1
|
Hu HP, Liu JH, Feng JL, Ye CS, Gong ZJ, Lv F, Chen F, Chen LQ, Du DD. Geomorphic processes of a dammed palaeo-lake in the middle Yarlung Tsangpo River, Tibet. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:151949. [PMID: 34838554 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The failure of a natural dam is an extreme geological event. Palaeo-lake sediments were discovered in the broad Xigazê valley and Dazhuka-Yueju gorge in the middle reach of the Yarlung Tsangpo River in Tibet. However, the sedimentary processes, dam failure, and peak flood of the Xigazê dammed palaeo-lake are poorly understood. Hence, we conducted a field survey of eight lacustrine sedimentary terraces in the area. We divided the sedimentary processes of the palaeo-lake into five stages and deposit types: pre-palaeo-lake sediments (fluvial or aeolian deposits); early stage sediments of the palaeo-lake (coarse sand); main stage palaeo-lake sediments (clayey silt and sand), sediments following the discharge of the palaeo-lake (sand and gravel-cobbles); and cover deposits (aeolian sediments and colluvium). Additionally, the water level along the palaeo-lake was almost constant (3811 m a.s.l.). The dam was likely located at the eastern end of the Dazhuka-Yueju gorge. Based on the water level, dam location and 30-m ASTER GDEM2 data, the capacity of the palaeo-lake was estimated as 22.55 km3. To separate the water volume and sediment volume, the sediment surface elevation along the palaeo-lake was simulated based on the elevations of the six lacustrine sedimentary terraces. The volume of the sediment was ~11.56 km3, which was calculated from the dam location, sediment surface elevation, and the ASTER GDEM2 data. Finally, subtraction of the sediment volume from the capacity of the palaeo-lake gave a backwater volume of 10.99 km3. The peak flood possibly exceeded 3.4 × 105 m3/s as a moraine dam joined the discharge during the dam failure. However, the dammed event probably had a limited effect on the landforms at downstream because of the presence of another dammed palaeo-lake in the broad Zetang valley; moreover, the bedrock upstream of the dam was protected from erosion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ping Hu
- School of Earth Sciences, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China; Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Jin-Hua Liu
- School of Earth Sciences, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Jin-Liang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chang-Sheng Ye
- School of Earth Sciences, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Gong
- School of Earth Sciences, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Feng Lv
- School of Earth Sciences, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liu-Qin Chen
- School of Earth Sciences, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Ding-Ding Du
- School of Earth Sciences, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Territorial Assessment of the East Kazakhstan Geo/Ecotourism: Sustainable Travel Prospects in the Southern Altai Area. GEOSCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences11040156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In spite of picturesque landscapes, natural beauties and authentic traditional lifestyles to be seen in East Kazakhstan, tourism is far from being developed. The Kazakh Altai (called the Kazakh Switzerland) is one the most colourful parts of the country and, indeed, all Central Asia. The attractiveness of this geographically isolated region (formerly a part of the Imperial Russia), consisting of rocky semi-deserts, vast parkland-steppes, and rugged mountain terrains, is reflected in its distinctive geological and geomorphological character, its pristine nature, and its extraordinary geodiversity and biodiversity. This study presents a roster of geotourism and ecotourism loci for the broader Altai area within a framework of sustainable development. The modelled assessment of the tourism and recreation potential is based upon multi-proxy analyses of GIS, DEM, and cartographic data. It integrates the most appealing natural (biotic and abiotic) site-specific natural features across all physiographic zones within a broad region. The most significant and representative geosites fall within three geographic sectors suitable for geo- and ecotourism. Prospects for travel to these places are enhanced by the presence of numerous prehistoric archaeological sites and historical monuments, which document the rich, multi-ethnic background of Kazakhstan and the ancient Silk Road that traverses it. These geological, environmental and cultural resources, and the regional geoheritage and environmental conservation concepts have been figured into strategies for economic growth of rural Kazakhstan. Visitors travelling to this most appealing region are constrained by climate of pronounced continentality, seasonality, geographic accessibility, the international border-zone regulations and a lack of services of an international standard.
