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Klare HFT, Albers L, Süsse L, Keess S, Müller T, Oestreich M. Silylium Ions: From Elusive Reactive Intermediates to Potent Catalysts. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5889-5985. [PMID: 33861564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The history of silyl cations has all the makings of a drama but with a happy ending. Being considered reactive intermediates impossible to isolate in the condensed phase for decades, their actual characterization in solution and later in solid state did only fuel the discussion about their existence and initially created a lot of controversy. This perception has completely changed today, and silyl cations and their donor-stabilized congeners are now widely accepted compounds with promising use in synthetic chemistry. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the fundamental facts and principles of the chemistry of silyl cations, including reliable ways of their preparation as well as their physical and chemical properties. The striking features of silyl cations are their enormous electrophilicity and as such reactivity as super Lewis acids as well as fluorophilicity. Known applications rely on silyl cations as reactants, stoichiometric reagents, and promoters where the reaction success is based on their steady regeneration over the course of the reaction. Silyl cations can even be discrete catalysts, thereby opening the next chapter of their way into the toolbox of synthetic methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik F T Klare
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Albers
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Lars Süsse
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Keess
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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2
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Huynh W, Conley MP. Origin of the 29Si NMR chemical shift in R3Si–X and relationship to the formation of silylium (R3Si+) ions. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:16453-16463. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02099k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The origin in deshielding of 29Si NMR chemical shifts in R3Si–X, where X = H, OMe, Cl, OTf, [CH6B11X6], toluene, and OX (OX = surface oxygen), as well as iPr3Si+ and Mes3Si+ were studied using DFT methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winn Huynh
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
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George MAR, Truong NX, Savoca M, Dopfer O. IR Spectrum and Structure of Protonated Monosilanol: Dative Bonding between Water and the Silylium Ion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:2919-2923. [PMID: 29341408 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report the spectroscopic characterization of protonated monosilanol (SiH3 OH2+ ) isolated in the gas phase, thus providing the first experimental determination of the structure and bonding of a member of the elusive silanol family. The SiH3 OH2+ ion is generated in a silane/water plasma expansion, and its structure is derived from the IR photodissociation (IRPD) spectrum of its Ar cluster measured in a tandem mass spectrometer. The chemical bonding in SiH3 OH2+ is analyzed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, providing detailed insight into the nature of the dative H3 Si+ -OH2 bond. Comparison with protonated methanol illustrates the differences in bonding between carbon and silicon, which are mainly related to their different electronegativity and the different energy of the vacant valence pz orbital of SiH3+ and CH3+ .
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nguyen Xuan Truong
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Savoca
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Otto Dopfer
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623, Berlin, Germany
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George MAR, Truong NX, Savoca M, Dopfer O. IR Spectrum and Structure of Protonated Monosilanol: Dative Bonding between Water and the Silylium Ion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nguyen Xuan Truong
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik; Technische Universität Berlin; Hardenbergstr. 36 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Marco Savoca
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik; Technische Universität Berlin; Hardenbergstr. 36 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Otto Dopfer
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik; Technische Universität Berlin; Hardenbergstr. 36 10623 Berlin Germany
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Swamy VSVSN, Pal S, Khan S, Sen SS. Cations and dications of heavier group 14 elements in low oxidation states. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:12903-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01912e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This review gives an introduction to the synthesis, properties, and reactivity of the cations and dications of the heavier group 14 elements in their low oxidation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. S. V. S. N. Swamy
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
| | - Shiv Pal
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Education
- Research
- Pune 411008
| | - Shabana Khan
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Education
- Research
- Pune 411008
| | - Sakya S. Sen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
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Connelly SJ, Kaminsky W, Heinekey DM. Structure and Solution Reactivity of (Triethylsilylium)triethylsilane Cations. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400970j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J. Connelly
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington, 98195, United States
| | - Werner Kaminsky
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington, 98195, United States
| | - D. Michael Heinekey
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington, 98195, United States
