1
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Celli G, Cairns WRL, Scarchilli C, Cuevas CA, Saiz-Lopez A, Savarino J, Stenni B, Frezzotti M, Becagli S, Delmonte B, Angot H, Fernandez RP, Spolaor A. Bromine, iodine and sodium along the EAIIST traverse: Bulk and surface snow latitudinal variability. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 239:117344. [PMID: 37821067 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
During the East Antarctic International Ice Sheet Traverse (Eaiist, december 2019), in an unexplored part of the East Antarctic Plateau, snow samples were collected to expand our knowledge of the latitudinal variability of iodine, bromine and sodium as well as their relation in connection with emission processes and photochemical activation in this unexplored area. A total of 32 surface (0-5 cm) and 32 bulk (average of 1 m depth) samples were taken and analysed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Our results show that there is no relevant latitudinal trend for bromine and sodium. For bromine they also show that it has no significant post-depositional mechanisms while its inland surface snow concentration is influenced by spring coastal bromine explosions. Iodine concentrations are several orders of magnitude lower than bromine and sodium and they show a decreasing trend in the surface samples concentration moving southward. This suggests that other processes affect its accumulation in surface snow, probably related to the radial reduction in the ozone layer moving towards central Antarctica. Even though all iodine, bromine and sodium present similar long-range transport from the dominant coastal Antarctic sources, the annual seasonal cycle of the ozone hole over Antarctica increases the amount of UV radiation (in the 280-320 nm range) reaching the surface, thereby affecting the surface snow photoactivation of iodine. A comparison between the bulk and surface samples supports the conclusion that iodine undergoes spring and summer snow recycling that increases its atmospheric lifetime, while it tends to accumulate during the winter months when photochemistry ceases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Celli
- Ca'Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - W R L Cairns
- Ca'Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Mestre, Italy; CNR-Institute of Polar Sciences (CNR-ISP), 155 Via Torino, 30172, Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - C Scarchilli
- Department of Science, University of Roma Tre, Largo S. Leonardo Murialdo, 1, 00146, Roma, Italy
| | - C A Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, IQFR-CSIC, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, IQFR-CSIC, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Savarino
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - B Stenni
- Ca'Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | | | - S Becagli
- CNR-Institute of Polar Sciences (CNR-ISP), 155 Via Torino, 30172, Venice, Mestre, Italy; Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, 50019, Italy
| | - B Delmonte
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - H Angot
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - R P Fernandez
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, National Research Council (ICB-CONICET), FCEN-UNCuyo, Mendoza, 5501, Argentina
| | - A Spolaor
- Ca'Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Mestre, Italy; CNR-Institute of Polar Sciences (CNR-ISP), 155 Via Torino, 30172, Venice, Mestre, Italy.
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2
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Tang F, Shi K, Wu X. Exploring the impact of ions on oxygen K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy in NaCl solution using the GW-Bethe-Salpeter-equation approach. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:174501. [PMID: 37909453 DOI: 10.1063/5.0167999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a powerful experimental tool to probe the local structure in materials with the core hole excitations. Here, the oxygen K-edge XAS spectra of the NaCl solution and pure water are computed by using a recently developed GW-Bethe-Salpeter equation approach, based on configurations modeled by path-integral molecular dynamics with the deep-learning technique. The neural network is trained on ab initio data obtained with strongly constrained and appropriately normed density functional theory. The observed changes in the XAS features of the NaCl solution, compared to those of pure water, are in good agreement between experimental and theoretical results. We provided detailed explanations for these spectral changes that occur when NaCl is solvated in pure water. Specifically, the presence of solvating ion pairs leads to localization of electron-hole excitons. Our theoretical XAS results support the theory that the effects of the solvating ions on the H-bond network are mainly confined within the first hydration shell of ions, however beyond the shell the arrangement of water molecules remains to be comparable to that observed in pure water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujie Tang
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - Kefeng Shi
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - Xifan Wu
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
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3
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Dalton EZ, Hoffmann EH, Schaefer T, Tilgner A, Herrmann H, Raff JD. Daytime Atmospheric Halogen Cycling through Aqueous-Phase Oxygen Atom Chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:15652-15657. [PMID: 37462273 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Halogen atoms are important atmospheric oxidants that have unidentified daytime sources from photochemical halide oxidation in sea salt aerosols. Here, we show that the photolysis of nitrate in aqueous chloride solutions generates nitryl chloride (ClNO2) in addition to Cl2 and HOCl. Experimental and modeling evidence suggests that O(3P) formed in the minor photolysis channel from nitrate oxidizes chloride to Cl2 and HOCl, which reacts with nitrite to form ClNO2. This chemistry is different than currently accepted mechanisms involving chloride oxidation by OH and could shift our understanding of daytime halogen cycling in the lower atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Z Dalton
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Erik H Hoffmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jonathan D Raff
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- Paul H. O'Neill School of Public & Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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4
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Tham YJ, Sarnela N, Iyer S, Li Q, Angot H, Quéléver LLJ, Beck I, Laurila T, Beck LJ, Boyer M, Carmona-García J, Borrego-Sánchez A, Roca-Sanjuán D, Peräkylä O, Thakur RC, He XC, Zha Q, Howard D, Blomquist B, Archer SD, Bariteau L, Posman K, Hueber J, Helmig D, Jacobi HW, Junninen H, Kulmala M, Mahajan AS, Massling A, Skov H, Sipilä M, Francisco JS, Schmale J, Jokinen T, Saiz-Lopez A. Widespread detection of chlorine oxyacids in the Arctic atmosphere. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1769. [PMID: 36997509 PMCID: PMC10063661 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37387-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorine radicals are strong atmospheric oxidants known to play an important role in the depletion of surface ozone and the degradation of methane in the Arctic troposphere. Initial oxidation processes of chlorine produce chlorine oxides, and it has been speculated that the final oxidation steps lead to the formation of chloric (HClO3) and perchloric (HClO4) acids, although these two species have not been detected in the atmosphere. Here, we present atmospheric observations of gas-phase HClO3 and HClO4. Significant levels of HClO3 were observed during springtime at Greenland (Villum Research Station), Ny-Ålesund research station and over the central Arctic Ocean, on-board research vessel Polarstern during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of the Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) campaign, with estimated concentrations up to 7 × 106 molecule cm-3. The increase in HClO3, concomitantly with that in HClO4, was linked to the increase in bromine levels. These observations indicated that bromine chemistry enhances the formation of OClO, which is subsequently oxidized into HClO3 and HClO4 by hydroxyl radicals. HClO3 and HClO4 are not photoactive and therefore their loss through heterogeneous uptake on aerosol and snow surfaces can function as a previously missing atmospheric sink for reactive chlorine, thereby reducing the chlorine-driven oxidation capacity in the Arctic boundary layer. Our study reveals additional chlorine species in the atmosphere, providing further insights into atmospheric chlorine cycling in the polar environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Jun Tham
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai, 519082, China.