Collapse
|
3
|
Kadnikov VV, Mardanov AV, Ivasenko DA, Antsiferov DV, Beletsky AV, Karnachuk OV, Ravin NV. Lignite coal burning seam in the remote Altai Mountains harbors a hydrogen-driven thermophilic microbial community. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6730. [PMID: 29712968 PMCID: PMC5928048 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25146-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal ecosystems associated with underground coal combustion sites are rare and less studied than geothermal features. Here we analysed microbial communities of near-surface ground layer and bituminous substance in an open quarry heated by subsurface coal fire by metagenomic DNA sequencing. Taxonomic classification revealed dominance of only a few groups of Firmicutes. Near-complete genomes of three most abundant species, ‘Candidatus Carbobacillus altaicus’ AL32, Brockia lithotrophica AL31, and Hydrogenibacillus schlegelii AL33, were assembled. According to the genomic data, Ca. Carbobacillus altaicus AL32 is an aerobic heterotroph, while B. lithotrophica AL31 is a chemolithotrophic anaerobe assimilating CO2 via the Calvin cycle. H. schlegelii AL33 is an aerobe capable of both growth on organic compounds and carrying out CO2 fixation via the Calvin cycle. Phylogenetic analysis of the large subunit of RuBisCO of B. lithotrophica AL31 and H. schlegelii AL33 showed that it belongs to the type 1-E. All three Firmicutes species can gain energy from aerobic or anaerobic oxidation of molecular hydrogen, produced as a result of underground coal combustion along with other coal gases. We propose that thermophilic Firmicutes, whose spores can spread from their original geothermal habitats over long distances, are the first colonizers of this recently formed thermal ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly V Kadnikov
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey V Mardanov
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis A Ivasenko
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tomsk State University, 634050, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Antsiferov
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tomsk State University, 634050, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Alexey V Beletsky
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga V Karnachuk
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tomsk State University, 634050, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay V Ravin
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Moscow, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Paleohydraulic Reconstruction of Modern Large Floods at Subcritical Speed in a Confined Valley: Proof of Concept. WATER 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/w8120567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
5
|
Wu Q, Zhao Z, Liu L, Granger DE, Wang H, Cohen DJ, Wu X, Ye M, Bar-Yosef O, Lu B, Zhang J, Zhang P, Yuan D, Qi W, Cai L, Bai S. Outburst flood at 1920 BCE supports historicity of China’s Great Flood and the Xia dynasty. Science 2016; 353:579-82. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf0842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinglong Wu
- School of Archaeology and Museology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhijun Zhao
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Darryl E. Granger
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 100710, China
| | - David J. Cohen
- Department of Anthropology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C)
| | - Xiaohong Wu
- School of Archaeology and Museology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Maolin Ye
- Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 100710, China
| | - Ofer Bar-Yosef
- Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Bin Lu
- CCTEG Xi’an Research Institute, Xi’an 710077, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Peizhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China
- School of Earth Science and Geological Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Daoyang Yuan
- Lanzhou Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake Administration, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wuyun Qi
- Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 100710, China
| | - Linhai Cai
- Qinghai Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Xining 810007, China
| | - Shibiao Bai
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Baker VR, Hamilton CW, Burr DM, Gulick VC, Komatsu G, Luo W, Rice JW, Rodriguez J. Fluvial geomorphology on Earth-like planetary surfaces: A review. GEOMORPHOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 245:149-182. [PMID: 29176917 PMCID: PMC5701759 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Morphological evidence for ancient channelized flows (fluvial and fluvial-like landforms) exists on the surfaces of all of the inner planets and on some of the satellites of the Solar System. In some cases, the relevant fluid flows are related to a planetary evolution that involves the global cycling of a volatile component (water for Earth and Mars; methane for Saturn's moon Titan). In other cases, as on Mercury, Venus, Earth's moon, and Jupiter's moon Io, the flows were of highly fluid lava. The discovery, in 1972, of what are now known to be fluvial channels and valleys on Mars sparked a major controversy over the role of water in shaping the surface of that planet. The recognition of the fluvial character of these features has opened unresolved fundamental questions about the geological history of water on Mars, including the presence of an ancient ocean and the operation of a hydrological cycle during the earliest phases of planetary history. Other fundamental questions posed by fluvial and fluvial-like features on planetary bodies include the possible erosive action of large-scale outpourings of very fluid lavas, such as those that may have produced the remarkable canali forms on Venus; the ability of exotic fluids, such as methane, to create fluvial-like landforms, as observed on Saturn's moon, Titan; and the nature of sedimentation and erosion under different conditions of planetary surface gravity. Planetary fluvial geomorphology also illustrates fundamental epistemological and methodological issues, including the role of analogy in geomorphological/geological inquiry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor R. Baker
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, Department of Planetary Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Christopher W. Hamilton
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, Department of Planetary Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Devon M. Burr
- Earth and Planetary Sciences Department, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996-1410, USA
