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Simon AA, Hueso R, Iñurrigarro P, Sánchez-Lavega A, MoralesJuberías R, Cosentino R, Fletcher LN, Wong MH, Hsu AI, de Pater I, Orton GS, Colas F, Delcroix M, Peach D, Gómez-Forrellad JM. A New, Long-Lived, Jupiter Mesoscale Wave Observed at Visible Wavelengths. THE ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL 2018; 156:117. [PMID: 30510304 DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/aaa6d6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Small-scale waves were observed along the boundary between Jupiter's North Equatorial Belt and North Tropical Zone, ~16.5° N planetographic latitude in Hubble Space Telescope data in 2012 and throughout 2015 to 2018, observable at all wavelengths from the UV to the near IR. At peak visibility, the waves have sufficient contrast (~10%) to be observed from ground-based telescopes. They have a typical wavelength of about 1.2° (1400 km), variable-length wave trains, and westward phase speeds of a few m/s or less. New analysis of Voyager 2 data shows similar wave trains over at least 300 hours. Some waves appear curved when over cyclones and anticyclones, but most are straight, but tilted, shifting in latitude as they pass vortices. Based on their wavelengths, phase speeds, and faint appearance at high-altitude sensitive passbands, the observed NEB waves are consistent with inertia-gravity waves at the 500-mbar pressure level, though formation altitude is not well constrained. Preliminary General Circulation Model simulations generate inertia-gravity waves from vortices interacting with the environment and can reproduce the observed wavelengths and orientations. Several mechanisms can generate these waves, and all may contribute: geostrophic adjustment of cyclones; cyclone/anticyclone interactions; wind interactions with obstructions or heat pulses from convection; or changing vertical wind shear. However, observations also show that the presence of vortices and/or regions of convection are not sufficient by themselves for wave formation, implying that a change in vertical structure may affect their stability, or that changes in haze properties may affect their visibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A Simon
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Solar System Exploration Division, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 2077, USA
| | - Ricardo Hueso
- Física Aplicada I, Escuela de Ingeniería de Bilbao, UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Peio Iñurrigarro
- Física Aplicada I, Escuela de Ingeniería de Bilbao, UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Raúl MoralesJuberías
- New Mexico Institute of Technology and Mining, 801 Leroy Place, Socorro, NM 8780, USA
| | - Richard Cosentino
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Solar System Exploration Division, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 2077, USA
- NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellow
| | - Leigh N Fletcher
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Michael H Wong
- University of California at Berkeley, Astronomy Department Berkeley, CA 947200-3411, USA
| | - Andrew I Hsu
- University of California at Berkeley, Astronomy Department Berkeley, CA 947200-3411, USA
| | - Imke de Pater
- University of California at Berkeley, Astronomy Department Berkeley, CA 947200-3411, USA
| | - Glenn S Orton
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - François Colas
- IMCCE, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS-UMR 8028, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Univ. Lille 1, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Marc Delcroix
- Société Astronomique de France, Commission des observations planétaires, Tournefeuille, France
| | - Damian Peach
- British Astronomical Association, Burlington House, London, UK
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Abstract
An overview of the Voyager 2 encounter with Neptune is presented, including a brief discussion of the trajectory, the planned observations, and highlights of the results described in the 11 companion papers. Neptune's blue atmosphere has storm systems reminiscent of those in Jupiter's atmosphere. An optically thin methane ice cloud exists near the 1.5-bar pressure level, and an optically thick cloud exists below 3 bars. Neptune's magnetic field is highly tilted and offset from the planet's center; it rotates with a period of 16.11 hours. Two narrow and two broad rings circle the planet; the outermost of these rings has three optically thicker arc segments. Six new moons were discovered in circular prograde orbits, all well inside Triton's retrograde orbit. Triton has a highly reflective and geologically young surface, a thin nitrogen atmosphere, and at least two active geyser-like plumes.
