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Wan Z, Zhu C, Francisco JS. Molecular Insights into the Spontaneous Generation of Cl 2O in the Reaction of ClONO 2 and HOCl at the Air-Water Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17478-17484. [PMID: 37522957 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Chemical processes involving chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) at the surface of stratospheric aerosols are crucial to ozone depletion. Herein, we show a reaction route for the formation of Cl2O, which is a source of stratospheric chlorine, in the ClONO2 + HOCl reaction at the air-water interface. Our ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations show that the (ClONO2)Cl···O(HOCl) halogen bond plays a key role in the reaction and is the main interaction between ClONO2 and HOCl both at the air-water interface and in the bulk liquid water. Furthermore, metadynamics-based AIMD simulations reveal two pathways: (i) The OCl fragment of HOCl binds to the Cl atom in ClONO2, resulting in the formation of Cl2O and NO3-. Simultaneously, the remaining hydrogen atom is transferred to a water molecule to form H3O+. (ii) HOCl acts as a bridge for Cl atom transfer from ClONO2 to the O atom of a water molecule, and this water molecule transfers one of its H atoms to another water molecule, forming two HOCl molecules, NO3-, and H3O+. Free-energy calculations show that the former is the energetically more favorable process. More importantly, the free-energy barrier for Cl2O formation at the air-water interface is only ∼0.8 kcal/mol, and the reaction is exothermic. These findings provide insights into the importance of fundamental chlorine chemistry and the broader implications of the aerosol air-water interface for atmospheric chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyi Wan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Chongqin Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Earth & Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Clapp CE, Anderson JG. Modeling the Effect of Potential Nitric Acid Removal During Convective Injection of Water Vapor Over the Central United States on the Chemical Composition of the Lower Stratosphere. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2019; 124:9743-9770. [PMID: 31763110 PMCID: PMC6853249 DOI: 10.1029/2018jd029703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tropopause-penetrating convection is a frequent seasonal feature of the Central United States climate. This convection presents the potential for consistent transport of water vapor into the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) through the lofting of ice, which then sublimates. Water vapor enhancements associated with convective ice lofting have been observed in both in situ and satellite measurements. These water vapor enhancements can increase the probability of sulfate aerosol-catalyzed heterogeneous reactions that convert reservoir chlorine (HCl and ClONO2) to free radical chlorine (Cl and ClO) that leads to catalytic ozone loss. In addition to water vapor transport, lofted ice may also scavenge nitric acid and further impact the chlorine activation chemistry of the UTLS. We present a photochemical model that resolves the vertical chemical structure of the UTLS to explore the effect of water vapor enhancements and potential additional nitric acid removal. The model is used to define the response of stratospheric column ozone to the range of convective water vapor transported and the temperature variability of the lower stratosphere currently observed over the Central United States in conjunction with potential nitric acid removal and to scenarios of elevated sulfate aerosol surface area density representative of possible future volcanic eruptions or solar radiation management. We find that the effect of HNO3 removal is dependent on the magnitude of nitric acid removal and has the greatest potential to increase chlorine activation and ozone loss under UTLS conditions that weakly favor the chlorine activation heterogeneous reactions by reducing NOx sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. E. Clapp
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - J. G. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
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3
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Schmale J, Schneider J, Jurkat T, Voigt C, Kalesse H, Rautenhaus M, Lichtenstern M, Schlager H, Ancellet G, Arnold F, Gerding M, Mattis I, Wendisch M, Borrmann S. Aerosol layers from the 2008 eruptions of Mount Okmok and Mount Kasatochi: In situ upper troposphere and lower stratosphere measurements of sulfate and organics over Europe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bauman JJ, Russell PB, Geller MA, Hamill P. A stratospheric aerosol climatology from SAGE II and CLAES measurements: 2. Results and comparisons, 1984-1999. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. J. Bauman
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - P. B. Russell
