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Lee SH, Zabolotny JM, Huang H, Lee H, Kim YB. Insulin in the nervous system and the mind: Functions in metabolism, memory, and mood. Mol Metab 2016; 5:589-601. [PMID: 27656397 PMCID: PMC5021669 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin, a pleotrophic hormone, has diverse effects in the body. Recent work has highlighted the important role of insulin's action in the nervous system on glucose and energy homeostasis, memory, and mood. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here we review experimental and clinical work that has broadened the understanding of insulin's diverse functions in the central and peripheral nervous systems, including glucose and body weight homeostasis, memory and mood, with particular emphasis on intranasal insulin. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Implications for the treatment of obesity, type 2 diabetes, dementia, and mood disorders are discussed in the context of brain insulin action. Intranasal insulin may have potential in the treatment of central nervous system-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hwan Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02216, USA; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, South Korea.
| | - Janice M Zabolotny
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02216, USA.
| | - Hu Huang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02216, USA; Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Physiology, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, 115 Heart Dr., Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
| | - Hyon Lee
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, 21 Namdong-daero 774 beon-gil, Namdong-gu, Incheon 21565, South Korea.
| | - Young-Bum Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02216, USA.
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Tsai LS, Perez VJ, Koonce JM. Effects of insulin, metrazol, and electroconvulsive shocks upon learning to learn 30 successive reversal problems by rats. Psychol Rep 1970; 26:551-8. [PMID: 5486329 DOI: 10.2466/pr0.1970.26.2.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
To determine the relative effects of insulin, metrazol and electroconvulsive shocks upon learning to learn 30 successive reversal problems by rats, an enclosed square T-maze was used, with water as incentive after 23 hr. of deprivation. S had to achieve 9 correct out of 10 daily trials before a problem was reversed. 40 adult male rats were equally divided into a control and 3 differently shocked groups. Shocks were administered on 3 alternate days followed by 2 days of rest. Each time, Ss of the 4 groups received respectively 0.5 cc. of saline, 55 mg. of metrazol per kg. of body-weight, one unit of insulin per 20 gm. of body-weight, and an electric current of 50 ma. at 25 v for 150 msec. Convulsion in the insulin group was prevented by an injection of dextrose and potassium chloride. The control was significantly superior to the 3 shocked groups which were remarkably similar or practically identical in their performance during the initial 6 problems. Thereafter, both the non-convulsive (saline and insulin) groups did better than the 2 convulsive groups either in terms of error, day, or one-trial reversal score.
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