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Cupertino A, Shin D, Guo L, Steeneken PG, Bessa MA, Norte RA. Centimeter-scale nanomechanical resonators with low dissipation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4255. [PMID: 38762589 PMCID: PMC11102468 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48183-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
High-aspect-ratio mechanical resonators are pivotal in precision sensing, from macroscopic gravitational wave detectors to nanoscale acoustics. However, fabrication challenges and high computational costs have limited the length-to-thickness ratio of these devices, leaving a largely unexplored regime in nano-engineering. We present nanomechanical resonators that extend centimeters in length yet retain nanometer thickness. We explore this expanded design space using an optimization approach which judiciously employs fast millimeter-scale simulations to steer the more computationally intensive centimeter-scale design optimization. By employing delicate nanofabrication techniques, our approach ensures high-yield realization, experimentally confirming room-temperature quality factors close to theoretical predictions. The synergy between nanofabrication, design optimization guided by machine learning, and precision engineering opens a solid-state path to room-temperature quality factors approaching 10 billion at kilohertz mechanical frequencies - comparable to the performance of leading cryogenic resonators and levitated nanospheres, even under significantly less stringent temperature and vacuum conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cupertino
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Dongil Shin
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Leo Guo
- Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G Steeneken
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
- Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel A Bessa
- School of Engineering, Brown University, 184 Hope St., Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
| | - Richard A Norte
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands.
- Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands.
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2
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Gotardo F, Carey BJ, Greenall H, Harris GI, Romero E, Bulla D, Bridge EM, Bennett JS, Foster S, Bowen WP. Waveguide-integrated chip-scale optomechanical magnetometer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:37663-37672. [PMID: 38017892 DOI: 10.1364/oe.501960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Optomechanical magnetometers enable highly sensitive magnetic field sensing. However, all such magnetometers to date have been optically excited and read-out either via free space or a tapered optical fiber. This limits their scalability and integrability, and ultimately their range of applications. Here, we present an optomechanical magnetometer that is excited and read-out via a suspended optical waveguide fabricated on the same silicon chip as the magnetometer. Moreover, we demonstrate that thermomechanical noise limited sensitivity is possible using portable electronics and laser. The magnetometer employs a silica microdisk resonator selectively sputtered with a magnetostrictive film of galfenol (FeGa) which induces a resonant frequency shift in response to an external magnetic field. Experimental results reveal the retention of high quality-factor optical whispering gallery mode resonances whilst also demonstrating high sensitivity and dynamic range in ambient conditions. The use of off-the-shelf portable electronics without compromising sensor performance demonstrates promise for applications.
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3
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Sawadsky A, Harrison RA, Harris GI, Wasserman WW, Sfendla YL, Bowen WP, Baker CG. Engineered entropic forces allow ultrastrong dynamical backaction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade3591. [PMID: 37224251 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade3591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
When confined within an optical cavity light can exert strong radiation pressure forces. Combined with dynamical backaction, this enables important processes, such as laser cooling, and applications ranging from precision sensors to quantum memories and interfaces. However, the magnitude of radiation pressure forces is constrained by the energy mismatch between photons and phonons. Here, we overcome this barrier using entropic forces arising from the absorption of light. We show that entropic forces can exceed the radiation pressure force by eight orders of magnitude and demonstrate this using a superfluid helium third-sound resonator. We develop a framework to engineer the dynamical backaction from entropic forces, applying it to achieve phonon lasing with a threshold three orders of magnitude lower than previous work. Our results present a pathway to exploit entropic forces in quantum devices and to study nonlinear fluid phenomena such as turbulence and solitons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Sawadsky
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Raymond A Harrison
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Glen I Harris
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Walter W Wasserman
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yasmine L Sfendla
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Warwick P Bowen
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Christopher G Baker
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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4
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Photothermal Responsivity of van der Waals Material-Based Nanomechanical Resonators. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12152675. [PMID: 35957105 PMCID: PMC9370576 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanomechanical resonators made from van der Waals materials (vdW NMRs) provide a new tool for sensing absorbed laser power. The photothermal response of vdW NMRs, quantified from the resonant frequency shifts induced by optical absorption, is enhanced when incorporated in a Fabry–Pérot (FP) interferometer. Along with the enhancement comes the dependence of the photothermal response on NMR displacement, which lacks investigation. Here, we address the knowledge gap by studying electromotively driven niobium diselenide drumheads fabricated on highly reflective substrates. We use a FP-mediated absorptive heating model to explain the measured variations of the photothermal response. The model predicts a higher magnitude and tuning range of photothermal responses on few-layer and monolayer NbSe2 drumheads, which outperform other clamped vdW drum-type NMRs at a laser wavelength of 532 nm. Further analysis of the model shows that both the magnitude and tuning range of NbSe2 drumheads scale with thickness, establishing a displacement-based framework for building bolometers using FP-mediated vdW NMRs.