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Kushida T, Yamaguchi S. Boracyclophanes: Modulation of the σ/π Character in Boron-Benzene Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201303830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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8
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Kushida T, Yamaguchi S. Boracyclophanes: Modulation of the σ/π Character in Boron-Benzene Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:8054-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201303830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Sidorkin VF, Doronina EP, Belogolova EF. Cage Complexes of Carbenium and Silylium Cations with an Aromatic Base. Is the η6Coordination Type Realizable? Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om3008053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valery F. Sidorkin
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Favorsky, 1, Irkutsk 664033, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeniya P. Doronina
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Favorsky, 1, Irkutsk 664033, Russian Federation
| | - Elena F. Belogolova
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Favorsky, 1, Irkutsk 664033, Russian Federation
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Ibad MF, Langer P, Schulz A, Villinger A. Silylium–Arene Adducts: An Experimental and Theoretical Study. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:21016-27. [DOI: 10.1021/ja209693a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Langer
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
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Leszczyńska K, Mix A, Berger RJF, Rummel B, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Jutzi P. The Pentamethylcyclopentadienylsilicon(II) Cation as a Catalyst for the Specific Degradation of Oligo(ethyleneglycol) Diethers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:6843-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201101139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Leszczyńska K, Mix A, Berger RJF, Rummel B, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Jutzi P. The Pentamethylcyclopentadienylsilicon(II) Cation as a Catalyst for the Specific Degradation of Oligo(ethyleneglycol) Diethers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201101139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ignat’ev IS, Vrazhnov DV, Kochina TA. Isomerization of silicenium and germenium ions in the systems C4H11M+ (M = Si, Ge). RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s107036321007011x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Klare HFT, Bergander K, Oestreich M. Taming the silylium ion for low-temperature Diels-Alder reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 48:9077-9. [PMID: 19862787 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200904520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik F T Klare
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Furukawa S, Kobayashi J, Kawashima T. Application of the sila-Friedel–Crafts reaction to the synthesis of π-extended silole derivatives and their properties. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:9329-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt00136h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Klare H, Bergander K, Oestreich M. Ein gezähmtes Silyliumion für Diels-Alder-Reaktionen bei niedrigen Temperaturen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200904520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Tussupbayev S, Nikonov GI, Vyboishchikov SF. Dynamics of Si−H−Si Bridges in Agostically Stabilized Silylium Ions. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:1199-209. [DOI: 10.1021/jp807603t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samat Tussupbayev
- Institut de Química Computacional, Campus de Montilivi, Universitat de Girona, 17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain, and Chemistry Department, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Georgii I. Nikonov
- Institut de Química Computacional, Campus de Montilivi, Universitat de Girona, 17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain, and Chemistry Department, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Sergei F. Vyboishchikov
- Institut de Química Computacional, Campus de Montilivi, Universitat de Girona, 17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain, and Chemistry Department, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
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Duttwyler S, Do QQ, Linden A, Baldridge K, Siegel J. Synthesis of 2,6-Diarylphenyldimethylsilyl Cations: Polar-π Distribution of Cation Character. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200705291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Duttwyler S, Do QQ, Linden A, Baldridge K, Siegel J. Synthesis of 2,6-Diarylphenyldimethylsilyl Cations: Polar-π Distribution of Cation Character. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:1719-22. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200705291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Khalimon A, Lin Z, Simionescu R, Vyboishchikov S, Nikonov G. Persistent Silylium Ions Stabilized by Polyagostic SiH⋅⋅⋅Si Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200604258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Khalimon AY, Lin ZH, Simionescu R, Vyboishchikov SF, Nikonov GI. Persistent Silylium Ions Stabilized by Polyagostic SiH⋅⋅⋅Si Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:4530-3. [PMID: 17479989 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200604258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Y Khalimon
- Chemistry Department, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Ave., St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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Panisch R, Bolte M, Müller T. Structure and Bonding in Bissilylated Arenium Ions. Organometallics 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/om0702375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Panisch