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - M. A. Geller
- State University of New York; Stony Brook New York USA
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Tabazadeh A, Drdla K, Schoeberl MR, Hamill P, Toon OB. Arctic "ozone hole" in a cold volcanic stratosphere. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:2609-12. [PMID: 11854461 PMCID: PMC122395 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.052518199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical depth records indicate that volcanic aerosols from major eruptions often produce clouds that have greater surface area than typical Arctic polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). A trajectory cloud-chemistry model is used to study how volcanic aerosols could affect springtime Arctic ozone loss processes, such as chlorine activation and denitrification, in a cold winter within the current range of natural variability. Several studies indicate that severe denitrification can increase Arctic ozone loss by up to 30%. We show large PSC particles that cause denitrification in a nonvolcanic stratosphere cannot efficiently form in a volcanic environment. However, volcanic aerosols, when present at low altitudes, where Arctic PSCs cannot form, can extend the vertical range of chemical ozone loss in the lower stratosphere. Chemical processing on volcanic aerosols over a 10-km altitude range could increase the current levels of springtime column ozone loss by up to 70% independent of denitrification. Climate models predict that the lower stratosphere is cooling as a result of greenhouse gas built-up in the troposphere. The magnitude of column ozone loss calculated here for the 1999--2000 Arctic winter, in an assumed volcanic state, is similar to that projected for a colder future nonvolcanic stratosphere in the 2010 decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tabazadeh
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ames Research Center, Earth Science Division, MS: 245-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.
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Stothers RB. A chronology of annual mean effective radii of stratospheric aerosols from volcanic eruptions during the twentieth century as derived from ground-based spectral extinction measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Timmreck C. Three-dimensional simulation of stratospheric background aerosol: First results of a multiannual general circulation model simulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Froidevaux L, Waters JW, Read WG, Connell PS, Kinnison DE, Russell JM. Variations in the free chlorine content of the stratosphere (1991-1997): Anthropogenic, volcanic, and methane influences. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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9
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Bonne GP, Stimpfle RM, Cohen RC, Voss PB, Perkins KK, Anderson JG, Salawitch RJ, Elkins JW, Dutton GS, Jucks KW, Toon GC. An examination of the inorganic chlorine budget in the lower stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Drdla K, Pueschel RF, Strawa AW, Cohen RC, Hanisco TF. Microphysics and chemistry of sulphate aerosols at warm stratospheric temperatures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Steele HM, Lumpe JD, Turco RP, Bevilacqua RM, Massie ST. Retrieval of aerosol surface area and volume densities from extinction measurements: Application to POAM II and SAGE II. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Coldiron
- Department of Dermatology and Otolaryngology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Ohio, USA
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Castleman A. The influence of solvation on ion-molecule reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1071-9687(98)80008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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14
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Kent GS, Wang PH, Skeens KM. Discrimination of cloud and aerosol in the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III occultation data. APPLIED OPTICS 1997; 36:8639-8649. [PMID: 18264415 DOI: 10.1364/ao.36.008639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) III, scheduled for a first launch in mid-1998, will be making measurements of the extinction that is due to aerosols and gases at many wavelengths between 385 and 1550 nm. In the troposphere and wintertime polar stratosphere, extinction will also occur because of the presence of cloud along the optical path from the Sun to the satellite instrument. We describe a method for separating the effects of aerosol and cloud using the extinction at 525, 1020, and 1550 nm and present the results of simulation studies. These studies show that the new method will work well under background nonvolcanic aerosol conditions in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Under conditions of severe volcanic contamination, the error rate for the separation of aerosol and cloud may rise as high as 30%.