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5
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Magrini L, Camarena-Chávez VA, Bach C, Johnson A, Aspelmeyer M. Squeezed Light from a Levitated Nanoparticle at Room Temperature. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:053601. [PMID: 35960562 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.053601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Quantum measurements of mechanical systems can generate optical squeezing via ponderomotive forces. Its observation requires high environmental isolation and efficient detection, typically achieved by using cryogenic cooling and optical cavities. Here, we realize these conditions by measuring the position of an optically levitated nanoparticle at room temperature and without the overhead of an optical cavity. We use a fast heterodyne detection to reconstruct simultaneously orthogonal optical quadratures, and observe a noise reduction of 9%±0.5% below shot noise. Our experiment offers a novel, cavityless platform for squeezed-light enhanced sensing. At the same time it delineates a clear and simple strategy toward observation of stationary optomechanical entanglement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Magrini
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Victor A Camarena-Chávez
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Constanze Bach
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Aisling Johnson
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Aspelmeyer
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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6
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Reaching silicon-based NEMS performances with 3D printed nanomechanical resonators. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6080. [PMID: 34667168 PMCID: PMC8526607 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26353-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The extreme miniaturization in NEMS resonators offers the possibility to reach an unprecedented resolution in high-performance mass sensing. These very low limits of detection are related to the combination of two factors: a small resonator mass and a high quality factor. The main drawback of NEMS is represented by the highly complex, multi-steps, and expensive fabrication processes. Several alternatives fabrication processes have been exploited, but they are still limited to MEMS range and very low-quality factor. Here we report the fabrication of rigid NEMS resonators with high-quality factors by a 3D printing approach. After a thermal step, we reach complex geometry printed devices composed of ceramic structures with high Young’s modulus and low damping showing performances in line with silicon-based NEMS resonators ones. We demonstrate the possibility of rapid fabrication of NEMS devices that present an effective alternative to semiconducting resonators as highly sensitive mass and force sensors. NEMS devices, nano-electro-mechanical systems, by virtue of their minute size, offer ultra-high sensitivity, though at the expense of manufacturing complexity. Here, Stassi et al succeed in manufacturing high quality factor NEMS devices using high resolution 3D printing.
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7
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Patel RN, McKenna TP, Wang Z, Witmer JD, Jiang W, Van Laer R, Sarabalis CJ, Safavi-Naeini AH. Room-Temperature Mechanical Resonator with a Single Added or Subtracted Phonon. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:133602. [PMID: 34623823 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.133602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A room-temperature mechanical oscillator undergoes thermal Brownian motion with an amplitude much larger than the amplitude associated with a single phonon of excitation. This motion can be read out and manipulated using laser light using a cavity-optomechanical approach. By performing a strong quantum measurement (i.e., counting single photons in the sidebands imparted on a laser), we herald the addition and subtraction of single phonons on the 300 K thermal motional state of a 4 GHz mechanical oscillator. To understand the resulting mechanical state, we implement a tomography scheme and observe highly non-Gaussian phase-space distributions. Using a maximum likelihood method, we infer the density matrix of the oscillator, and we confirm the counterintuitive doubling of the mean phonon number resulting from phonon addition and subtraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi N Patel
- Department of Applied Physics, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Timothy P McKenna
- Department of Applied Physics, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Zhaoyou Wang
- Department of Applied Physics, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jeremy D Witmer
- Department of Applied Physics, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Wentao Jiang
- Department of Applied Physics, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Raphaël Van Laer
- Department of Applied Physics, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Christopher J Sarabalis
- Department of Applied Physics, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Amir H Safavi-Naeini
- Department of Applied Physics, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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8
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Precision Magnetometers for Aerospace Applications: A Review. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21165568. [PMID: 34451010 PMCID: PMC8402258 DOI: 10.3390/s21165568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aerospace technologies are crucial for modern civilization; space-based infrastructure underpins weather forecasting, communications, terrestrial navigation and logistics, planetary observations, solar monitoring, and other indispensable capabilities. Extraplanetary exploration—including orbital surveys and (more recently) roving, flying, or submersible unmanned vehicles—is also a key scientific and technological frontier, believed by many to be paramount to the long-term survival and prosperity of humanity. All of these aerospace applications require reliable control of the craft and the ability to record high-precision measurements of physical quantities. Magnetometers deliver on both of these aspects and have been vital to the success of numerous missions. In this review paper, we provide an introduction to the relevant instruments and their applications. We consider past and present magnetometers, their proven aerospace applications, and emerging uses. We then look to the future, reviewing recent progress in magnetometer technology. We particularly focus on magnetometers that use optical readout, including atomic magnetometers, magnetometers based on quantum defects in diamond, and optomechanical magnetometers. These optical magnetometers offer a combination of field sensitivity, size, weight, and power consumption that allows them to reach performance regimes that are inaccessible with existing techniques. This promises to enable new applications in areas ranging from unmanned vehicles to navigation and exploration.