| | - Nina Sarnela
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Siddharth Iyer
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, Tampere, FI-3720, Finland
| | - Qinyi Li
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, 28006, Spain
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hélène Angot
- Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, (EPFL) Valais Wallis, Sion, Switzerland
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Lauriane L J Quéléver
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ivo Beck
- Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, (EPFL) Valais Wallis, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Tiia Laurila
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lisa J Beck
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matthew Boyer
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Javier Carmona-García
- Institut de Ciència Molecular, Universitat de València, P.O. Box 22085, València, 46071, Spain
| | - Ana Borrego-Sánchez
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-University of Granada, Av. de las Palmeras 4, 18100, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Daniel Roca-Sanjuán
- Institut de Ciència Molecular, Universitat de València, P.O. Box 22085, València, 46071, Spain
| | - Otso Peräkylä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Roseline C Thakur
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xu-Cheng He
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Qiaozhi Zha
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dean Howard
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Physical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Byron Blomquist
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Physical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Stephen D Archer
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, Maine, USA
| | - Ludovic Bariteau
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Physical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Kevin Posman
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, Maine, USA
| | - Jacques Hueber
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- JH Atmospheric Instrumentation Design, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Detlev Helmig
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Boulder Atmosphere Innovation Research LLC, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Hans-Werner Jacobi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Heikki Junninen
- Laboratory of Environmental Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anoop S Mahajan
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Andreas Massling
- Department of Environmental Science, iClimate, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Henrik Skov
- Department of Environmental Science, iClimate, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Mikko Sipilä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Julia Schmale
- Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, (EPFL) Valais Wallis, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Tuija Jokinen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Centre (CARE-C), the Cyprus Institute, P.O. Box 27456, Nicosia, CY-1645, Cyprus.
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, 28006, Spain.
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5
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Xia M, Wang T, Wang Z, Chen Y, Peng X, Huo Y, Wang W, Yuan Q, Jiang Y, Guo H, Lau C, Leung K, Yu A, Lee S. Pollution-Derived Br 2 Boosts Oxidation Power of the Coastal Atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12055-12065. [PMID: 35948027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The bromine atom (Br•) has been known to destroy ozone (O3) and accelerate the deposition of toxic mercury (Hg). However, its abundance and sources outside the polar regions are not well-known. Here, we report significant levels of molecular bromine (Br2)─a producer of Br•─observed at a coastal site in Hong Kong, with an average noontime mixing ratio of 5 ppt. Given the short lifetime of Br2 (∼1 min at noon), this finding reveals a large Br2 daytime source. On the basis of laboratory and field evidence, we show that the observed daytime Br2 is generated by the photodissociation of particulate nitrate (NO3-) and that the reactive uptake of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) on aerosols is an important nighttime source. Model-calculated Br• concentrations are comparable with that of the OH radical─the primary oxidant in the troposphere, accounting for 24% of the oxidation of isoprene, a 13% increase in net O3 production, and a nearly 10-fold increase in the production rate of toxic HgII. Our findings reveal that reactive bromines play a larger role in the atmospheric chemistry and air quality of polluted coastal and maritime areas than previously thought. Our results also suggest that tightening the control of emissions of two conventional pollutants (NOx and SO2)─thereby decreasing the levels of nitrate and aerosol acidity─would alleviate halogen radical production and its adverse impact on air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Men Xia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Xiang Peng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Yunxi Huo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Weihao Wang
- Hangzhou PuYu Technology Development Co Ltd, Hangzhou 311305, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qi Yuan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yifan Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Hai Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Chiho Lau
- Air Science Group Environmental Protection Department, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Kenneth Leung
- Air Science Group Environmental Protection Department, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Alfred Yu
- Air Science Group Environmental Protection Department, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Shuncheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
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6
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Peng X, Wang W, Xia M, Chen H, Ravishankara AR, Li Q, Saiz-Lopez A, Liu P, Zhang F, Zhang C, Xue L, Wang X, George C, Wang J, Mu Y, Chen J, Wang T. An unexpected large continental source of reactive bromine and chlorine with significant impact on wintertime air quality. Natl Sci Rev 2021; 8:nwaa304. [PMID: 34691692 PMCID: PMC8310770 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Halogen atoms affect the budget of ozone and the fate of pollutants such as hydrocarbons and mercury. Yet their sources and significances in polluted continental regions are poorly understood. Here we report the observation of unprecedented levels (averaging at 60 parts per trillion) of bromine chloride (BrCl) at a mid-latitude site in North China during winter. Widespread coal burning in rural households and a photo-assisted process were the primary source of BrCl and other bromine gases. BrCl contributed about 55% of both bromine and chlorine atoms. The halogen atoms increased the abundance of 'conventional' tropospheric oxidants (OH, HO2 and RO2) by 26%-73%, and enhanced oxidation of hydrocarbon by nearly a factor of two and the net ozone production by 55%. Our study reveals the significant role of reactive halogen in winter atmospheric chemistry and the deterioration of air quality in continental regions where uncontrolled coal combustion is prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Peng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Weihao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Men Xia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering and Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - A R Ravishankara
- Departments of Atmospheric Science and Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Qinyi Li
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering and Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Christian George
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne 69626, France
| | - Jinhe Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering and Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
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7
