteration in maize ACCase.
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Charest PJ, Hattori J, Demoor J, Iyer VN, Miki BL. In vitro study of transgenic tobacco expressing Arabidopsis wild type and mutant acetohydroxyacid synthase genes. PLANT CELL REPORTS 1990; 8:643-646. [PMID: 24232776 DOI: 10.1007/bf00269983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/1989] [Revised: 09/15/1989] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Genes coding for the enzyme acetohydroxyacid synthase, often referred to as acetolactate synthase (AHAS, ALS; EC 4.1.3.18), from wild type Arabidopsis thaliana and a sulfonylurea-resistant mutant line GH50 (csrl-1; Haughn et al. 1988) were introduced in Nicotiana tabacum. Both genes were expressed at high levels with the 35S promoter. The csrl-1 gene conferred high levels of resistance to chlorsulfuron whereas the wild type gene did not. As selectable markers, chimaeric AHAS genes yielded transgenic plants on chlorsulfuron but at much lower efficiencies than with a chimaeric neomycin phosphotransferase gene on kanamycin (Sanders et al. 1987). Shoot differentiation from leaf discs was delayed on chlorsulfuron by 4-6 weeks. This study indicated a role for mutant AHAS genes in the genetic manipulation of herbicide resistance in transgenic plants but as selectable markers for plant cells undergoing differentiation no advantage over other genes was perceived.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Charest
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, K1S 5B6, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Racchi ML. Glyphosate Tolerance in Plant Cell Cultures. THE IMPACT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY ON AGRICULTURE 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-0587-0_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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