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9
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Tebbenjohanns F, Mattana ML, Rossi M, Frimmer M, Novotny L. Quantum control of a nanoparticle optically levitated in cryogenic free space. Nature 2021; 595:378-382. [PMID: 34262214 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03617-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tests of quantum mechanics on a macroscopic scale require extreme control over mechanical motion and its decoherence1-3. Quantum control of mechanical motion has been achieved by engineering the radiation-pressure coupling between a micromechanical oscillator and the electromagnetic field in a resonator4-7. Furthermore, measurement-based feedback control relying on cavity-enhanced detection schemes has been used to cool micromechanical oscillators to their quantum ground states8. In contrast to mechanically tethered systems, optically levitated nanoparticles are particularly promising candidates for matter-wave experiments with massive objects9,10, since their trapping potential is fully controllable. Here we optically levitate a femtogram (10-15 grams) dielectric particle in cryogenic free space, which suppresses thermal effects sufficiently to make the measurement backaction the dominant decoherence mechanism. With an efficient quantum measurement, we exert quantum control over the dynamics of the particle. We cool its centre-of-mass motion by measurement-based feedback to an average occupancy of 0.65 motional quanta, corresponding to a state purity of 0.43. The absence of an optical resonator and its bandwidth limitations holds promise to transfer the full quantum control available for electromagnetic fields to a mechanical system. Together with the fact that the optical trapping potential is highly controllable, our experimental platform offers a route to investigating quantum mechanics at macroscopic scales11.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lukas Novotny
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland. .,Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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10
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Tong H, Liu S, Zhao M, Fang K. Observation of phonon trapping in the continuum with topological charges. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5216. [PMID: 33060589 PMCID: PMC7567064 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19091-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phonon trapping has an immense impact in many areas of science and technology, from the antennas of interferometric gravitational wave detectors to chip-scale quantum micro- and nano-mechanical oscillators. It usually relies on the mechanical suspension-an approach, while isolating selected vibrational modes, leads to serious drawbacks for interrogation of the trapped phonons, including limited heat capacity and excess noises via measurements. To circumvent these constraints, we realize a paradigm of phonon trapping using mechanical bound states in the continuum (BICs) with topological features and conducted an in-depth characterization of the mechanical losses both at room and cryogenic temperatures. Our findings of mechanical BICs combining the microwave frequency and macroscopic size unveil a unique platform for realizing mechanical oscillators in both classical and quantum regimes. The paradigm of mechanical BICs might lead to unprecedented sensing modalities for applications such as rare-event searches and the exploration of the foundations of quantum mechanics in unreached parameter spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tong
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Illinois Quantum Information Science and Technology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Shengyan Liu
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Illinois Quantum Information Science and Technology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Mengdi Zhao
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Illinois Quantum Information Science and Technology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Kejie Fang
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Illinois Quantum Information Science and Technology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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11