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Adel T, Ng KC, Vazquez de Vasquez MG, Velez-Alvarez J, Allen HC. Insight into the Ionizing Surface Potential Method and Aqueous Sodium Halide Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:7863-7874. [PMID: 34152764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Complementing the microscopic picture of the surface structure of electrolyte solutions set out by previous theoretical and experimental studies, the ionizing surface potential technique offers a unique approach to quantifying the impact of aqueous inorganic ions upon the interfacial electric field of the air-aqueous interface. In this Feature Article, we review the vulnerability of theoretical and empirically derived χwater values as a normative reference for aqueous ion surface potentials. Instead, we recognize and evaluate aqueous ion surface potentials relative to well-known ionic surfactants cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Additionally, we also explore factors that impact the magnitude of the measured surface potentials using the ionizing method, particularly in the type of reference electrode and ionizing gas environment. With potential measurements of sodium halide solutions, we show that iodide has a dominant effect on the air-aqueous electric field. Compared to chloride and bromide, iodide is directly observed with a net negatively charged surface electric field at all salt concentrations measured (0.2 to 3.0 mol/kg water). Also, above the 2 M region, bromide is observed with a net negatively charged surface. Although several scenarios contribute to this effect, it is most likely due to the surface enrichment of bromide and iodide. While the results of this study are pertinent to determining the specific interfacial reactivity of aqueous halides, these anions seldom transpire as single-halide systems in the natural environment. Therefore, we also provide an outlook on future research concerning surface potential methods and more complex aqueous electrolyte systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tehseen Adel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Ka Chon Ng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Maria G Vazquez de Vasquez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Juan Velez-Alvarez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Heather C Allen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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8
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Chen X, Zhang Y, Wang K, Tong D, Lee P, Tang Y, Huang J, Campbell PC, Mcqueen J, Pye HOT, Murphy BN, Kang D. Evaluation of the offline-coupled GFSv15-FV3-CMAQv5.0.2 in support of the next-generation National Air Quality Forecast Capability over the contiguous United States. GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 14:10.5194/gmd-14-3969-2021. [PMID: 34367521 PMCID: PMC8340608 DOI: 10.5194/gmd-14-3969-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
As a candidate for the next-generation National Air Quality Forecast Capability (NAQFC), the meteorological forecast from the Global Forecast System with the new Finite Volume Cube-Sphere dynamical core (GFS-FV3) will be applied to drive the chemical evolution of gases and particles described by the Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system. CMAQv5.0.2, a historical version of CMAQ, has been coupled with the North American Mesoscale Forecast System (NAM) model in the current operational NAQFC. An experimental version of the NAQFC based on the offline-coupled GFS-FV3 version 15 with CMAQv5.0.2 modeling system (GFSv15-CMAQv5.0.2) has been developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to provide real-time air quality forecasts over the contiguous United States (CONUS) since 2018. In this work, comprehensive region-specific, time-specific, and categorical evaluations are conducted for meteorological and chemical forecasts from the offline-coupled GFSv15-CMAQv5.0.2 for the year 2019. The forecast system shows good overall performance in forecasting meteorological variables with the annual mean biases of -0.2 °C for temperature at 2 m, 0.4% for relative humidity at 2 m, and 0.4 m s-1 for wind speed at 10 m compared to the METeorological Aerodrome Reports (METAR) dataset. Larger biases occur in seasonal and monthly mean forecasts, particularly in spring. Although the monthly accumulated precipitation forecasts show generally consistent spatial distributions with those from the remote-sensing and ensemble datasets, moderate-to-large biases exist in hourly precipitation forecasts compared to the Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNET) and METAR. While the forecast system performs well in forecasting ozone (O3) throughout the year and fine particles with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM2.5) for warm months (May-September), it significantly overpredicts annual mean concentrations of PM2.5. This is due mainly to the high predicted concentrations of fine fugitive and coarse-mode particle components. Underpredictions in the southeastern US and California during summer are attributed to missing sources and mechanisms of secondary organic aerosol formation from biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semivolatile or intermediate-volatility organic compounds. This work demonstrates the ability of FV3-based GFS in driving the air quality forecasting. It identifies possible underlying causes for systematic region- and time-specific model biases, which will provide a scientific basis for further development of the next-generation NAQFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel Tong
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Earth Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
- IM Systems Group, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Pius Lee
- Center for Spatial Information Science and System, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
- Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Youhua Tang
- Center for Spatial Information Science and System, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
- Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Jianping Huang
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Environmental Modeling Center, College Park, MD 20740, USA
- IM Systems Group, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Patrick C. Campbell
- Center for Spatial Information Science and System, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
- Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Jeff Mcqueen
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Environmental Modeling Center, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Benjamin N. Murphy
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Daiwen Kang
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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A comparison study of C19T (T = C, Cr, Ti, Fe, and Ni) nanocages by first-principle DFT calculation for removal of ozone-destroyer pollutants. J Mol Model 2020; 26:295. [PMID: 33025115 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-04532-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, the interaction of dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) and chloroform (CHCl3) on C20 and C19T (T = Cr, Ti, Fe, Ni) has been studied by density functional theory (DFT). The results have been investigated by binding energy, net charge transfer, electrical and thermodynamic properties, and frontier orbitals. Although the complexes of CH2Cl2 and CHCl3 on free C20 nanocages showed slightly binding energy (- 0.029 and - 0.006 eV, respectively), doping of Cr, Ti, Fe, Ni transition metal atoms on C20 nanocage improved the binding energy. The best binding energy was attributed to the adsorption of CH2Cl2 on C19Cr (- 0.755 eV). Based on ESP maps, doping of Cr, Ti, Fe, and Ni is the cause of strong electrophilic region creation which is very useful for adsorption process CH2Cl2 and CHCl3 on nanocages. Also, natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis showed that the best charge transfer was 0.253 eV which was related to the formation of C19Fe-CHCl3 complex. In addition, the least HOMO-LUMO energy gap between free nanocages (C20, C19Cr, C19Ti, C19Fe, and C19Ni) is 4.05 eV (C19Ti). The thermodynamic investigations indicated that due to the negative enthalpy, all of the studied adsorption processes were exothermic.