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Conrath B, Flasar FM, Hanel R, Kunde V, Maguire W, Pearl J, Pirraglia J, Samuelson R, Gierasch P, Weir A, Bezard B, Gautier D, Cruikshank D, Horn L, Springer R, Shaffer W. Infrared observations of the neptunian system. Science 2010; 246:1454-9. [PMID: 17755999 DOI: 10.1126/science.246.4936.1454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The infrared interferometer spectrometer on Voyager 2 obtained thermal emission spectra of Neptune with a spectral resolution of 4.3 cm(-1). Measurements of reflected solar radiation were also obtained with a broadband radiometer sensitive in the visible and near infrared. Analysis of the strong C(2)H(2) emission feature at 729 cm(-1) suggests an acetylene mole fraction in the range between 9 x 10(-8) and 9 x 10(-7). Vertical temperature profiles were derived between 30 and 1000 millibars at 70 degrees and 42 degrees S and 30 degrees N. Temperature maps of the planet between 80 degrees S and 30 degrees N were obtained for two atmospheric layers, one in the lower stratosphere between 30 and 120 millibars and the other in the troposphere between 300 and 1000 millibars. Zonal mean temperatures obtained from these maps and from latitude scans indicate a relatively warm pole and equator with cooler mid-latitudes. This is qualitatively similar to the behavior found on Uranus even though the obliquities and internal heat fluxes of the two planets are markedly different. Comparison of winds derived from images with the vertical wind shear calculated from the temperature field indicates a general decay of wind speed with height, a phenomenon also observed on the other three giant planets. Strong, wavelike longitudinal thermal structure is found, some of which appears to be associated with the Great Dark Spot. An intense, localizd cold region is seen in the lower stratosphere, which does not appear to be correlated with any visible feature. A preliminary estimate of the effective temperature of the planet yields a value of 59.3 +/- 1.0 kelvins. Measurements of Triton provide an estimate of the daytime surface temperature of 38(+3)(-4) kelvins.
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4
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Abstract
Despite major differences in the solar and internal energy inputs, the atmospheres of the four Jovian planets all exhibit latitudinal banding and high-speed jet streams. Neptune and Saturn are the windiest planets, Jupiter is the most active, and Uranus is a tipped-over version of the others. Large oval storm systems exhibit complicated time-dependent behavior that can be simulated in numerical models and laboratory experiments. The largest storm system, the Great Red Spot of Jupiter, has survived for more than 300 years in a chaotic shear zone where smaller structures appear and dissipate every few days. Future space missions will add to our understanding of small-scale processes, chemical composition, and vertical structure. Theoretical hypotheses about the interiors provide input for fluid dynamical models that reproduce many observed features of the winds, temperatures, and cloud patterns. In one set of models the winds are confined to the thin layer where clouds form. In other models, the winds extend deep into the planetary fluid interiors. Hypotheses will be tested further as observations and theories become more exact and detailed comparisons are made.
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5
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Hammel HB, Lockwood GW, Mills JR, Barnet CD. Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of Neptune's Cloud Structure in 1994. Science 1995; 268:1740-2. [PMID: 17834994 DOI: 10.1126/science.268.5218.1740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Images of Neptune taken at six wavelengths with the Hubble Space Telescope in October and November 1994 revealed several atmospheric features not present at the time of the Voyager spacecraft encounter in 1989. Furthermore, the largest feature seen in 1989, the Great Dark Spot, was gone. A dark spot of comparable size had appeared in the northern hemisphere, accompanied by discrete bright features at methane-band wavelengths. At visible wavelengths, Neptune's banded structure appeared similar to that seen in 1989.
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6
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Beebe R. Characteristic zonal winds and long-lived vortices in the atmospheres of the outer planets. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 1994; 4:113-122. [PMID: 12780094 DOI: 10.1063/1.165998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The cameras on board the NASA Voyager spacecraft provided a survey of cloud systems within the atmospheres of the giant planets and allowed determination of zonal wind patterns, which constrain long-lived cloud systems. The basic atmospheric circulations are compared and long-lived cloud features are reviewed. The basic structure of the Great Red Spot is reviewed and the tendency of the spot to drift at -4 m s(-1) or -2 m s(-1) is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reta Beebe
- Department of Astronomy, New Mexico State University, P.O. Box 30001/Department 4500, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003
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7
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Abstract
Voyager observations suggest that three of Neptune's major cloud features oscillate in latitude by 2 degrees to 4 degrees and that two of them simultaneously oscillate in longitude by 7.8 degrees and 98 degrees about their mean drift longitudes. The observations define most convincingly the two orthogonal oscillations of the second dark spot (near 53 degrees south). These oscillations have similar periods near 800 hours and approximately satisfy a simple advective model in which a latitudinal oscillation produces a phase-shifted longitudinal oscillation proportional to the local wind shear. The latitudinal motion of the Great Dark Spot can be fit with an oscillation period of about 2550 hours, whereas its dominant longitudinal motion, if oscillatory at all, has such a long period that it is not well constrained by the Voyager data.
