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Switzer JA, Banik A. Epitaxial Electrodeposition of Ordered Inorganic Materials. Acc Chem Res 2023. [PMID: 37093217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusThe quality of technological materials generally improves as the crystallographic order is increased. This is particularly true in semiconductor materials, as evidenced by the huge impact that bulk single crystals of silicon have had on electronics. Another approach to producing highly ordered materials is the epitaxial growth of crystals on a single-crystal surface that determines their orientation. Epitaxy can be used to produce films and nanostructures of materials with a level of perfection that approaches that of single crystals. It may be used to produce materials that cannot be grown as large single crystals due to either economic or technical constraints. Epitaxial growth is typically limited to ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) techniques such as molecular beam epitaxy and other vapor deposition methods. In this Account, we will discuss the use of electrodeposition to produce epitaxial films of inorganic materials in aqueous solution under ambient conditions. In addition to lower capital costs than UHV deposition, electrodeposition offers additional levels of control due to solution additives that may adsorb on the surface, solution pH, and, especially, the applied overpotential. We show, for instance, that chiral morphologies of the achiral materials CuO and calcite can be produced by electrodepositing the materials in the presence of chiral agents such as tartaric acid.Inorganic compound materials are electrodeposited by an electrochemical-chemical mechanism in which solution precursors are electrochemically oxidized or reduced in the presence of molecules or ions that react with the redox product to form an insoluble species that deposits on the electrode surface. We present examples of reaction schemes for the electrodeposition of transparent hole conductors such as CuI and CuSCN, the magnetic material Fe3O4, oxygen evolution catalysts such as Co(OH)2, CoOOH, and Co3O4, and the n-type semiconducting oxide ZnO. These materials can all be electrodeposited as epitaxial films or nanostructures onto single-crystal surfaces. Examples of epitaxial growth are given for the growth of films of CuI(111) on Si(111) and nanowires of CuSCN(001) on Au(111). Both are large mismatch systems, and the epitaxy is explained by invoking coincidence site lattices in which x unit meshes of the film overlap with y unit meshes of the substrate.We also discuss the epitaxial lift-off of single-crystal-like foils of metals such as Au(111) and Cu(100) that can be used as flexible substrates for the epitaxial growth of semiconductors. The metals are grown on a Si wafer with a sacrificial SiOx interlayer that can be removed by chemical etching. The goal is to move beyond the planar structure of conventional Si-based chips to produce flexible electronic devices such as wearable solar cells, sensors, and flexible displays. A scheme is shown for the epitaxial lift-off of wafer-scale foils of the transparent hole conductor CuSCN.Finally, we offer some perspectives on possible future work in this area. One question we have not answered in our previous work is whether these epitaxial films and nanostructures can be grown with the level of perfection that is achieved in UHV. Another area that is ripe for exploration is the epitaxial electrodeposition of metal-organic framework materials from solution precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Switzer
- Department of Chemistry and Graduate Center for Materials Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409-1170, United States
| | - Avishek Banik
- Department of Chemistry and Graduate Center for Materials Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409-1170, United States
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Myronov M, Kycia J, Waldron P, Jiang W, Barrios P, Bogan A, Coleridge P, Studenikin S. Holes Outperform Electrons in Group IV Semiconductor Materials. SMALL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202200094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maksym Myronov
- Physics Department The University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Jan Kycia
- Physics and Astronomy Department University of Waterloo Waterloo N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Philip Waldron
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Research Centre National Research Council of Canada Ottawa K1A 0R6 Ontario Canada
| | - Weihong Jiang
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Research Centre National Research Council of Canada Ottawa K1A 0R6 Ontario Canada
| | - Pedro Barrios
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Research Centre National Research Council of Canada Ottawa K1A 0R6 Ontario Canada
| | - Alex Bogan
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Research Centre National Research Council of Canada Ottawa K1A 0R6 Ontario Canada
| | - Peter Coleridge
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Research Centre National Research Council of Canada Ottawa K1A 0R6 Ontario Canada
| | - Sergei Studenikin
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Research Centre National Research Council of Canada Ottawa K1A 0R6 Ontario Canada