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Singh R, Purdy TP. Detecting Acoustic Blackbody Radiation with an Optomechanical Antenna. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:120603. [PMID: 33016743 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.120603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanomechanical systems are generally embedded in a macroscopic environment where the sources of thermal noise are difficult to pinpoint. We engineer a silicon nitride membrane optomechanical resonator such that its thermal noise is acoustically driven by a spatially well-defined remote macroscopic bath. This bath acts as an acoustic blackbody emitting and absorbing acoustic radiation through the silicon substrate. Our optomechanical system acts as a sensitive detector for the blackbody temperature and for photoacoustic imaging. We demonstrate that the nanomechanical mode temperature is governed by the blackbody temperature and not by the local material temperature of the resonator. Our work presents a route to mitigate self-heating effects in optomechanical thermometry and other quantum optomechanics experiments, as well as acoustic communication in quantum information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robinjeet Singh
- Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Thomas P Purdy
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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12
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Westwood-Bachman JN, Maksymowych MP, Van V, Hiebert WK. Transduction of large optomechanical amplitudes with racetrack-loaded Mach-Zehnder interferometers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:21835-21844. [PMID: 32752455 DOI: 10.1364/oe.396971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chip-integrated photonic devices have stimulated development in areas ranging from telecommunications to optomechanics. Racetrack resonators have gained popularity for optomechanical transduction due to their high sensitivity and cavity finesse. However, they lack sufficient dynamic range to read out large amplitude mechanical resonators, which are preferred for sensing applications. We present a robust photonic circuit based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) combined with a racetrack resonator that increases linear range without compromising high transduction sensitivity. Optical and mechanical properties of combined MZI-racetrack devices are compared to lone racetracks with the same physical dimensions in the undercoupled, overcoupled and critical coupled regimes. We demonstrate an overall improvement in dynamic range, transduction responsivity, and mass sensitivity of up to 4x, 3x and 2.8x, respectively. Our highly phase sensitive MZI circuit also enables applications such as on-chip optical homodyning.
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13
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Quantum correlations between light and the kilogram-mass mirrors of LIGO. Nature 2020; 583:43-47. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2420-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Single-photon quantum regime of artificial radiation pressure on a surface acoustic wave resonator. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1183. [PMID: 32184387 PMCID: PMC7078202 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14910-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Electromagnetic fields carry momentum, which upon reflection on matter gives rise to the radiation pressure of photons. The radiation pressure has recently been utilized in cavity optomechanics for controlling mechanical motions of macroscopic objects at the quantum limit. However, because of the weakness of the interaction, attempts so far had to use a strong coherent drive to reach the quantum limit. Therefore, the single-photon quantum regime, where even the presence of a totally off-resonant single photon alters the quantum state of the mechanical mode significantly, is one of the next milestones in cavity optomechanics. Here we demonstrate an artificial realization of the radiation pressure of microwave photons acting on phonons in a surface acoustic wave resonator. The order-of-magnitude enhancement of the interaction strength originates in the well-tailored, strong, second-order nonlinearity of a superconducting Josephson junction circuit. The synthetic radiation pressure interaction adds a key element to the quantum optomechanical toolbox and can be applied to quantum information interfaces between electromagnetic and mechanical degrees of freedom. The radiation pressure of light on a mechanical oscillator can be used to manipulate mechanical degrees of freedom in the quantum regime. Noguchi et al. use Josephson junctions to realize an artificial system where the radiation pressure of a single photon is stronger than the effect of dissipation.