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Parrino F, Livraghi S, Giamello E, Ceccato R, Palmisano L. Role of Hydroxyl, Superoxide, and Nitrate Radicals on the Fate of Bromide Ions in Photocatalytic TiO2 Suspensions. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Parrino
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - S. Livraghi
- Department of Chemistry and NIS, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - E. Giamello
- Department of Chemistry and NIS, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - R. Ceccato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - L. Palmisano
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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11
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Bhujel M, Marshall DL, Maccarone AT, McKinnon BI, Trevitt AJ, da Silva G, Blanksby SJ, Poad BLJ. Gas phase reactions of iodide and bromide anions with ozone: evidence for stepwise and reversible reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:9982-9989. [PMID: 32363365 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01498b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the impacts - both positive and negative - of atmospheric ozone for life on Earth, there remain significant gaps in our knowledge of the products, mechanisms and rates of some of its most fundamental gas phase reactions. This incomplete understanding is largely due to the experimental challenges involved in the study of gas-phase reactions of ozone and, in particular, the identification of short-lived reaction intermediates. Here we report direct observation of the stepwise reaction of the halide anions iodide (I-) and bromide (Br-) with ozone to produce XO3- (where X = I and Br, respectively). These results substantially revise the rate constant for the I- + O3 reaction to 1.1 (± 0.5) × 10-12 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 (0.13% efficiency) and the Br- + O3 reaction to 6.2 (± 0.4) × 10-15 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 (0.001% efficiency). Exploiting five-orders of temporal dynamic range on a linear ion trap mass spectrometer enabled explicit measurement of the rate constants for the highly efficient intermediate, XO- + O3 and XO2- + O3, reactions thus confirming a stepwise addition of three oxygen atoms (i.e., X- + 3O3 → XO3- + 3O2) with the first addition representing the rate determining step. Evidence is also presented for (i) slow reverse reactions of XO- and XO2-, but not XO3-, with molecular oxygen and (ii) the photodissociation of IO-, IO2- and IO3- to release I-. Collectively, these results suggest relatively short lifetimes for Br- and I- in the tropospere with direct gas-phase oxidation by ozone playing a role in both the formation of atmospheric halogen oxides and, conversely, in the ozone depletion associated with springtime polar bromine explosion events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Bhujel
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane QLD 4001, Australia.
| | - David L Marshall
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane QLD 4001, Australia.
| | - Alan T Maccarone
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Benjamin I McKinnon
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Adam J Trevitt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Gabriel da Silva
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen J Blanksby
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane QLD 4001, Australia.
| | - Berwyck L J Poad
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane QLD 4001, Australia.
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Kong Q, Khakhulin D, Shkrob IA, Lee JH, Zhang X, Kim J, Kim KH, Jo J, Kim J, Kang J, Pham VT, Jennings G, Kurtz C, Spence R, Chen LX, Wulff M, Ihee H. Solvent-dependent complex reaction pathways of bromoform revealed by time-resolved X-ray solution scattering and X-ray transient absorption spectroscopy. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2019; 6:064902. [PMID: 31893214 PMCID: PMC6930140 DOI: 10.1063/1.5132968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical reaction pathways of CHBr3 in solution were unveiled using two complementary X-ray techniques, time-resolved X-ray solution scattering (TRXSS) and X-ray transient absorption spectroscopy, in a wide temporal range from 100 ps to tens of microseconds. By performing comparative measurements in protic (methanol) and aprotic (methylcyclohexane) solvents, we found that the reaction pathways depend significantly on the solvent properties. In methanol, the major photoproducts are CH3OCHBr2 and HBr generated by rapid solvolysis of iso-CHBr2-Br, an isomer of CHBr3. In contrast, in methylcyclohexane, iso-CHBr2-Br returns to CHBr3 without solvolysis. In both solvents, the formation of CHBr2 and Br is a competing reaction channel. From the structural analysis of TRXSS data, we determined the structures of key intermediate species, CH3OCHBr2 and iso-CHBr2-Br in methanol and methylcyclohexane, respectively, which are consistent with the structures from density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Kong
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
| | | | - Ilya A. Shkrob
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Argonne, Illinois 60349, USA
| | - Jae Hyuk Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Argonne, Illinois 60349, USA
| | - Jeongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon 22212, South Korea
| | - Kyung Hwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | | | | | | | - Van-Thai Pham
- Synchrotron Soleil, L'Orme des Merisiers, St. Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Guy Jennings
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Argonne, Illinois 60349, USA
| | - Charles Kurtz
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Argonne, Illinois 60349, USA
| | - Rick Spence
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Argonne, Illinois 60349, USA
| | | | - Michael Wulff
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
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13
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Dayan A, Mor Yosef R, Risphon J, Tuval E, Fleminger G. In Situ Detoxification of Venomous Agent X Surrogate Profenofos by Doped Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles under Illumination at the UV and Visible Ranges. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:9456-9461. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b07492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avraham Dayan
- The School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Rotem Mor Yosef
- The School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Judith Risphon
- The School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Eran Tuval
- The School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Gideon Fleminger
- The School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
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15