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Sachat AE, Reparaz JS, Spiece J, Alonso MI, Goñi AR, Garriga M, Vaccaro PO, Wagner MR, Kolosov OV, Sotomayor Torres CM, Alzina F. Thermal transport in epitaxial Si 1-x Ge x alloy nanowires with varying composition and morphology. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:505704. [PMID: 29160238 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa9497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report on structural, compositional, and thermal characterization of self-assembled in-plane epitaxial Si1-x Ge x alloy nanowires grown by molecular beam epitaxy on Si (001) substrates. The thermal properties were studied by means of scanning thermal microscopy (SThM), while the microstructural characteristics, the spatial distribution of the elemental composition of the alloy nanowires and the sample surface were investigated by transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis. We provide new insights regarding the morphology of the in-plane nanostructures, their size-dependent gradient chemical composition, and the formation of a 5 nm thick wetting layer on the Si substrate surface. In addition, we directly probe heat transfer between a heated scanning probe sensor and Si1-x Ge x alloy nanowires of different morphological characteristics and we quantify their thermal resistance variations. We correlate the variations of the thermal signal to the dependence of the heat spreading with the cross-sectional geometry of the nanowires using finite element method simulations. With this method we determine the thermal conductivity of the nanowires with values in the range of 2-3 W m-1 K-1. These results provide valuable information in growth processes and show the great capability of the SThM technique in ambient environment for nanoscale thermal studies, otherwise not possible using conventional techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- A El Sachat
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain. Department of Physics, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
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Zheng YZ, Wu TW, Yu LK, Wei YC, Liu WC, Soo YL, Chang SL. Simultaneous determination of tensile and shear strains of crystalline bilayers using three Bragg reflections of X-rays. J Appl Crystallogr 2016. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576716009572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A method for the simultaneous determination of nine strain coefficients, both shear and tensile, of crystalline bilayers is proposed and realized. The X-ray diffraction peak intensities along 2θ (vertical) and β (horizontal) scans relative to the plane of incidence of three Bragg reflections whose atomic planes are not parallel to each other can be used to obtain shear and tensile strain coefficients. The theoretical considerations and experimental examples for single-crystal GeSi/Si overlayers are reported. It is also demonstrated that, for GeSi/Si, the shear and tensile strain coefficients of the Si substrate tend to vanish when the GeSi layer is thicker than 40 nm.
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Zheng YZ, Soo YL, Chang SL. Depth profiles of the interfacial strains of Si0.7Ge0.3/Si using three-beam Bragg-surface diffraction. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25580. [PMID: 27156699 PMCID: PMC4860642 DOI: 10.1038/srep25580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interfacial strains are important factors affecting the structural and physical properties of crystalline multilayers and heterojunctions, and the performance of the devices made of multilayers used, for example, in nanowires, optoelectronic components, and many other applications. Currently existing strain measurement methods, such as grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD), cross-section transmission electron microscope, TEM, and coherent diffractive imaging, CDI, are limited by either the nanometer spatial resolution, penetration depth, or a destructive nature. Here we report a new non-destructive method of direct mapping the interfacial strain of [001] Si0.7Ge0.3/Si along the depth up to ~287 nm below the interface using three-beam Bragg-surface X-ray diffraction (BSD), where one wide-angle symmetric Bragg reflection and a surface reflection are simultaneously involved. Our method combining with the dynamical diffraction theory simulation can uniquely provide unit cell dimensions layer by layer, and is applicable to thicker samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Zong Zheng
- Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013
| | - Yun-Liang Soo
- Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013.,National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101, Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30076
| | - Shih-Lin Chang
- Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013.,National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101, Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30076
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Song I, Goh JS, Lee SH, Jung SW, Shin JS, Yamane H, Kosugi N, Yeom HW. Realization of a Strained Atomic Wire Superlattice. ACS NANO 2015; 9:10621-10627. [PMID: 26446292 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A superlattice of strained Au-Si atomic wires is successfully fabricated on a Si surface. Au atoms are known to incorporate into the stepped Si(111) surface to form a Au-Si atomic wire array with both one-dimensional (1D) metallic and antiferromagnetic atomic chains. At a reduced density of Au, we find a regular array of Au-Si wires in alternation with pristine Si nanoterraces. Pristine Si nanoterraces impose a strain on the neighboring Au-Si wires, which modifies both the band structure of metallic chains and the magnetic property of spin chains. This is an ultimate 1D version of a strained-layer superlattice of semiconductors, defining a direction toward the fine engineering of self-assembled atomic-scale wires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inkyung Song
- Center for Artificial Low Dimensional Electronic Systems, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , 77 Cheongam-Ro, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Jung Suk Goh
- Center for Artificial Low Dimensional Electronic Systems, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , 77 Cheongam-Ro, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Lee
