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Waller SE, Belousov A, Kidd RD, Nikolić D, Madzunkov SM, Wiley JS, Darrach MR. Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Applications for the In Situ Measurement of Nonvolatile Organics at Ocean Worlds. ASTROBIOLOGY 2019; 19:1196-1210. [PMID: 31347911 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A new technique that has applications for the detection of nonvolatile organics on Ocean Worlds has been developed. Here, liquid mixtures of fatty acids (FAs) and/or amino acids (AAs) are introduced directly into a miniature quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer (QITMS) developed at Jet Propulsion Laboratory and analyzed. Two ionization methods, electron impact and chemical ionization (EI and CI, respectively), are compared and contrasted. Further, multiple CI reagents are tested to explore their potential to "soften" ionization of FAs and AAs. Both EI and CI yield mass spectra that bear signatures of FAs or AAs; however, soft CI yields significantly cleaner mass spectra that are easier to interpret. The combination of soft CI with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has also been demonstrated for AAs, generating "fingerprint" mass spectra of fragments from protonated parent ions. To mimic potential Ocean World conditions, water is used as the primary collision gas in MS/MS experiments. This technique has the potential for the in situ analysis of molecules in the cryogenic plumes of Ocean Worlds (e.g., Enceladus) and comets with the ultimate goal of detecting potential biosignatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Waller
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Anton Belousov
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Richard D Kidd
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Dragan Nikolić
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Stojan M Madzunkov
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Joshua S Wiley
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Murray R Darrach
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
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Sun YY, Liu FS, Xu LH, Liu QJ, Ma XJ, Cai LC. Vibrational spectrum of condensed H 2O in hydrogen-bonding environment: an ab initiosimulation study. Mol Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2014.944237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Lin JF, Militzer B, Struzhkin VV, Gregoryanz E, Hemley RJ, Mao HK. High pressure-temperature Raman measurements of H2O melting to 22 GPa and 900 K. J Chem Phys 2006; 121:8423-7. [PMID: 15511164 DOI: 10.1063/1.1784438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The melting curve of H(2)O has been measured by in situ Raman spectroscopy in an externally heated diamond anvil cell up to 22 GPa and 900 K. The Raman-active OH-stretching bands and the translational modes of H(2)O as well as optical observations are used to directly and reliably detect melting in ice VII. The observed melting temperatures are higher than previously reported x-ray measurements and significantly lower than recent laser-heating determinations. However, our results are in accord with earlier optical determinations. The frequencies and intensities of the OH-stretching peaks change significantly across the melting line while the translational mode disappears altogether in the liquid phase. The observed OH-stretching bands of liquid water at high pressure are very similar to those obtained in shock-wave Raman measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Fu Lin
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA
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Li F, Cui Q, He Z, Cui T, Zhang J, Zhou Q, Zou G, Sasaki S. High pressure-temperature Brillouin study of liquid water: Evidence of the structural transition from low-density water to high-density water. J Chem Phys 2005; 123:174511. [PMID: 16375550 DOI: 10.1063/1.2102888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural transformations occurring to water from low-density (LDW) to high-density (HDW) regimes have been studied by Brillouin scattering for the first time at temperatures up to 453 K and at pressures up to the solidification point. At ambient temperature (293 K) a discontinuity in pressure response of the sound velocity is observed. Furthermore, there are evident breaks in the linear behavior of log10 C11 versus log10(rho/rho0) when pressure increases up to 0.29, 0.21, and 0.19 GPa at the temperature of 293, 316, and 353 K, respectively. It is supposed to indicate the structural transition from LDW to HDW, and the possible transition boundary between LDW and HDW is in good agreement with the molecular-dynamics simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfei Li
- National Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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Peale SJ, Lee MH. A primordial origin of the Laplace relation among the Galilean satellites. Science 2002; 298:593-7. [PMID: 12386333 DOI: 10.1126/science.1076557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the origin of the orbital resonances of the Galilean satellites of Jupiter will constrain the longevity of the extensive volcanism on Io, may explain a liquid ocean on Europa, and may guide studies of the dissipative properties of stars and Jupiter-like planets. The differential migration of the newly formed Galilean satellites due to interactions with a circumjovian disk can lead to the primordial formation of the Laplace relation n(1) - 3n(2) + 2n(3) = 0, where the n(i) are the mean orbital angular velocities of Io, Europa, and Ganymede, respectively. This contrasts with the formation of the resonances by differential expansion of the orbits from tidal torques from Jupiter.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Peale
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Stevenson
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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Abstract
The discovery of the induced magnetic field of Callisto-one of Jupiter's moons-has been interpreted as evidence for a subsurface ocean, even though the presence of such an ocean is difficult to understand in the context of existing theoretical models. Tidal heating should not be significant for Callisto, and, in the absence of such heating, it is difficult to see how this internal ocean could have survived until today without freezing. Previous work indicated that an outer ice layer on the ocean would be unstable against solid-state convection, which once begun would lead to total freezing of liquid water in about 108 years. Here I show that when a methodology for more physically reasonable water ice viscosities (that is, stress-dependent non-newtonian viscosities, rather than the stress-independent newtonian viscosities considered previously) is adopted, the outer ice shell becomes stable against convection. This implies that a subsurface ocean could have survived up to the present, without the need for invoking antifreeze substances or other special conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ruiz
- Departamento de Geodinámica, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, and Seminar on Planetary Sciences, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.
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Deschamps F, Sotin C. Thermal convection in the outer shell of large icy satellites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
NASA's Galileo mission to Jupiter and improved Earth-based observing capabilities have allowed major advances in our understanding of Jupiter's moons Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto over the past few years. Particularly exciting findings include the evidence for internal liquid water oceans in Callisto and Europa, detection of a strong intrinsic magnetic field within Ganymede, discovery of high-temperature silicate volcanism on Io, discovery of tenuous oxygen atmospheres at Europa and Ganymede and a tenuous carbon dioxide atmosphere at Callisto, and detection of condensed oxygen on Ganymede. Modeling of landforms seen at resolutions up to 100 times as high as those of Voyager supports the suggestion that tidal heating has played an important role for Io and Europa.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Showman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Louisville, 215 Sackett Hall, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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Kivelson MG, Khurana KK, Stevenson DJ, Bennett L, Joy S, Russell CT, Walker RJ, Zimmer C, Polanskey C. Europa and Callisto: Induced or intrinsic fields in a periodically varying plasma environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998ja900095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Khurana KK, Kivelson MG, Stevenson DJ, Schubert G, Russell CT, Walker RJ, Polanskey C. Induced magnetic fields as evidence for subsurface oceans in Europa and Callisto. Nature 1998; 395:777-80. [PMID: 9796812 DOI: 10.1038/27394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Galileo spacecraft has been orbiting Jupiter since 7 December 1995, and encounters one of the four galilean satellites-Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto-on each orbit. Initial results from the spacecraft's magnetometer have indicated that neither Europa nor Callisto have an appreciable internal magnetic field, in contrast to Ganymede and possibly Io. Here we report perturbations of the external magnetic fields (associated with Jupiter's inner magnetosphere) in the vicinity of both Europa and Callisto. We interpret these perturbations as arising from induced magnetic fields, generated by the moons in response to the periodically varying plasma environment. Electromagnetic induction requires eddy currents to flow within the moons, and our calculations show that the most probable explanation is that there are layers of significant electrical conductivity just beneath the surfaces of both moons. We argue that these conducting layers may best be explained by the presence of salty liquid-water oceans, for which there is already indirect geological evidence in the case of Europa.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Khurana
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA.
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