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Iraci LT, Tolbert MA. Heterogeneous interaction of formaldehyde with cold sulfuric acid: Implications for the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd01259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gao RS, Fahey DW, Salawitch RJ, Lloyd SA, Anderson DE, DeMajistre R, McElroy CT, Woodbridge EL, Wamsley RC, Donnelly SG, Del Negro LA, Proffitt MH, Stimpfle RM, Kohn DW, Kawa SR, Lait LR, Loewenstein M, Podolske JR, Keim ER, Dye JE, Wilson JC, Chan KR. Partitioning of the reactive nitrogen reservoir in the lower stratosphere of the southern hemisphere: Observations and modeling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd01967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Zhao X, Turco RP, Kao CYJ, Elliott S. Aerosol-induced chemical perturbations of stratospheric ozone: Three-dimensional simulations and analysis of mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd03406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Lambert A, Grainger RG, Rodgers CD, Taylor FW, Mergenthaler JL, Kumer JB, Massie ST. Global evolution of the Mt. Pinatubo volcanic aerosols observed by the infrared limb-sounding instruments CLAES and ISAMS on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Russell PB, Livingston JM, Pueschel RF, Bauman JJ, Pollack JB, Brooks SL, Hamill P, Thomason LW, Stowe LL, Deshler T, Dutton EG, Bergstrom RW. Global to microscale evolution of the Pinatubo volcanic aerosol derived from diverse measurements and analyses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Volk CM, Elkins JW, Fahey DW, Salawitch RJ, Dutton GS, Gilligan JM, Proffitt MH, Loewenstein M, Podolske JR, Minschwaner K, Margitan JJ, Chan KR. Quantifying Transport Between the Tropical and Mid-Latitude Lower Stratosphere. Science 1996; 272:1763-8. [PMID: 8662478 DOI: 10.1126/science.272.5269.1763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Airborne in situ observations of molecules with a wide range of lifetimes (methane, nitrous oxide, reactive nitrogen, ozone, chlorinated halocarbons, and halon-1211), used in a tropical tracer model, show that mid-latitude air is entrained into the tropical lower stratosphere within about 13.5 months; transport is faster in the reverse direction. Because exchange with the tropics is slower than global photochemical models generally assume, ozone at mid-latitudes appears to be more sensitive to elevated levels of industrial chlorine than is currently predicted. Nevertheless, about 45 percent of air in the tropical ascent region at 21 kilometers is of mid-latitude origin, implying that emissions from supersonic aircraft could reach the middle stratosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- CM Volk
- C. M. Volk, G. S. Dutton, and J. M. Gilligan are with the Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Boulder, CO 80303, and the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. J. W. Elkins is with NOAA/CMDL, Boulder, CO 80303, USA. D. W. Fahey is with the NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80303, USA. R. J. Salawitch and J. J. Margitan are with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA. M. H. Proffitt is with the NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80303, and CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. M. Loewenstein, J. R. Podolske, and K. R. Chan are with the NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA. K. Minschwaner is with the Department of Physics, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM 87801, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Stratospheric ozone depletion due to chlorofluorocarbons an d increased ultraviolet radiation penetration has long been predicted. OBJECTIVE To determine if predictions of ozone depletion are correct and, if so, the significance of this depletion. METHODS Review of the English literature regarding ozone depletion and solar ultraviolet radiation. RESULTS The ozone layer is showing definite thinning. Recently, significantly increased ultraviolet radiation transmission has been detected at ground level at several metering stations. It appears that man-made aerosols (air pollution) block increased UVB transmission in urban areas. Recent satellite measurements of stratospheric fluorine levels more directly implicate chlorofluorocarbons as a major source of catalytic stratospheric chlorine, although natural sources may account for up to 40% of stratospheric chlorine. CONCLUSIONS Stratospheric chlorine concentrations, and resultant increased ozone destruction, will be enhanced for at least the next 70 years. The potential for increased transmission of ultraviolet radiation will exist for the next several hundred years. While little damage due to increased ultraviolet radiation has occurred so far, the potential for long-term problems is great.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Coldiron