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15
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Rusing M, Weigel PO, Zhao J, Mookherjea S. Toward 3D Integrated Photonics Including Lithium Niobate Thin Films: A Bridge Between Electronics, Radio Frequency, and Optical Technology. IEEE NANOTECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1109/mnano.2019.2916115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Khorasani S. Analysis of Side-band Inequivalence. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9075. [PMID: 31235889 PMCID: PMC6591420 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45580-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequency shifts of red- and blue-scattered (Stokes/anti-Stokes) side-bands in quantum optomechanics are shown to be counter-intuitively inequal, resulting in an unexpected symmetry breaking. This difference is referred to as Side-band Inequivalenve (SI), which normally leans towards red, and being a nonlinear effect it depends on optical power or intracavity photon number. Also there exists a maximum attainable SI at an optimal operation point. The mathematical method employed here is a combination of operator algebra equipped with harmonic balance, which allows a clear understanding of the associated nonlinear process. This reveals the existence of three distinct operation regimes in terms of pump power, two of which have immeasurably small SI. Compelling evidence from various experiments sharing similar interaction Hamiltonians, including quantum optomechanics, ion/Paul traps, electrooptic modulation, Brillouin scattering, and Raman scattering unambiguously confirm existence of a previously unnoticed SI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Khorasani
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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17
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Optical backaction-evading measurement of a mechanical oscillator. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2086. [PMID: 31064984 PMCID: PMC6504947 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10024-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum mechanics imposes a limit on the precision of a continuous position measurement of a harmonic oscillator, due to backaction arising from quantum fluctuations in the measurement field. This standard quantum limit can be surpassed by monitoring only one of the two non-commuting quadratures of the motion, known as backaction-evading measurement. This technique has not been implemented using optical interferometers to date. Here we demonstrate, in a cavity optomechanical system operating in the optical domain, a continuous two-tone backaction-evading measurement of a localized gigahertz-frequency mechanical mode of a photonic-crystal nanobeam cryogenically and optomechanically cooled close to the ground state. Employing quantum-limited optical heterodyne detection, we explicitly show the transition from conventional to backaction-evading measurement. We observe up to 0.67 dB (14%) reduction of total measurement noise, thereby demonstrating the viability of backaction-evading measurements in nanomechanical resonators for optical ultrasensitive measurements of motion and force. Measurements of motion that avoid quantum backaction, with the potential to surpass the standard quantum limit, have so far been demonstrated using microwave radiation. Here, Shomroni, Qiu et al. demonstrate a backaction-evading measurement of the motion of a nanomechanical beam using laser light.
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18
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Shkarin AB, Kashkanova AD, Brown CD, Garcia S, Ott K, Reichel J, Harris JGE. Quantum Optomechanics in a Liquid. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:153601. [PMID: 31050504 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.153601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We measure the quantum fluctuations of a single acoustic mode in a volume of superfluid He that is coupled to an optical cavity. Specifically, we monitor the Stokes and anti-Stokes light scattered by a standing acoustic wave that is confined by the cavity mirrors. The intensity of these signals (and their cross-correlation) exhibits the characteristic features of the acoustic wave's zero-point motion and the quantum backaction of the intracavity light. While these features are also observed in the vibrations of solid objects and ultracold atomic gases, their observation in superfluid He opens the possibility of exploiting the remarkable properties of this material to access new regimes of quantum optomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Shkarin
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - A D Kashkanova
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - C D Brown
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - S Garcia
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Collège de France 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - K Ott
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Collège de France 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - J Reichel
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Collège de France 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - J G E Harris
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Wright Laboratory, Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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19
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Measurement of quantum back action in the audio band at room temperature. Nature 2019; 568:364-367. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1051-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Shandilya PK, Fröch JE, Mitchell M, Lake DP, Kim S, Toth M, Behera B, Healey C, Aharonovich I, Barclay PE. Hexagonal Boron Nitride Cavity Optomechanics. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:1343-1350. [PMID: 30676758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is an emerging layered material that plays a key role in a variety of two-dimensional devices, and has potential applications in nanophotonics and nanomechanics. Here, we demonstrate the first cavity optomechanical system incorporating hBN. Nanomechanical resonators consisting of hBN beams with average dimensions of 12 μm × 1.2 μm × 28 nm and minimum predicted thickness of 8 nm were fabricated using electron beam induced etching and positioned in the optical near-field of silicon microdisk cavities. Of the multiple devices studied here a maximum 0.16 pm/[Formula: see text] sensitivity to the hBN nanobeam motion is demonstrated, allowing observation of thermally driven mechanical resonances with frequencies between 1 and 23 MHz, and largest mechanical quality factor of 1100 for a 23 MHz mode, at room temperature in high vacuum. In addition, the role of air damping is studied via pressure dependent measurements. Our results constitute an important step toward realizing integrated optomechanical circuits employing hBN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasoon K Shandilya