- Institut für Reine und Angewandte Chemie der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Strasse 9-11 D-26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, and Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie der Goethe Universität Frankfurt, D-60439 Frankfurt/Main, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Reine und Angewandte Chemie der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Strasse 9-11 D-26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, and Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie der Goethe Universität Frankfurt, D-60439 Frankfurt/Main, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für Reine und Angewandte Chemie der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Strasse 9-11 D-26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, and Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie der Goethe Universität Frankfurt, D-60439 Frankfurt/Main, Federal Republic of Germany
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Lee VY, Sekiguchi A. Stable silyl, germyl, and stannyl cations, radicals, and anions: heavy versions of carbocations, carbon radicals, and carbanions. Acc Chem Res 2007; 40:410-9. [PMID: 17487959 DOI: 10.1021/ar6000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The rapidly growing chemistry of the cations, radicals, and anions based on the group 14 elements heavier than carbon (Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb) is one of the most important organometallic fields. Recent developments in this research area moved such species from the class of short-lived reactive intermediates to the class of easily accessible, isolable, and fully characterizable compounds. In this Account, we deal with the major accomplishments in the field of the stable representatives of "heavy" cations, radicals, and anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Ya Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Chiavarino B, Crestoni ME, Fornarini S, Lemaire J, Aleese LM, Maitre P. Infrared Spectroscopy of Protonated Phenylsilane in the Gas Phase. Chemphyschem 2005; 6:437-40. [PMID: 15799466 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200400511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Chiavarino
- Dipartimento di Studi di Chimica e Tecnologia delle Sostanze Biologicamente Attive, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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Müller T, Bauch C, Ostermeier M, Bolte M, Auner N. Norbornyl cations of group 14 elements. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:2158-68. [PMID: 12590544 DOI: 10.1021/ja021234g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Norbornyl cations of the group 14 elements Si --> Pb have been synthesized from substituted 3-cyclopentenemethyl precursors by intramolecular addition of transient cations to the C=C double bond of the 3-cyclopentenemethyl substituent (pi-route to norbornyl cations). The norbornyl cations 4a (E = Si, R = Me), 4e (E = Si, R = Et), 4f (E = Si, R = Bu), 4g (E = Ge, R = Bu), 4h (E = Sn, R = Bu), and 4i (E = Pb, R = Et) have been identified by their characteristic NMR chemical shifts (4a,e,f, delta((29)Si) = 80-87, delta((13)C)(CH=) = 149.6-150.6; 4g, delta((13)C)(CH=) = 144.8; 4h, delta((119)Sn) = 334, delta((13)C)(CH=) = 141.5; 4i, delta((207)Pb) = 1049, delta((13)C)(CH=) = 138). The significant deshielding of the vinylic carbon atoms (Deltadelta((13)C)) relative to those of the precursor (Deltadelta((13)C) = 19.3-20.3 (4a,e,f), Deltadelta((13)C) = 14.6 (4g), Deltadelta((13)C) = 11.1 (4h), Deltadelta((13)C) approximately 8 (4i)) and the small J coupling constants between the element and the remote vinyl carbons in the case of 4h and 4i (J(CSn) = 26 Hz, J(CPb) = 16 Hz) give experimental evidence for the intramolecular interaction and the charge transfer between the positively charged element and the remote C=C double bond. The experimental results are supported by quantum mechanical calculations of structures, energies, and magnetic properties for the norbornyl cations 4a,b (E = Ge, R = Me), 4c (E = Sn, R = Me), 4d (E = Pb, R = Me), and 4e,f at the GIAO/B3LYP/6-311G(3d,p)//MP2/6-311G(d,p) (Si, Ge, C, H), SDD (Sn, Pb) level of theory. The calculated (29)Si NMR chemical shifts for the silanorbornyl cations 4a,e,f (delta((29)Si) = 77-93) agree well with experiment, and the calculated structures of the cations 4a-f reveal their bridged norbornyl cation nature and suggest also for the experimentally observed species 4a,e-i a formally 3 + 1 coordination for the element atom with the extra coordination provided by the C=C double bond. This places five carbon atoms in the close vicinity of the positively charged element atom. The group 14 element norbornyl cations 4a,e-i exhibit only negligible interactions with the aromatic solvent, and they are, depending on the nature of the element group, stable at room temperature in aromatic solvents for periods ranging from a few hours to days. In acetonitrile solution, the intramolecular interaction in the norbornyl cations 4a,e-h breaks down and nitrilium ions with the element in a tetrahedral environment are formed. In contrast, reaction of acetonitrile with the plumbyl cation 4i forms an acetonitrile complex, 10i, in which the norbornyl cation structure is preserved. The X-ray structure of 10i reveals a trigonal bipyramidal environment for the lead atom with the C=C double bond of the cyclopentenemethyl ligand and the nitrogen atom of the acetonitrile molecule in apical positions. Density functional calculations at the B3LYP/6-311G(2d,p)//(B3LYP/6-31G(d) (C, H), SDD (Si, Ge, Sn, Pb)) + DeltaZPVE level indicate that the thermodynamic stability of the group 14 norbornyl cations increases from Si to Pb. This results in a relative stabilization for the plumbanorbornyl cation 4d compared to tert-butyl cation of 52.7 kcal mol(-)(1). In contrast, the intramolecular stabilization energy E(A) of the norbornyl cations 4a-d decreases, suggesting reduced interaction between the C=C double bond and the electron-deficient element center in the plumbacation compared to the silacations. This points to a reduced electrophilicity of the plumbacation compared to its predecessors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Müller
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Marie Curie-Strasse 11, D-60439 Frankfurt/Main, Federal Republic of Germany.
