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Valet JP, Fournier A. Deciphering records of geomagnetic reversals. REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS (WASHINGTON, D.C. : 1985) 2016; 54:410-446. [PMID: 31423490 PMCID: PMC6686389 DOI: 10.1002/2015rg000506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polarity reversals of the geomagnetic field are a major feature of the Earth's dynamo. Questions remain regarding the dynamical processes that give rise to reversals and the properties of the geomagnetic field during a polarity transition. A large number of paleomagnetic reversal records have been acquired during the past 50 years in order to better constrain the structure and geometry of the transitional field. In addition, over the past two decades, numerical dynamo simulations have also provided insights into the reversal mechanism. Yet despite the large paleomagnetic database, controversial interpretations of records of the transitional field persist; they result from two characteristics inherent to all reversals, both of which are detrimental to an ambiguous analysis. On the one hand, the reversal process is rapid and requires adequate temporal resolution. On the other hand, weak field intensities during a reversal can affect the fidelity of magnetic recording in sedimentary records. This paper is aimed at reviewing critically the main reversal features derived from paleomagnetic records and at analyzing some of these features in light of numerical simulations. We discuss in detail the fidelity of the signal extracted from paleomagnetic records and pay special attention to their resolution with respect to the timing and mechanisms involved in the magnetization process. Records from marine sediments dominate the database. They give rise to transitional field models that often lead to overinterpret the data. Consequently, we attempt to separate robust results (and their subsequent interpretations) from those that do not stand on a strong observational footing. Finally, we discuss new avenues that should favor progress to better characterize and understand transitional field behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Valet
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, UMR 7154 CNRS Paris France
| | - Alexandre Fournier
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, UMR 7154 CNRS Paris France
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Magnetic Polarity Time Scale of the Phanerozoic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/rf001p0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Izett GA, Obradovich JD. 40Ar/39Ar age constraints for the Jaramillo Normal Subchron and the Matuyama-Brunhes geomagnetic boundary. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb03085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Demets C. Earthquake slip vectors and estimates of present-day plate motions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jb02868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Spell TL, Harrison TM. 40Ar/39Ar Geochronology of Post-Valles Caldera Rhyolites, Jemez Volcanic Field, New Mexico. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jb01786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Berger GW, Busacca AJ. Thermoluminescence dating of late Pleistocene loess and tephra from eastern Washington and southern Oregon and implications for the eruptive history of Mount St. Helens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/95jb01686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hartman G. Reconstructing Mid-Pleistocene paleovegetation and paleoclimate in the Golan Heights using the δ13C values of modern vegetation and soil organic carbon of paleosols. J Hum Evol 2011; 60:452-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
Ocean history is largely read from deep-sea sediments, using microscopic fossils, notably foraminifers. Ice age fluctuations in the ocean's sediments provided for a new geologic understanding of climate change. The discovery of rapid decay of ice masses at the end of glacial periods was especially important, yielding rates of sea level rise reaching values of 1 to 2 m per century for millennia. Thanks to deep-ocean drilling, the overall planetary cooling trend in the Cenozoic was recognized as occurring in three large steps. The first step is at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary and is marked by a great change in sedimentation patterns; the second is in the middle Miocene, associated with a major pulse in the buildup of Antarctic ice masses and the intensification of upwelling regimes; and the third is within the late Pliocene and led into the northern ice ages. Evolution in the sea is linked to these various steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang H Berger
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, California 92093-0244, USA.
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Chazan M, Ron H, Matmon A, Porat N, Goldberg P, Yates R, Avery M, Sumner A, Horwitz LK. Radiometric dating of the Earlier Stone Age sequence in Excavation I at Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa: preliminary results. J Hum Evol 2008; 55:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Brown LL. Paleomagnetic directions and40Ar/39Ar ages from the Tatara-San Pedro volcanic complex, Chilean Andes: Lava record of a Matuyama-Brunhes precursor? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jb003007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Zieger B. Magnetohydrodynamic simulation of an equatorial dipolar paleomagnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004ja010434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ron H, Porat N, Ronen A, Tchernov E, Horwitz LK. Magnetostratigraphy of the Evron Member--implications for the age of the Middle Acheulian site of Evron Quarry. J Hum Evol 2003; 44:633-9. [PMID: 12765623 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-2484(03)00043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Singer BS, Relle MK, Hoffman KA, Battle A, Laj C, Guillou H, Carracedo JC. Ar/Ar ages from transitionally magnetized lavas on La Palma, Canary Islands, and the geomagnetic instability timescale. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jb001613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. S. Singer
- Department of Geology and Geophysics; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - M. K. Relle
- Department of Geology and Geophysics; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - K. A. Hoffman
- Physics Department; California Polytechnic State University; San Luis Obispo California USA
| | - A. Battle
- Physics Department; California Polytechnic State University; San Luis Obispo California USA
| | - C. Laj
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement; CEA-CNRS; Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - H. Guillou
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement; CEA-CNRS; Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - J. C. Carracedo
- Estación Volcanológica de Canarias; Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas; La Laguna, Tenerife Spain