- Center for Artificial Low Dimensional Electronic Systems, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , 77 Cheongam-Ro, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Sung Won Jung
- Center for Artificial Low Dimensional Electronic Systems, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , 77 Cheongam-Ro, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Jin Sung Shin
- Center for Artificial Low Dimensional Electronic Systems, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , 77 Cheongam-Ro, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Hiroyuki Yamane
- Department of Photo-Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science , Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Kosugi
- Department of Photo-Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science , Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Han Woong Yeom
- Center for Artificial Low Dimensional Electronic Systems, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , 77 Cheongam-Ro, Pohang 790-784, Korea
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
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7
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Wen CY, Reuter MC, Su D, Stach EA, Ross FM. Strain and stability of ultrathin Ge layers in Si/Ge/Si axial heterojunction nanowires. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:1654-1659. [PMID: 25654579 DOI: 10.1021/nl504241g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The formation of abrupt Si/Ge heterointerfaces in nanowires presents useful possibilities for bandgap engineering. We grow Si nanowires containing thick Ge layers and sub-1 nm thick Ge "quantum wells" and measure the interfacial strain fields using geometric phase analysis. Narrow Ge layers show radial compressive strains of several percent, while stress at the Si/Ge interface causes lattice rotation. High strains can be achieved in these heterostructures, but we show that they are unstable to interdiffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yen Wen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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8
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Lee CT, Tsai MY. High performance mechanisms of near-infrared photodetectors with microcrystalline SiGe films deposited using laser-assisted plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition system. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:6295-6303. [PMID: 23482198 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.006295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The SiH(4) and GeH(4) reactant gases used for depositing microcrystalline SiGe films could be simultaneously decomposed when acted cooperatively on the plasma and the assistant CO(2) laser in the laser-assisted plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition system. The carrier mobility of the 80 W laser-assisted SiGe films was significantly increased to 66.8 cm(2)/V-s compared with 2.22 cm(2)/V-s of the non-laser-assisted SiGe films. The performances of the resulting p-Si/i-SiGe/n-Si near-infrared photodetectors were improved due to the high quality and high carrier mobility of the laser-assisted SiGe films. The maximum photoresponsivity and the maximum quantum efficiency of the photodetectors with 80 W laser-assisted SiGe films were respectively improved to 0.47 A/W and 68.5% in comparison with 0.31 A/W and 46.5% of the photodetectors with non-laser-assisted SiGe films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ting Lee
- Institute of Microelectronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Wu HC, Lin BH, Chen HC, Chen PC, Sheu HS, Lin IN, Chiu HT, Lee CY. One-step Ge/Si epitaxial growth. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2011; 3:2398-2401. [PMID: 21650184 DOI: 10.1021/am200310c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Fabricating a low-cost virtual germanium (Ge) template by epitaxial growth of Ge films on silicon wafer with a Ge(x)Si(1-x) (0 < x < 1) graded buffer layer was demonstrated through a facile chemical vapor deposition method in one step by decomposing a hazardousless GeO(2) powder under hydrogen atmosphere without ultra-high vacuum condition and then depositing in a low-temperature region. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the Ge film with an epitaxial relationship is along the in-plane direction of Si. The successful growth of epitaxial Ge films on Si substrate demonstrates the feasibility of integrating various functional devices on the Ge/Si substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chi Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, Republic of China
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10
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Gädt T, Schacher FH, McGrath N, Winnik MA, Manners I. Probing the Scope of Crystallization-Driven Living Self-Assembly: Studies of Diblock Copolymer Micelles with a Polyisoprene Corona and a Crystalline Poly(ferrocenyldiethylsilane) Core-Forming Metalloblock. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1029289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Torben Gädt
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | | | - Nina McGrath
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Mitchell A. Winnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Ian Manners
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
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Abstract
Band-gap engineering is a powerful technique for the design of new semiconductor materials and devices. Heterojunctions and modern growth techniques, such as molecular beam epitaxy, allow band diagrams with nearly arbitrary and continuous band-gap variations to be made. The transport properties of electrons and holes can be independently and continuously tuned for a given application. A new generation of devices with unique capabilities, ranging from solid-state photomultipliers to resonant tunneling transistors, is emerging from this approach.