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Müller T, Jutzi P, Kühler T. The Nature of Protonated Decamethylsilicocene, (Me5C5)2Si+H. Organometallics 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/om010604r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Müller
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Goethe Universität Frankfurt/Main, Marie Curie-Strasse 11, D-60439 Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany, and Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Anorganische Chemie III, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Peter Jutzi
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Goethe Universität Frankfurt/Main, Marie Curie-Strasse 11, D-60439 Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany, and Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Anorganische Chemie III, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Torsten Kühler
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Goethe Universität Frankfurt/Main, Marie Curie-Strasse 11, D-60439 Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany, and Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Anorganische Chemie III, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Federal Republic of Germany
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Schuppan J, Herrschaft B, Müller T. The Elusive 7-Silanorbornadien-7-ylium: Synthesis and Characterization of Nitrilium and Oxonium Ions Deriving from 2,3-Benzo-7-silanorbornadien-7-ylium. Organometallics 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/om010420c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schuppan
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Marie Curie Strasse 11, 60439 Frankfurt/Main, Federal Republic of Germany, and Fachinstitut für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie der Humboldt Universität Berlin, Hessische Strasse 1-2, 10115 Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Bernhard Herrschaft
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Marie Curie Strasse 11, 60439 Frankfurt/Main, Federal Republic of Germany, and Fachinstitut für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie der Humboldt Universität Berlin, Hessische Strasse 1-2, 10115 Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Marie Curie Strasse 11, 60439 Frankfurt/Main, Federal Republic of Germany, and Fachinstitut für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie der Humboldt Universität Berlin, Hessische Strasse 1-2, 10115 Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany
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Nishinaga T, Izukawa Y, Komatsu K. The first silatropylium ion stabilized by rigid σ-frameworks: preparation, properties, and some reactions. Tetrahedron 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)00253-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Structure and dynamics of reactive intermediates in reaction mechanisms. sigma- and pi-complexes in electrophilic aromatic substitutions. J Org Chem 2000; 65:6807-18. [PMID: 11030996 DOI: 10.1021/jo000706b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nishinaga T, Izukawa Y, Komatsu K. The First Cyclic π-Conjugated Silylium Ion: The Silatropylium Ion Annelated with Rigid σ-Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja0014685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Nishinaga
- Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Izukawa
- Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Koichi Komatsu
- Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Ottosson CH, Kraka E, Cremer D. Theory as a viable partner for experiment—The quest for trivalent silylium ions in solution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1380-7323(99)80011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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35
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Ichinohe M, Fukaya N, Sekiguchi A. Synthesis and Structure of Cyclotrigermenium Salt of the Tetrakis{3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl}borate Anion. A Stable Free Germyl Cation in the Condensed Phase. CHEM LETT 1998. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1998.1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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36
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Oishi M, Aratake S, Yamamoto H. Remarkable Enhancement of Catalyst Activity of Trialkylsilyl Sulfonates on the Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction: A New Approach Using Bulky Organoaluminum Cocatalysts. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja981464o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Oishi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, CREST Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST) Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Seiji Aratake
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, CREST Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST) Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hisashi Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, CREST Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST) Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
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Johannsen M, Jørgensen KA, Helmchen G. Synthesis and Application of the First Chiral and Highly Lewis Acidic Silyl Cationic Catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja981021k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mogens Johannsen
- Center for Metal Catalyzed Reactions Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl Anker Jørgensen
- Center for Metal Catalyzed Reactions Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Günter Helmchen
- Center for Metal Catalyzed Reactions Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Reed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0744
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39