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McNamara SM, W Raso AR, Wang S, Thanekar S, Boone EJ, Kolesar KR, Peterson PK, Simpson WR, Fuentes JD, Shepson PB, Pratt KA. Springtime Nitrogen Oxide-Influenced Chlorine Chemistry in the Coastal Arctic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8057-8067. [PMID: 31184868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Atomic chlorine (Cl) is a strong atmospheric oxidant that shortens the lifetimes of pollutants and methane in the springtime Arctic, where the molecular halogens Cl2 and BrCl are known Cl precursors. Here, we quantify the contributions of reactive chlorine trace gases and present the first observations, to our knowledge, of ClNO2 (another Cl precursor), N2O5, and HO2NO2 in the Arctic. During March - May 2016 near Utqiaġvik, Alaska, up to 21 ppt of ClNO2, 154 ppt of Cl2, 27 ppt of ClO, 71 ppt of N2O5, 21 ppt of BrCl, and 153 ppt of HO2NO2 were measured using chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The main Cl precursor was calculated to be Cl2 (up to 73%) in March, while BrCl was a greater contributor (63%) in May, when total Cl production was lower. Elevated levels of ClNO2, N2O5, Cl2, and HO2NO2 coincided with pollution influence from the nearby town of Utqiaġvik and the North Slope of Alaska (Prudhoe Bay) Oilfields. We propose a coupled mechanism linking NOx with Arctic chlorine chemistry. Enhanced Cl2 was likely the result of the multiphase reaction of Cl-(aq) with ClONO2, formed from the reaction of ClO and NO2. In addition to this NOx-enhanced chlorine chemistry, Cl2 and BrCl were observed under clean Arctic conditions from snowpack photochemical production. These connections between NOx and chlorine chemistry, and the role of snowpack recycling, are important given increasing shipping and fossil fuel extraction predicted to accompany Arctic sea ice loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M McNamara
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Angela R W Raso
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Sham Thanekar
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16801 , United States
| | - Eric J Boone
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Katheryn R Kolesar
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Peter K Peterson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - William R Simpson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Alaska Fairbanks , Fairbanks , Alaska 99775 , United States
| | - Jose D Fuentes
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16801 , United States
| | - Paul B Shepson
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences & Purdue Climate Change Research Center , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Kerri A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
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Finlayson‐Pitts BJ. Multiphase chemistry in the troposphere: It all starts … and ends … with gases. INT J CHEM KINET 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
Abstract
Remarkable progress has occurred over the last 100 years in our understanding of atmospheric chemical composition, stratospheric and tropospheric chemistry, urban air pollution, acid rain, and the formation of airborne particles from gas-phase chemistry. Much of this progress was associated with the developing understanding of the formation and role of ozone and of the oxides of nitrogen, NO and NO2, in the stratosphere and troposphere. The chemistry of the stratosphere, emerging from the pioneering work of Chapman in 1931, was followed by the discovery of catalytic ozone cycles, ozone destruction by chlorofluorocarbons, and the polar ozone holes, work honored by the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry awarded to Crutzen, Rowland, and Molina. Foundations for the modern understanding of tropospheric chemistry were laid in the 1950s and 1960s, stimulated by the eye-stinging smog in Los Angeles. The importance of the hydroxyl (OH) radical and its relationship to the oxides of nitrogen (NO and NO2) emerged. The chemical processes leading to acid rain were elucidated. The atmosphere contains an immense number of gas-phase organic compounds, a result of emissions from plants and animals, natural and anthropogenic combustion processes, emissions from oceans, and from the atmospheric oxidation of organics emitted into the atmosphere. Organic atmospheric particulate matter arises largely as gas-phase organic compounds undergo oxidation to yield low-volatility products that condense into the particle phase. A hundred years ago, quantitative theories of chemical reaction rates were nonexistent. Today, comprehensive computer codes are available for performing detailed calculations of chemical reaction rates and mechanisms for atmospheric reactions. Understanding the future role of atmospheric chemistry in climate change and, in turn, the impact of climate change on atmospheric chemistry, will be critical to developing effective policies to protect the planet.
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18
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Parrino F, Camera Roda G, Loddo V, Palmisano L. Green synthesis of bromine by TiO2 heterogeneous photocatalysis and/or ozone: A kinetic study. J Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2018.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Bakradze G, Morgenstern K. Temperature-dependent Shape Changes of Ice Nanoclusters on Ag(100). Chemphyschem 2018; 19:2858-2862. [PMID: 30159998 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the influence of the annealing temperature on the evolution of the ice nanoclusters' geometry by means of low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. The clusters, grown at 110 K on Ag(100), gradually increase in height and their shape becomes more compact during annealing at 120 K, 125 K, and 130 K. The increase in height indicates an upward mass transport and reflects a stronger water-water than water-surface bonding. The change in shape, quantitatively expressed as an increase in fractal dimension, is driven by a reduction of the total energy of the step edge. The significant changes in geometry induced by a relatively mild temperature increase underline the importance of temperature for the shape and all properties influenced by this shape of hydrogen-bonded clusters of water ice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgijs Bakradze
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für physikalische Chemie I, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Karina Morgenstern
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für physikalische Chemie I, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44801, Bochum, Germany
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Abstract
During springtime, the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer undergoes frequent rapid depletions in ozone and gaseous elemental mercury due to reactions with halogen atoms, influencing atmospheric composition and pollutant fate. Although bromine chemistry has been shown to initiate ozone depletion events, and it has long been hypothesized that iodine chemistry may contribute, no previous measurements of molecular iodine (I2) have been reported in the Arctic. Iodine chemistry also contributes to atmospheric new particle formation and therefore cloud properties and radiative forcing. Here we present Arctic atmospheric I2 and snowpack iodide (I-) measurements, which were conducted near Utqiaġvik, AK, in February 2014. Using chemical ionization mass spectrometry, I2 was observed in the atmosphere at mole ratios of 0.3-1.0 ppt, and in the snowpack interstitial air at mole ratios up to 22 ppt under natural sunlit conditions and up to 35 ppt when the snowpack surface was artificially irradiated, suggesting a photochemical production mechanism. Further, snow meltwater I- measurements showed enrichments of up to ∼1,900 times above the seawater ratio of I-/Na+, consistent with iodine activation and recycling. Modeling shows that observed I2 levels are able to significantly increase ozone depletion rates, while also producing iodine monoxide (IO) at levels recently observed in the Arctic. These results emphasize the significance of iodine chemistry and the role of snowpack photochemistry in Arctic atmospheric composition, and imply that I2 is likely a dominant source of iodine atoms in the Arctic.