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Abstract
Surprisingly affordable workstations with powerful graphics and computational capabilities will be on the desks of students and professionals within the next 2 years. Leading computer manufacturers and universities are creating a UNIX-based systems software regime that allows for portable applications software that can run on a wide range of workstations and that exploits emerging technologies.
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13
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Zou G, Luo H, Ronning F, Sun B, McCleskey T, Burrell A, Bauer E, Jia Q. Facile Chemical Solution Deposition of High-Mobility Epitaxial Germanium Films on Silicon. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200905804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Zou G, Luo H, Ronning F, Sun B, McCleskey T, Burrell A, Bauer E, Jia Q. Facile Chemical Solution Deposition of High-Mobility Epitaxial Germanium Films on Silicon. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:1782-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200905804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Buschbeck J, Opahle I, Richter M, Rössler UK, Klaer P, Kallmayer M, Elmers HJ, Jakob G, Schultz L, Fähler S. Full tunability of strain along the fcc-bcc bain path in epitaxial films and consequences for magnetic properties. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:216101. [PMID: 20366053 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.216101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Strained coherent film growth is commonly either limited to ultrathin films or low strains. Here, we present an approach to achieve high strains in thicker films, by using materials with inherent structural instabilities. As an example, 50 nm thick epitaxial films of the Fe70Pd30 magnetic shape memory alloy are examined. Strained coherent growth on various substrates allows us to adjust the tetragonal distortion from c/a{bct}=1.09 to 1.39, covering most of the Bain transformation path from fcc to bcc crystal structure. Magnetometry and x-ray circular dichroism measurements show that the Curie temperature, orbital magnetic moment, and magnetocrystalline anisotropy change over broad ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Buschbeck
- IFW Dresden, Post Office Box 270116, 01171 Dresden, Germany
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Trushin O, Jalkanen J, Granato E, Ying SC, Ala-Nissila T. Atomistic studies of strain relaxation in heteroepitaxial systems. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2009; 21:084211. [PMID: 21817363 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/8/084211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We present a review of recent theoretical studies of different atomistic mechanisms of strain relaxation in heteroepitaxial systems. We explore these systems in two and three dimensions using different semi-empirical interatomic potentials of Lennard-Jones and many-body embedded atom model type. In all cases we use a universal molecular static method for generating minimum energy paths for transitions from the coherent epitaxial (defect free) state to the state containing an isolated defect (localized or extended). This is followed by a systematic search for the minimum energy configuration as well as self-organization in the case of a periodic array of islands. In this way we are able to understand many general features of the atomic mechanisms and energetics of strain relaxation in these systems. Finally, for the special case of Pd/Cu(100) and Cu/Pd(100) heteroepitaxy we also use conventional molecular dynamics simulation techniques to compare the compressively and tensilely strained cases. The results for this case are in good agreement with the existing experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Trushin
- Institute of Physics and Technology, Yaroslavl Branch, Academy of Sciences of Russia, Yaroslavl 150007, Russia
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Hong KH, Kim J, Lee SH, Shin JK. Strain-driven electronic band structure modulation of si nanowires. NANO LETTERS 2008; 8:1335-40. [PMID: 18402477 DOI: 10.1021/nl0734140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
One of the major challenges toward Si nanowire (SiNW) based photonic devices is controlling the electronic band structure of the Si nanowire to obtain a direct band gap. Here, we present a new strategy for controlling the electronic band structure of Si nanowires. Our method is attributed to the band structure modulation driven by uniaxial strain. We show that the band structure modulation with lattice strain is strongly dependent on the crystal orientation and diameter of SiNWs. In the case of [100] and [111] SiNWs, tensile strain enhances the direct band gap characteristic, whereas compressive strain attenuates it. [110] SiNWs have a different strain dependence in that both compressive and tensile strain make SiNWs exhibit an indirect band gap. We discuss the origin of this strain dependence based on the band features of bulk silicon and the wave functions of SiNWs. These results could be helpful for band structure engineering and analysis of SiNWs in nanoscale devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Ha Hong
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Mt. 14-1, Nongseo-Dong, Giheung-Gu, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 446-712, Korea.
