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Discovery of the Earliest Rice Paddy in the Mixed Rice–Millet Farming Area of China. LAND 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/land11060831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neolithic rice remains were recovered from a mixed rice–millet farming area in China outside the original centers of rice farming. Whether the rice remains were the result of local cultivation or obtained through trade remains unclear. Rice paddy fields are direct evidence of local cultivation. In this study, phytolith samples from the Zhangwangzhuang site were analyzed. The discriminant function distinguished 17 of 30 samples in the suspected paddy field area as rice paddy fields with an average probability of 74%; The proportion of rice bulliform phytoliths with ≥9 scales indicated that rice (Oryza sativa) was still being domesticated and, moreover, six η-type phytoliths from broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) were identified. These results suggested that the suspected paddy field at Zhangwangzhuang might be the earliest rice paddy field (ca. 6000 cal. BP) in northern China and that mixed farming was practiced here since the early Yangshao period. This study adopted discriminant analysis methods to discover ancient rice paddy fields, observed rice paddy fields outside the core rice origin area, and provided the earliest evidence regarding the development of mixed rice–millet farming in the upper Huai River region.
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Hou G, Gao J, Chen Y, Xu C, Lancuo Z, Xiao Y, Cai L, He Y. Winter-to-summer seasonal migration of microlithic human activities on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11659. [PMID: 32669651 PMCID: PMC7363859 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68518-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) has become a valuable site for investigation of adaptive regimes of prehistoric humans to extreme environments. At present most studies have focused solely on a single site. Using a more integrated approach that covers the complete scope of the plateau is needed to better understand the expansion logic of prehistoric humans moving towards the plateau. Here, we conducted accelerator mass spectrometry 14C dating of two microlithic sites. Canxiongashuo (CXGS) and Shalongka (SLK), which are located at the inner and marginal areas of the QTP, respectively. By using geographic information system, literature, and natural environmental factors, we constructed a model for the relationship between traveling distance and time, and we also used these factors to construct a plateau environmental index. The results indicated that the ages of the CXGS and SLK sites are 8.4-7.5 cal. ka BP and 8.4-6.2 cal. ka BP, respectively. Combining the archaeological evidence and literature, hunter-gatherers may have seasonal migration activities at low altitude in winter and high altitude in summer in order to make full use of natural resources. Our model of relationship between traveling distance and time shows that hunter-gatherers in CXGS site was active on the plateau all year-round at approximately 8.3 cal. ka BP. According to EI and archaeological remains, we propose that SLK site was a winter camp of prehistoric hunter-gatherers. Taken together, we determined 8.4-6.0 cal. ka BP as a transitional period from the Paleolithic to Neolithic Ages, and winter camps of hunter-gatherers evolved into settlements in the Neolithic Age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangliang Hou
- Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Xining, 810008, China.
- School of Geographic Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, 810008, China.
| | - Jingyi Gao
- School of Geographic Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Youcheng Chen
- School of History, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Changjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Geomantic Technology and Application of Qinghai Province, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Zhuoma Lancuo
- Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Yongming Xiao
- Qinghai Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Linhai Cai
- Qinghai Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Yuanhong He
- Department of Archaeology, School of History & Culture, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
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Bandelt HJ. Becoming Tibetan: from millet to barley cultivation. Natl Sci Rev 2019; 6:1015. [PMID: 34691964 PMCID: PMC8291423 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwz111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Yang XY, Dai SS, Liu HQ, Peng MS, Zhang YP. The uncertainty of population relationship and divergence time inferred by the multiple sequentially Markovian coalescent model. J Hum Genet 2018; 63:775-777. [PMID: 29545589 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-018-0424-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Shan-Shan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - He-Qun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Min-Sheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China. .,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China. .,KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming, China.
| | - Ya-Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China. .,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China. .,KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming, China.
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d’Alpoim Guedes J, Bocinsky RK. A Reply to Bellezza. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1086/692996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Habiyaremye C, Matanguihan JB, D’Alpoim Guedes J, Ganjyal GM, Whiteman MR, Kidwell KK, Murphy KM. Proso Millet ( Panicum miliaceum L.) and Its Potential for Cultivation in the Pacific Northwest, U.S.: A Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 7:1961. [PMID: 28119699 PMCID: PMC5220228 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is a warm season grass with a growing season of 60-100 days. It is a highly nutritious cereal grain used for human consumption, bird seed, and/or ethanol production. Unique characteristics, such as drought and heat tolerance, make proso millet a promising alternative cash crop for the Pacific Northwest (PNW) region of the United States. Development of proso millet varieties adapted to dryland farming regions of the PNW could give growers a much-needed option for diversifying their predominantly wheat-based cropping systems. In this review, the agronomic characteristics of proso millet are discussed, with emphasis on growth habits and environmental requirements, place in prevailing crop rotations in the PNW, and nutritional and health benefits. The genetics of proso millet and the genomic resources available for breeding adapted varieties are also discussed. Last, challenges and opportunities of proso millet cultivation in the PNW are explored, including the potential for entering novel and regional markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Habiyaremye
- Sustainable Seed Systems Lab, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State UniversityPullman, WA, USA
| | - Janet B. Matanguihan
- Sustainable Seed Systems Lab, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State UniversityPullman, WA, USA
| | | | - Girish M. Ganjyal
- Food Processing Lab, School of Food Science, College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State UniversityPullman, WA, USA
| | - Michael R. Whiteman
- International Programs, International Research and Agricultural Development, Washington State UniversityPullman, WA, USA
| | - Kimberlee K. Kidwell
- College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA
| | - Kevin M. Murphy
- Sustainable Seed Systems Lab, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State UniversityPullman, WA, USA
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d’Alpoim Guedes J, Manning SW, Bocinsky RK. A 5,500-Year Model of Changing Crop Niches on the Tibetan Plateau. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1086/687255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Dong G, Zhang D, Liu X, Liu F, Chen F, Jones M. Asian archaeology. Response to Comment on "Agriculture facilitated permanent human occupation of the Tibetan Plateau after 3600 B.P.". Science 2015; 348:872. [PMID: 25999500 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa7573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Guedes et al. have drawn attention to a mismatch between the predictions of their "thermal niche model" and the records we have published of early barley finds in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Here, we consider how that mismatch usefully draws our attention to the additional variables that may account for it-namely, variations in genetic expression and agricultural practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Dongju Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| | - Fengwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fahu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Martin Jones
- McDonald Institute of Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3ER, UK
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