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Ruffolo R, Kainz S, Gupta HK, Brook MA, McGlinchey MJ. A synthetic and structural study on metal cluster complexes of allyl—alkynyl—silanes: Does protonation lead to metal-stabilized silyl cations? J Organomet Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(97)00400-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Steinberger HU, Müller T, Auner N, Maerker C, Schleyer PVR. Das 2-Silanorbornylkation – ein intramolekular π-stabilisiertes Silylkation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19971090631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ottosson CH, Cremer D. Intramolecularly Stabilized Phenylsilyl and Anthrylsilyl Cations. Organometallics 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/om960253u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Henrik Ottosson
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Göteborg, Kemigården 3, S-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Dieter Cremer
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Göteborg, Kemigården 3, S-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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Dioumaev VK, Harrod JF. Unusual “Cation-like” Zirconocene Hydrosilyl Complex. Silylium Ligand or a Nonclassically Bonded Si−H?1. Organometallics 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/om960254m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - John F. Harrod
- Chemistry Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2K6
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Density functional theory (DFT)/IGLO 29Si NMR study of trialkylsilylated arenium, bromonium, oxonium and nitrilium ions, comparison with experimental data and the question of persistent trialkylsilicenium ions in solution. J Organomet Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-328x(96)06227-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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44
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Arshadi M, Johnels D, Edlund U, Ottosson CH, Cremer D. Solvated Silylium Cations: Structure Determination by NMR Spectroscopy and the NMR/Ab Initio/IGLO Method. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9542956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Arshadi
- Contribution from the Department of Organic Chemistry, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden, and Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Göteborg University, Kemigården 3, S-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Dan Johnels
- Contribution from the Department of Organic Chemistry, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden, and Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Göteborg University, Kemigården 3, S-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ulf Edlund
- Contribution from the Department of Organic Chemistry, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden, and Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Göteborg University, Kemigården 3, S-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Carl-Henrik Ottosson
- Contribution from the Department of Organic Chemistry, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden, and Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Göteborg University, Kemigården 3, S-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Dieter Cremer
- Contribution from the Department of Organic Chemistry, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden, and Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Göteborg University, Kemigården 3, S-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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45
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Fornarini S. Mechanistic views on aromatic substitution reactions by gaseous cations. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 1996; 15:365-389. [PMID: 27082944 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2787(1996)15:6<365::aid-mas2>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/1996] [Revised: 02/26/1997] [Accepted: 03/05/1997] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the understanding of the gas-phase reaction of aromatics with cationic electrophiles in a thermally equilibrated domain are described. The overall substitution reaction is analyzed in terms of its elementary steps. Their contribution to the overall reactivity pattern is dissected by the use of selected systems, which allowed one to highlight the kinetic role of single elementary events. Mechanistic studies have focused on the structure and reactivity of covalent and non-covalent ionic intermediates, which display a rich chemistry and provide benchmark reactivity models. Particular interest has been devoted to proton transfer reactions, which may occur in either an intra- or intermolecular fashion in arenium intermediates. A quantitative study of their rates and associated kinetic isotope effects is reported. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Mass Spectrom Rev 15(6), 365-389, 1997.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fornarini
- Dipartimento di Studi di Chimica e Tecnologia delle Sostanze Biologicamente Attive, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
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Cacace F, Attinà M, Fornarini S. [R3Si-Aren]+-σ-Komplexe in der Gasphase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19951070628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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49
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Structure and reactivity of Cp2Zr(η2-Me2SiNtBu)(CO): An unusual silanimine carbonyl complex with extensive σ-π∗ back-bonding. Polyhedron 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0277-5387(94)00368-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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