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21
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Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Introductory lecture: atmospheric chemistry in the Anthropocene. Faraday Discuss 2017; 200:11-58. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00161d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The term “Anthropocene” was coined by Professor Paul Crutzen in 2000 to describe an unprecedented era in which anthropogenic activities are impacting planet Earth on a global scale. Greatly increased emissions into the atmosphere, reflecting the advent of the Industrial Revolution, have caused significant changes in both the lower and upper atmosphere. Atmospheric reactions of the anthropogenic emissions and of those with biogenic compounds have significant impacts on human health, visibility, climate and weather. Two activities that have had particularly large impacts on the troposphere are fossil fuel combustion and agriculture, both associated with a burgeoning population. Emissions are also changing due to alterations in land use. This paper describes some of the tropospheric chemistry associated with the Anthropocene, with emphasis on areas having large uncertainties. These include heterogeneous chemistry such as those of oxides of nitrogen and the neonicotinoid pesticides, reactions at liquid interfaces, organic oxidations and particle formation, the role of sulfur compounds in the Anthropocene and biogenic–anthropogenic interactions. A clear and quantitative understanding of the connections between emissions, reactions, deposition and atmospheric composition is central to developing appropriate cost-effective strategies for minimizing the impacts of anthropogenic activities. The evolving nature of emissions in the Anthropocene places atmospheric chemistry at the fulcrum of determining human health and welfare in the future.
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Custard KD, Pratt KA, Wang S, Shepson PB. Constraints on Arctic Atmospheric Chlorine Production through Measurements and Simulations of Cl 2 and ClO. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:12394-12400. [PMID: 27768281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
During springtime, unique halogen chemistry involving chlorine and bromine atoms controls the prevalence of volatile organic compounds, ozone, and mercury in the Arctic lower troposphere. In situ measurements of the chlorine monoxide radical, ClO, and its precursor, Cl2, along with BrO and Br2, were conducted using chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) during the Bromine, Ozone, and Mercury Experiment (BROMEX) near Barrow, Alaska, in March 2012. To our knowledge, these data represent the first ClO measurements made using CIMS. A maximum daytime ClO concentration of 28 ppt was observed following an early morning peak of 75 ppt of Cl2. A zero-dimensional photochemistry model was constrained to Cl2 observations and used to simulate ClO during a 7-day period of the field campaign. The model simulates ClO within the measurement uncertainty, and the model results highlight the importance of chlorine chemistry participation in bromine radical cycling, as well as the dependence of halogen chemistry on NOx levels. The ClO measurements and simulations are consistent with Cl2 being the dominant Cl atom source in the Arctic boundary layer. Simulated Cl atom concentrations, up to ∼1 × 106 molecules cm-3, highlight the importance of chlorine chemistry in the degradation of volatile organic compounds, including the greenhouse gas methane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Custard
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kerri A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Paul B Shepson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences and Purdue Climate Change Research Center, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Parrino F, Camera Roda G, Loddo V, Palmisano L. Elemental Bromine Production by TiO2
Photocatalysis and/or Ozonation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:10391-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201603635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Parrino
- Dipartimento di Energia, Ingegneria dell'Informazione e Modelli Matematici (DEIM); University of Palermo; viale delle Scienze Ed. 6 90128 Palermo Italy
| | - Giovanni Camera Roda
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering; University of Bologna; via Terracini 28 40131 Bologna Italy
| | - Vittorio Loddo
- Dipartimento di Energia, Ingegneria dell'Informazione e Modelli Matematici (DEIM); University of Palermo; viale delle Scienze Ed. 6 90128 Palermo Italy
| | - Leonardo Palmisano
- Dipartimento di Energia, Ingegneria dell'Informazione e Modelli Matematici (DEIM); University of Palermo; viale delle Scienze Ed. 6 90128 Palermo Italy
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Parrino F, Camera Roda G, Loddo V, Palmisano L. Elemental Bromine Production by TiO2
Photocatalysis and/or Ozonation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201603635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Parrino
- Dipartimento di Energia, Ingegneria dell'Informazione e Modelli Matematici (DEIM); University of Palermo; viale delle Scienze Ed. 6 90128 Palermo Italy
| | - Giovanni Camera Roda
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering; University of Bologna; via Terracini 28 40131 Bologna Italy
| | - Vittorio Loddo
- Dipartimento di Energia, Ingegneria dell'Informazione e Modelli Matematici (DEIM); University of Palermo; viale delle Scienze Ed. 6 90128 Palermo Italy
| | - Leonardo Palmisano
- Dipartimento di Energia, Ingegneria dell'Informazione e Modelli Matematici (DEIM); University of Palermo; viale delle Scienze Ed. 6 90128 Palermo Italy
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Simpson WR, Brown SS, Saiz-Lopez A, Thornton JA, Glasow RV. Tropospheric halogen chemistry: sources, cycling, and impacts. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4035-62. [PMID: 25763598 PMCID: PMC4469175 DOI: 10.1021/cr5006638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William R Simpson
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, United States
| | - Steven S Brown
- ‡NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3337, United States
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- ¶Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joel A Thornton
- §Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1640, United States
| | - Roland von Glasow
- ∥Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, U.K
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Competition between Organics and Bromide at the Aqueous Solution–Air Interface as Seen from Ozone Uptake Kinetics and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:4600-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp510707s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Choudhuri JR, Chandra A. An ab initio molecular dynamics study of the liquid-vapor interface of an aqueous NaCl solution: Inhomogeneous density, polarity, hydrogen bonds, and frequency fluctuations of interfacial molecules. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:194705. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4901118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Roy Choudhuri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Amalendu Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
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29
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Wever R, van der Horst MA. The role of vanadium haloperoxidases in the formation of volatile brominated compounds and their impact on the environment. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:11778-86. [PMID: 23657250 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt50525a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Vanadium haloperoxidases differ strongly from heme peroxidases in substrate specificity and stability and in contrast to a heme group they contain the bare metal oxide vanadate as a prosthetic group. These enzymes specifically oxidize halides in the presence of hydrogen peroxide into hypohalous acids. These reactive halogen intermediates will react rapidly and aspecifically with many organic molecules. Marine algae and diatoms containing these iodo- and bromoperoxidases produce short-lived brominated methanes (bromoform, CHBr3 and dibromomethane CH2Br2) or iodinated compounds. Some seas and oceans are supersaturated with these compounds and they form an important source of bromine to the troposphere and lower stratosphere and contribute significantly to the global budget of halogenated hydrocarbons. This perspective focuses, in particular, on the biosynthesis of these volatile compounds and the direct or indirect involvement of vanadium haloperoxidases in the production of huge amounts of bromoform and dibromomethane. Some of the global sources are discussed and from the literature a picture emerges in which oxidized brominated species generated by phytoplankton, seaweeds and cyanobacteria react with dissolved organic matter in seawater, resulting in the formation of intermediate brominated compounds. These compounds are unstable and decay via a haloform reaction to form an array of volatile brominated compounds of which bromoform is the major component followed by dibromomethane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Wever