- Department of Dermatology, Unversity of Cincinnati Medical Center, OH 45219, USA
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22
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Zhang R, Leu MT, Keyser LF. Heterogeneous Chemistry of HONO on Liquid Sulfuric Acid: A New Mechanism of Chlorine Activation on Stratospheric Sulfate Aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp952060a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renyi Zhang
- Earth and Space Sciences Division, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109
| | - Ming-Taun Leu
- Earth and Space Sciences Division, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109
| | - Leon F. Keyser
- Earth and Space Sciences Division, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109
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Jónsson HH, Wilson JC, Brock CA, Dye JE, Ferry GV, Chan KR. Evolution of the stratospheric aerosol in the northern hemisphere following the June 1991 volcanic eruption of Mount Pinatubo: Role of tropospheric-stratospheric exchange and transport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd02932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Brock CA, Hamill P, Wilson JC, Jonsson HH, Chan KR. Particle Formation in the Upper Tropical Troposphere: A Source of Nuclei for the Stratospheric Aerosol. Science 1995. [DOI: 10.1126/science.270.5242.1650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Fahey DW, Keim ER, Boering KA, Brock CA, Wilson JC, Jonsson HH, Anthony S, Hanisco TF, Wennberg PO, Miake-Lye RC, Salawitch RJ, Louisnard N, Woodbridge EL, Gao RS, Donnelly SG, Wamsley RC, Negro LAD, Solomon S, Daube BC, Wofsy SC, Webster CR, May RD, Kelly KK, Loewenstein M, Podolske JR. Emission Measurements of the Concorde Supersonic Aircraft in the Lower Stratosphere. Science 1995. [DOI: 10.1126/science.270.5233.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Kent GS, Wang PH, McCormick MP, Skeens KM. Multiyear Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II measurements of upper tropospheric aerosol characteristics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Bekki S, Pyle JA. A two-dimensional modeling study of the volcanic eruption of Mount Pinatubo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gao RS, Keim ER, Woodbridge EL, Ciciora SJ, Proffitt MH, Thompson TL, Mclaughlin RJ, Fahey DW. New photolysis system for NO2measurements in the lower stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd01521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kinnison DE, Grant KE, Connell PS, Rotman DA, Wuebbles DJ. The chemical and radiative effects of the Mount Pinatubo eruption. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd02318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pueschel RF, Russell PB, Allen DA, Ferry GV, Snetsinger KG, Livingston JM, Verma S. Physical and optical properties of the Pinatubo volcanic aerosol: Aircraft observations with impactors and a Sun-tracking photometer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Salawitch RJ, Wofsy SC, Gottlieb EW, Lait LR, Newman PA, Schoeberl MR, Loewenstein M, Podolske JR, Strahan SE, Proffitt MH, Webster CR, May RD, Fahey DW, Baumgardner D, Dye JE, Wilson JC, Kelly KK, Elkins JW, Chan KR, Anderson JG. Chemical Loss of Ozone in the Arctic Polar Vortex in the Winter of 1991-1992. Science 1993; 261:1146-9. [PMID: 17790349 DOI: 10.1126/science.261.5125.1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In situ measurements of chlorine monoxide, bromine monoxide, and ozone are extrapolated globally, with the use of meteorological tracers, to infer the loss rates for ozone in the Arctic lower stratosphere during the Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition II (AASE II) in the winter of 1991-1992. The analysis indicates removal of 15 to 20 percent of ambient ozone because of elevated concentrations of chlorine monoxide and bromine monoxide. Observations during AASE II define rates of removal of chlorine monoxide attributable to reaction with nitrogen dioxide (produced by photolysis of nitric acid) and to production of hydrochloric acid. Ozone loss ceased in March as concentrations of chlorine monoxide declined. Ozone losses could approach 50 percent if regeneration of nitrogen dioxide were inhibited by irreversible removal of nitrogen oxides (denitrification), as presently observed in the Antarctic, or without denitrification if inorganic chlorine concentrations were to double.
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