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Tryon CA, McBrearty S. Tephrostratigraphy and the Acheulian to middle stone age transition in the Kapthurin Formation, Kenya. J Hum Evol 2002; 42:211-35. [PMID: 11795975 DOI: 10.1006/jhev.2001.0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sites containing Acheulian, Sangoan, Fauresmith, and Middle Stone Age artefacts occur within and below the Bedded Tuff, a widespread volcaniclastic member of the Kapthurin Formation, Kenya. The Bedded Tuff eruptive complex consists of up to twelve tephra beds, intercalated sediments, and paleosols. Two pumiceous units, high in the Bedded Tuff sequence, have been dated by(40)Ar/(39)Ar, one to 235+/-2 ka (Deino & McBrearty, 2002, Journal of Human Evolution, 42, 185-210, cf. Tallon, 1978, Geological Background to Fossil Man, pp. 361-373, Scottish Academic Press), the other to 284+/-12 ka (Deino & McBrearty, 2001), the latter now providing a minimum age estimate for all underlying archaeological sites. Bedded Tuff outcrops are correlated through field stratigraphic and electron microprobe geochemical analyses of individual beds. Bedded Tuff units show increasingly evolved composition through the stratigraphic succession, indicating that the beds are the product of intermittent eruption of a single differentiating magma system, and the chemical signatures of these beds permit the chronological ordering of archaeological sites. Our results indicate that the transition to Middle Stone Age technology occurred prior to 285 ka in this region of East Africa. The interstratification of sites containing Acheulian, Sangoan, Fauresmith, and Middle Stone Age artefacts suggests that these technologies were contemporary in a single depositional basin over the duration of the transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Tryon
- Department of Anthropology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
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Mcbrearty S, Brooks AS. The revolution that wasn't: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior. J Hum Evol 2000; 39:453-563. [PMID: 11102266 DOI: 10.1006/jhev.2000.0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 644] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Proponents of the model known as the "human revolution" claim that modern human behaviors arose suddenly, and nearly simultaneously, throughout the Old World ca. 40-50 ka. This fundamental behavioral shift is purported to signal a cognitive advance, a possible reorganization of the brain, and the origin of language. Because the earliest modern human fossils, Homo sapiens sensu stricto, are found in Africa and the adjacent region of the Levant at >100 ka, the "human revolution" model creates a time lag between the appearance of anatomical modernity and perceived behavioral modernity, and creates the impression that the earliest modern Africans were behaviorally primitive. This view of events stems from a profound Eurocentric bias and a failure to appreciate the depth and breadth of the African archaeological record. In fact, many of the components of the "human revolution" claimed to appear at 40-50 ka are found in the African Middle Stone Age tens of thousands of years earlier. These features include blade and microlithic technology, bone tools, increased geographic range, specialized hunting, the use of aquatic resources, long distance trade, systematic processing and use of pigment, and art and decoration. These items do not occur suddenly together as predicted by the "human revolution" model, but at sites that are widely separated in space and time. This suggests a gradual assembling of the package of modern human behaviors in Africa, and its later export to other regions of the Old World. The African Middle and early Late Pleistocene hominid fossil record is fairly continuous and in it can be recognized a number of probably distinct species that provide plausible ancestors for H. sapiens. The appearance of Middle Stone Age technology and the first signs of modern behavior coincide with the appearance of fossils that have been attributed to H. helmei, suggesting the behavior of H. helmei is distinct from that of earlier hominid species and quite similar to that of modern people. If on anatomical and behavioral grounds H. helmei is sunk into H. sapiens, the origin of our species is linked with the appearance of Middle Stone Age technology at 250-300 ka.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mcbrearty
- Department of Anthropology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
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Sarna-Wojcicki AM, Pringle MS, Wijbrans J. New40Ar/39Ar age of the Bishop Tuff from multiple sites and sediment rate calibration for the Matuyama-Brunhes boundary. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Guyodo Y, Richter C, Valet JP. Paleointensity record from Pleistocene sediments (1.4-0 Ma) off the California Margin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jb900163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Valet JP, Brassart J, Quidelleur X, Soler V, Gillot PY, Hongre L. Paleointensity variations across the last geomagnetic reversal at La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jb900099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Singer BS, Hoffman KA, Chauvin A, Coe RS, Pringle MS. Dating transitionally magnetized lavas of the late Matuyama Chron: Toward a new40Ar/39Ar timescale of reversals and events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jb900016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Lawrence RM, Karson JA, Hurst SD. Dike orientations, fault-block rotations, and the construction of slow spreading oceanic crust at 22°40′N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jb02541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Li JJ, Fang XM, Van der Voo R, Zhu JJ, Niocaill CM, Ono Y, Pan BT, Zhong W, Wang JL, Sasaki T, Zhang YT, Cao JX, Kang SC, Wang JM. Magnetostratigraphic dating of river terraces: Rapid and intermittent incision by the Yellow River of the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau during the Quaternary. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jb00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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DeMets C, Wilson DS. Relative motions of the Pacific, Rivera, North American, and Cocos plates since 0.78 Ma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jb03170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Reconstruction of atmospheric CO2 from ice-core data and the deep-sea record of ontong Java plateau: the Milankovitch chron. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02369003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Schwarz B, Mangini A, Segl M. Geochemistry of a piston core from Ontong Java Plateau (western equatorial Pacific): evidence for sediment redistribution and changes in paleoproductivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02369008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Korenaga J, Hey RN. Recent dueling propagation history at the fastest spreading center, the East Pacific Rise, 26°-32°S. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jb00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Quidelleur X, Valet JP. Geomagnetic changes across the last reversal recorded in lava flows from La Palma, Canary Islands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jb03740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Quaternary Fourier stratigraphy: Orbital templates and Milankovitch anomalies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02083116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wilson DS. Confirmation of the astronomical calibration of the magnetic polarity timescale from sea-floor spreading rates. Nature 1993. [DOI: 10.1038/364788a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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