- University of Amsterdam, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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30
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Wang W, Sung W, Ao M, Anderson NA, Vaknin D, Kim D. Halide Ions Effects on Surface Excess of Long Chain Ionic Liquids Water Solutions. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:13884-92. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4047566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Wang
- Ames
Laboratory and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Woongmo Sung
- Department
of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea
| | - Mingqi Ao
- Department
of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea
| | - Nathaniel A. Anderson
- Ames
Laboratory and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - David Vaknin
- Ames
Laboratory and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Doseok Kim
- Department
of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea
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31
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Faust JA, Dempsey LP, Nathanson GM. Surfactant-Promoted Reactions of Cl2 and Br2 with Br– in Glycerol. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:12602-12. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4079037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Faust
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
| | - Logan P. Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
| | - Gilbert M. Nathanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
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32
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Ge L, Bernasconi L, Hunt P. Linking electronic and molecular structure: insight into aqueous chloride solvation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:13169-83. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp50652e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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33
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Verreault D, Hua W, Allen HC. From Conventional to Phase-Sensitive Vibrational Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy: Probing Water Organization at Aqueous Interfaces. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:3012-3028. [PMID: 26292243 DOI: 10.1021/jz301179g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Elucidation of water organization at aqueous interfaces has remained a challenging problem. Conventional vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy and its most recent extension, phase-sensitive VSFG (PS-VSFG), have emerged as powerful experimental methods for unraveling structural information at various aqueous interfaces. In this Perspective, we briefly describe the two possible VSFG detection modes, and we point out features that make these methods highly suited to address questions about water organization at air/aqueous interfaces. Several important aqueous interfacial systems are discussed to illustrate the versatility of these methods. Remaining challenges and exciting prospective directions are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Verreault
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Wei Hua
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Heather C Allen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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34
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Dempsey LP, Faust JA, Nathanson GM. Near-Interfacial Halogen Atom Exchange in Collisions of Cl2 with 2.7 M NaBr–Glycerol. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:12306-18. [DOI: 10.1021/jp308202k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Logan P. Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University
Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Faust
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University
Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
| | - Gilbert M. Nathanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University
Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
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35
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Richards NK, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Production of gas phase NO₂ and halogens from the photochemical oxidation of aqueous mixtures of sea salt and nitrate ions at room temperature. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:10447-10454. [PMID: 22506935 DOI: 10.1021/es300607c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate and halide ions coexist in a number of environmental systems, including sea salt particles, the Arctic snowpack, and alkaline dry lakes. However, little is known about potential synergisms between halide and nitrate ions. The effect of sea salt on NO(3)(-) photochemistry at 311 nm was investigated at 298 K using thin films of deliquesced NaNO(3)-synthetic sea salt mixtures. Gas phase NO(2), NO, and halogen products were measured as a function of photolysis time using NO(y) chemiluminescence and atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry (API-MS). The production of NO(2) increases with the halide-to-nitrate ratio, and is similar to that for mixtures of NaCl with NaNO(3). Gas phase halogen production also increased with the halide-to-nitrate ratio, consistent with NO(3)(-) photolysis yielding OH which oxidizes halide ions in the film. Yields of gas phase halogens and NO were strongly dependent on the acidity of the solution, while that of NO(2) was not. An additional halogen formation mechanism in the dark involving molecular HNO(3) is proposed that may be important in other systems such as reactions on surfaces. These studies show that the yield of Br(2) relative to NO(2) during photolysis of halide-nitrate mixtures could be as high as 35% under some atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K Richards
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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36
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O'Concubhair R, Sodeau JR. Freeze-induced formation of bromine/chlorine interhalogen species from aqueous halide ion solutions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:10589-10596. [PMID: 22938711 DOI: 10.1021/es301988s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Both gaseous bromine and bromine chloride have been monitored in polar environments and implicated in the destruction of tropospheric ozone. The formation mechanisms operating for these halogen compounds have been suggested previously. However, few laboratory studies have been performed using environmentally relevant concentrations of bromide and chloride ions in polar ice mimics. In aqueous solutions held at room temperature, previous studies have shown that the major product is the Cl(2)Br¯ trihalide ion when solutions of bromate, hydrochloric acid, and bromide ions are left to equilibrate. In contrast, the results of the cryochemical experiments presented here suggest that the dibromochloride ion (BrBrCl¯) is the major product when solutions of bromate, sulfuric acid, bromide, and chloride ions are frozen. Such a species would preferentially release bromine to the gas phase. Hence, similar halide starting materials form structurally different trihalide ions when frozen, which are capable of releasing differing active halogens, BrCl and Br(2), to the gas-phase. This is a potentially important finding because Br(2) is photolyzed more readily and to longer wavelengths than BrCl and therefore the efficiency in forming products that can lead to ozone destruction in the atmosphere would be increased. Evidence is provided for the mechanism to occur by means of both the freeze-concentration effect and the incorporation of ions into the growing ice phase.