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Abstract
Neptune receives only 1/900th of the earth's solar energy, but has wind speeds of nearly 600 meters per second. How the near-supersonic winds can be maintained has been a puzzle. A plausible mechanism, based on principles of angular momentum and energy conservation in conjunction with deep convection, leads to a regime of uniform angular momentum at low latitudes. In this model, the rapid retrograde winds observed are a manifestation of deep convection, and the high efficiency of the planet's heat engine is intrinsic from the room allowed at low latitudes for reversible processes, the high temperatures at which heat is added to the atmosphere, and the low temperatures at which heat is extracted.
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Limaye SS, Sromovsky LA. Winds of Neptune: Voyager observations of cloud motions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91ja01701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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10
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Conrath BJ, Flasar FM, Gierasch PJ. Thermal structure and dynamics of Neptune's atmosphere from Voyager measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91ja01859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Smith BA, Soderblom LA, Banfield D, Barnet C, Basilevsky AT, Beebe RF, Bollinger K, Boyce JM, Brahic A, Briggs GA, Brown RH, Chyba C, Collins SA, Colvin T, Cook AF, Crisp D, Croft SK, Cruikshank D, Cuzzi JN, Danielson GE, Davies ME, De Jong E, Dones L, Godfrey D, Goguen J, Grenier I, Haemmerle VR, Hammel H, Hansen CJ, Helfenstein CP, Howell C, Hunt GE, Ingersoll AP, Johnson TV, Kargel J, Kirk R, Kuehn DI, Limaye S, Masursky H, McEwen A, Morrison D, Owen T, Owen W, Pollack JB, Porco CC, Rages K, Rogers P, Rudy D, Sagan C, Schwartz J, Shoemaker EM, Showalter M, Sicardy B, Simonelli D, Spencer J, Sromovsky LA, Stoker C, Strom RG, Suomi VE, Synott SP, Terrile RJ, Thomas P, Thompson WR, Verbiscer A, Veverka J. Voyager 2 at Neptune: Imaging Science Results. Science 1989; 246:1422-49. [PMID: 17755997 DOI: 10.1126/science.246.4936.1422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Voyager 2 images of Neptune reveal a windy planet characterized by bright clouds of methane ice suspended in an exceptionally clear atmosphere above a lower deck of hydrogen sulfide or ammonia ices. Neptune's atmosphere is dominated by a large anticyclonic storm system that has been named the Great Dark Spot (GDS). About the same size as Earth in extent, the GDS bears both many similarities and some differences to the Great Red Spot of Jupiter. Neptune's zonal wind profile is remarkably similar to that of Uranus. Neptune has three major rings at radii of 42,000, 53,000, and 63,000 kilometers. The outer ring contains three higher density arc-like segments that were apparently responsible for most of the ground-based occultation events observed during the current decade. Like the rings of Uranus, the Neptune rings are composed of very dark material; unlike that of Uranus, the Neptune system is very dusty. Six new regular satellites were found, with dark surfaces and radii ranging from 200 to 25 kilometers. All lie inside the orbit of Triton and the inner four are located within the ring system. Triton is seen to be a differentiated body, with a radius of 1350 kilometers and a density of 2.1 grams per cubic centimeter; it exhibits clear evidence of early episodes of surface melting. A now rigid crust of what is probably water ice is overlain with a brilliant coating of nitrogen frost, slightly darkened and reddened with organic polymer material. Streaks of organic polymer suggest seasonal winds strong enough to move particles of micrometer size or larger, once they become airborne. At least two active plumes were seen, carrying dark material 8 kilometers above the surface before being transported downstream by high level winds. The plumes may be driven by solar heating and the subsequent violent vaporization of subsurface nitrogen.
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