| | - Virginia C. Gulick
- SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, MS 239-20, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Goro Komatsu
- International Research School of Planetary Sciences, Università d’Annunzio, Viale Pindaro 42, 65127 Pescara, Italy
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Geography, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | | | - J.A.P. Rodriguez
- NASA Ames Research Center, MS 239-20, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Baynes ERC, Attal M, Niedermann S, Kirstein LA, Dugmore AJ, Naylor M. Erosion during extreme flood events dominates Holocene canyon evolution in northeast Iceland. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:2355-60. [PMID: 25675484 PMCID: PMC4345614 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1415443112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme flood events have the potential to cause catastrophic landscape change in short periods of time (10(0) to 10(3) h). However, their impacts are rarely considered in studies of long-term landscape evolution (>10(3) y), because the mechanisms of erosion during such floods are poorly constrained. Here we use topographic analysis and cosmogenic (3)He surface exposure dating of fluvially sculpted surfaces to determine the impact of extreme flood events within the Jökulsárgljúfur canyon (northeast Iceland) and to constrain the mechanisms of bedrock erosion during these events. Surface exposure ages allow identification of three periods of intense canyon cutting about 9 ka ago, 5 ka ago, and 2 ka ago during which multiple large knickpoints retreated large distances (>2 km). During these events, a threshold flow depth was exceeded, leading to the toppling and transportation of basalt lava columns. Despite continuing and comparatively large-scale (500 m(3)/s) discharge of sediment-rich glacial meltwater, there is no evidence for a transition to an abrasion-dominated erosion regime since the last erosive event because the vertical knickpoints have not diffused over time. We provide a model for the evolution of the Jökulsárgljúfur canyon through the reconstruction of the river profile and canyon morphology at different stages over the last 9 ka and highlight the dominant role played by extreme flood events in the shaping of this landscape during the Holocene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin R C Baynes
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, United Kingdom; and
| | - Mikaël Attal
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Linda A Kirstein
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrew J Dugmore
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, United Kingdom; and
| | - Mark Naylor
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, United Kingdom; and
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gani MR, Gani ND. River-margin habitat of Ardipithecus ramidus at Aramis, Ethiopia 4.4 million years ago. Nat Commun 2011; 2:602. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
|
9
|
Two-dimensional coupled mathematical modeling of fluvial processes with intense sediment transport and rapid bed evolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11433-008-0135-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
10
|
Kostama VP, Ivanov MA, Polit AT, Törmänen T, Grosfils EB, Raitala J, Neukum G. Topographic and morphologic characteristics of Reull Vallis, Mars: Implications for the history of the Reull Vallis fluvial system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
11
|
McEwen AS, Eliason EM, Bergstrom JW, Bridges NT, Hansen CJ, Delamere WA, Grant JA, Gulick VC, Herkenhoff KE, Keszthelyi L, Kirk RL, Mellon MT, Squyres SW, Thomas N, Weitz CM. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1056] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
12
|
The extent of Late Pleistocene glaciations in the Altai and Khangai Mountains. DEVELOPMENTS IN QUATERNARY SCIENCES 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1571-0866(04)80130-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
13
|
Affiliation(s)
- Victor R Baker
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Farmer JD, Des Marais DJ. Exploring for a record of ancient Martian life. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH 1999; 104:26977-95. [PMID: 11543200 DOI: 10.1029/1998je000540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The immediate task facing exopaleontology is to define a strategy to explore Mars for a fossil record during the decade-long exploration program that lies ahead. Consideration of the quality of paleontological information preserved under different geological conditions is important if we are to develop a strategy with broad applicability. The preservation of microbial fossils is strongly influenced by the physical, chemical, and biological factors of the environment which, acting together, determine the types of information that will be captured and retained in the rock record. In detrital sedimentary systems, preservation is favored by rapid burial in fine-grained, clay-rich sediments. In chemical sedimentary systems, preservation is enhanced by rapid entombment in fine-grained chemical precipitates. For long-term preservation, host rocks must be composed of stable minerals that are resistant to chemical weathering and that form an impermeable matrix and closed chemical system to protect biosignatures from alteration during subsequent diagenesis or metamorphism. In this context, host rocks composed of highly ordered, chemically stable mineral phases, like silica (e.g., cherts) or phosphate (e.g., phosphorites), are especially favored. Such lithologies tend to have very long crustal residence times and, along with carbonates and shales, are the most common host rocks for the Precambrian microfossil record on Earth. Although we make the defensible assumption that Mars was more like the Earth early in its history, clearly, the geological and historical differences between the two planets are many. Such differences must be carefully considered when adapting an Earth-based strategy to Mars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J D Farmer
- Department of Geology, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Modeling considerations for simulation of flow in bedrock channels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/gm107p0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
16
|
The role of extreme floods in shaping bedrock channels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/gm107p0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
17
|
|
18
|
Chapman CR, Morrison D. Impacts on the Earth by asteroids and comets: assessing the hazard. Nature 1994. [DOI: 10.1038/367033a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|