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37
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Duval JFL, Bera S, Michot LJ, Daillant J, Belloni L, Konovalov O, Pontoni D. X-ray reflectivity at polarized liquid-Hg-aqueous-electrolyte interface: challenging macroscopic approaches for ion-specificity issues. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:206102. [PMID: 23003158 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.206102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report Angstrom-resolved x-ray reflectivity analysis of externally polarized liquid-Hg surface in contact with molar LiCl, LiBr, and MgSO4 aqueous electrolytes. Interpretation of reflectivity curves demonstrates a dependence of Hg-surface layering on both applied potential and ion nature. It further highlights how interfacial polarization degree impacts electron density profiles at a molecular scale. These profiles indicate accumulation of anions and cations at the Hg surface. Upon decrease of the potential from the point of zero charge, anions are gradually expelled from the Hg surface. The study challenges traditional thermodynamic approaches for deriving countercharge composition at the Hg-electrolyte-solution interface from macroscopic Hg-surface tension data. It further dismisses the long-standing approximation that assimilates the Hg surface to a smooth, perfect chemically inert conductor with a uniformly smeared-out surface charge density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme F L Duval
- Laboratoire Environnement et Minéralurgie, Université de Lorraine, CNRS-INPL UMR 7569, B.P. 40, 54501 Vandoeuvre Cedex, France.
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38
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Liao J, Huey LG, Tanner DJ, Flocke FM, Orlando JJ, Neuman JA, Nowak JB, Weinheimer AJ, Hall SR, Smith JN, Fried A, Staebler RM, Wang Y, Koo JH, Cantrell CA, Weibring P, Walega J, Knapp DJ, Shepson PB, Stephens CR. Observations of inorganic bromine (HOBr, BrO, and Br2) speciation at Barrow, Alaska, in spring 2009. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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39
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Nghiem SV, Rigor IG, Richter A, Burrows JP, Shepson PB, Bottenheim J, Barber DG, Steffen A, Latonas J, Wang F, Stern G, Clemente-Colón P, Martin S, Hall DK, Kaleschke L, Tackett P, Neumann G, Asplin MG. Field and satellite observations of the formation and distribution of Arctic atmospheric bromine above a rejuvenated sea ice cover. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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40
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Stephens CR, Shepson PB, Steffen A, Bottenheim JW, Liao J, Huey LG, Apel E, Weinheimer A, Hall SR, Cantrell C, Sive BC, Knapp DJ, Montzka DD, Hornbrook RS. The relative importance of chlorine and bromine radicals in the oxidation of atmospheric mercury at Barrow, Alaska. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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41
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Sherman LS, Blum JD, Douglas TA, Steffen A. Frost flowers growing in the Arctic ocean-atmosphere-sea ice-snow interface: 2. Mercury exchange between the atmosphere, snow, and frost flowers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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42
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Douglas TA, Domine F, Barret M, Anastasio C, Beine HJ, Bottenheim J, Grannas A, Houdier S, Netcheva S, Rowland G, Staebler R, Steffen A. Frost flowers growing in the Arctic ocean-atmosphere-sea ice-snow interface: 1. Chemical composition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Abida O, Osthoff HD. Parahalogenated Phenols Accelerate the Photochemical Release of Nitrogen Oxides from Frozen Solutions Containing Nitrate. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:5923-31. [DOI: 10.1021/jp210249t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Otman Abida
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive Northwest,
Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hans D. Osthoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive Northwest,
Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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44
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45
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Domine F, Gallet JC, Barret M, Houdier S, Voisin D, Douglas TA, Blum JD, Beine HJ, Anastasio C, Bréon FM. The specific surface area and chemical composition of diamond dust near Barrow, Alaska. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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46
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Gao SS, Abbatt JPD. Kinetics and Mechanism of OH Oxidation of Small Organic Dicarboxylic Acids in Ice: Comparison to Behavior in Aqueous Solution. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:9977-86. [DOI: 10.1021/jp202478w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shawna S. Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Jonathan P. D. Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
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47
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Shepson P, Matrai P, Barrie L, Bottenheim J. Ocean-atmosphere-sea ice-snowpack interactions in the Arctic, and global change. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2003eo360002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Kalberer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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49
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Saha R, Biswas S, Steele IM, Dey K, Mostafa G. A supramolecular spin crossover Fe(III) complex and its Cr(III) isomer: stabilization of water-chloride cluster within supramolecular host. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:3166-75. [PMID: 21340091 DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01256d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The metal complexes, [M(Hdammthiol)(2)]Cl·3H(2)O [M = Cr(III) (1), Fe(III) (2)] [where H(2)dammthiol is the thiol form of the ligand, diacetylmonoxime morpholine N-thiohydrazone] were synthesized by metal template reactions of diacetylemonoxime with morpholine N-thiohydrazide in the presence of CrCl(3)·6H(2)O and FeCl(3)·6H(2)O. Both the complexes (1 and 2) were characterized by single crystal X-ray crystallography, spectroscopic (IR and UV-vis), Mössbauer and TGA analyses. The single crystal X-ray studies of both complexes show that the supramolecular hosts, constructed by the discrete mononuclear complexes, form supramolecular channels along the c-axis which are filled up by water-chloride clusters. In both complexes, the 1D water-chloride chain with chair-like architecture within the supramolecular hosts presents novelty. The magnetic measurement study of Fe(III) complex shows a spin crossover from S = 1/2 at 2.5 K to S = 5/2 at 300 K. At very low temperature, the presence of strong cooperative hydrogen bonding interactions stabilizes the S = 1/2 state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Saha
- Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
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50
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Richards NK, Wingen LM, Callahan KM, Nishino N, Kleinman MT, Tobias DJ, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Nitrate Ion Photolysis in Thin Water Films in the Presence of Bromide Ions. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:5810-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jp109560j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K. Richards
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Lisa M. Wingen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Karen M. Callahan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Noriko Nishino
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Michael T. Kleinman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1825, United States
| | - Douglas J. Tobias
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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