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18
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Takeshi O, Sekimoto K. Internal stress in a model elastoplastic fluid. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:108301. [PMID: 16196973 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.108301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Revised: 05/03/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plastic materials can carry memory of past mechanical treatment in the form of internal stress. We introduce a natural definition of the vorticity of internal stress in a simple two-dimensional model of elastoplastic fluids, which generates the internal stress. We demonstrate how the internal stress is induced under external loading, and how the presence of the internal stress modifies the plastic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ooshida Takeshi
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Physics, Tottori University, Japan.
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Burke HH, Herman IP. Temperature dependence of Raman scattering in Ge1-xSix alloys. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 48:15016-15024. [PMID: 10008032 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.48.15016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Batson PE, Morar JF. Graded electronic structure in a 3 nm strained Ge40Si60 quantum well. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1993; 71:609-612. [PMID: 10055319 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.71.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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22
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Snyder CW, Mansfield JF, Orr BG. Kinetically controlled critical thickness for coherent islanding and thick highly strained pseudomorphic films of InxGa1-xAs on GaAs(100). PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1992; 46:9551-9554. [PMID: 10002764 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.46.9551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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23
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Klitsner T, Becker RS, Vickers JS. Initial stages of oxidation of Ge(111)-c(2 x 8) studied by scanning tunneling microscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1991; 44:1817-1824. [PMID: 9999719 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.44.1817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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24
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Ito T, Khor KE. Empirical potential-based Si-Ge interatomic potential and its application to superlattice stability. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1989; 40:9715-9722. [PMID: 9991492 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.40.9715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Alonso MI, Winer K. Raman spectra of c-Si1-xGex alloys. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1989; 39:10056-10062. [PMID: 9947783 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.39.10056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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26
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Granato E, Kosterlitz JM, Ying SC. Melting of a free bilayer. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1989; 39:4444-4448. [PMID: 9948789 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.39.4444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Granato E, Kosterlitz JM, Ying SC. Equilibrium theory of strained epitaxial layers. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1989; 39:3185-3191. [PMID: 9948618 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.39.3185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Satpathy S, Martin RM. Electronic properties of the (100) (Si)/(Ge) strained-layer superlattices. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1988; 38:13237-13245. [PMID: 9946301 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.38.13237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Humphreys CJ, Maher DM, Fraser HL, Eaglesham DJ. Convergent-beam imaging—a transmission electron microscopy technique for investigating small localized distortions in crystals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1080/01418618808209953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
"Energetic" biological trace elements [gallium (III), germanium (IV), silicon (silica), arsenic (V) and selenium (IV)] occurring in DNA of eukaryotic cells may improve the semiconductor properties of DNA and may influence the mechanisms that control genetic expression at the electronic level. Their roles are postulated as follows: (i) to maintain the level and direction of free sliding electrons in DNA, (ii) to modulate the electron conductivity and hole conductivity of DNA. This specific electronic nature of DNA take the form of magnetic pigeonholes in which an electric pulse is (0), or is not (1) stored as an area of local magnetisation. These types of conductivity occurring in different parts of DNA of different cells could participate in the switch on and switch off of genetic information in gene expression. This model may help to elucidate the mechanism of action of these naturally occurring antitumor agents and may help in understanding the role of trace elements in charge transport of DNA and in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Marczynski
- Department of Biochemistry, Silesian University, Katowice, Poland
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31
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Strauss M. Buildup of x-ray laser gain by fluctuations in channeled relativistic beam systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, GENERAL PHYSICS 1988; 38:1358-1362. [PMID: 9900511 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.38.1358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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32
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Tsao JY, Dodson BW, Picraux ST, Cornelison DM. Critical stresses for SixGe. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1987; 59:2455-2458. [PMID: 10035555 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.59.2455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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33
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Abstract
The ability to artificially structure new materials on an atomic scale by using advanced crystal growth methods such as molecular beam epitaxy and metal-organic chemical vapor deposition has recently led to the observation of unexpected new physical phenomena and to the creation of entirely new classes of devices. In particular, the growth of materials of variable band gap in technologically important semiconductors such as GaAs, InP, and silicon will be reviewed. Recent results of studies of multilayered structures and interfaces based on the use of advanced characterization techniques such as high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy will be presented.
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34
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Martin RM. Theoretical calculations of heterojunction discontinuities in the Si/Ge system. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1986; 34:5621-5634. [PMID: 9940397 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.34.5621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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