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
| | - Johannes E Fröch
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Devices , University of Technology Sydney , Ultimo , New South Wales 2007 , Australia
| | - Matthew Mitchell
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
| | - David P Lake
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
| | - Sejeong Kim
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Devices , University of Technology Sydney , Ultimo , New South Wales 2007 , Australia
| | - Milos Toth
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Devices , University of Technology Sydney , Ultimo , New South Wales 2007 , Australia
| | - Bishnupada Behera
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
| | - Chris Healey
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Devices , University of Technology Sydney , Ultimo , New South Wales 2007 , Australia
| | - Paul E Barclay
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
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21
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Basiri-Esfahani S, Armin A, Forstner S, Bowen WP. Precision ultrasound sensing on a chip. Nat Commun 2019; 10:132. [PMID: 30631070 PMCID: PMC6328601 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound sensors have wide applications across science and technology. However, improved sensitivity is required for both miniaturisation and increased spatial resolution. Here, we introduce cavity optomechanical ultrasound sensing, where dual optical and mechanical resonances enhance the ultrasound signal. We achieve noise equivalent pressures of 8-300 μPa Hz-1/2 at kilohertz to megahertz frequencies in a microscale silicon-chip-based sensor with >120 dB dynamic range. The sensitivity far exceeds similar sensors that use an optical resonance alone and, normalised to the sensing area, surpasses previous air-coupled ultrasound sensors by several orders of magnitude. The noise floor is dominated by collisions from molecules in the gas within which the acoustic wave propagates. This approach to acoustic sensing could find applications ranging from biomedical diagnostics, to autonomous navigation, trace gas sensing, and scientific exploration of the metabolism-induced-vibrations of single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Basiri-Esfahani
- ARC Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Department of Physics, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Ardalan Armin
- ARC Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Department of Physics, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Stefan Forstner
- ARC Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Warwick P Bowen
- ARC Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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22
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Ockeloen-Korppi CF, Damskägg E, Paraoanu GS, Massel F, Sillanpää MA. Revealing Hidden Quantum Correlations in an Electromechanical Measurement. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:243601. [PMID: 30608715 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.243601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Under a strong quantum measurement, the motion of an oscillator is disturbed by the measurement backaction, as required by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. When a mechanical oscillator is continuously monitored via an electromagnetic cavity, as in a cavity optomechanical measurement, the backaction is manifest by the shot noise of incoming photons that becomes imprinted onto the motion of the oscillator. Following the photons leaving the cavity, the correlations appear as squeezing of quantum noise in the emitted field. Here we observe such "ponderomotive" squeezing in the microwave domain using an electromechanical device made out of a superconducting resonator and a drumhead mechanical oscillator. Under a strong measurement, the emitted field develops complex-valued quantum correlations, which in general are not completely accessible by standard homodyne measurements. We recover these hidden correlations, using a phase-sensitive measurement scheme employing two local oscillators. The utilization of hidden correlations presents a step forward in the detection of weak forces, as it allows us to fully utilize the quantum noise reduction under the conditions of strong force sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Ockeloen-Korppi
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - E Damskägg
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - G S Paraoanu
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - F Massel
- Department of Physics and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (YFL), FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - M A Sillanpää
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
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23
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Measurement-based quantum control of mechanical motion. Nature 2018; 563:53-58. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0643-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Jiang X, Nandi A, Pak D, Hosseini M. Optomechanical frequency comb memory. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:4973-4976. [PMID: 30320797 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.004973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Typical nano-mechanical oscillator arrays exhibit a mechanical frequency distribution arising from the imprecision in the nanofabrication process, thus hindering their collective dynamics. We tailor the inhomogeneously broadened spectrum of a nano-oscillator ensemble to unravel the collective dynamics of mechanical oscillators in an optomechanical array. We show that by engineering tunable optomechanical interactions, the instantaneous phase matching between the oscillators reveals collective dynamics in the form of a photon-phonon echo excitation without the need for active frequency tuning. Using numerical simulations, we demonstrate that by controlling such collective dynamics, broadband and scalable coherent light storage can be realized. An optomechanical memory of this kind enables information storage over a wide band of wavelengths, including the telecommunications band and, importantly, can be integrated into the silicon photonic networks.
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25
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Roy SK, Sauer VTK, Westwood-Bachman JN, Venkatasubramanian A, Hiebert WK. Improving mechanical sensor performance through larger damping. Science 2018; 360:360/6394/eaar5220. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aar5220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical resonances are used in a wide variety of devices, from smartphone accelerometers to computer clocks and from wireless filters to atomic force microscopes. Frequency stability, a critical performance metric, is generally assumed to be tantamount to resonance quality factor (the inverse of the linewidth and of the damping). We show that the frequency stability of resonant nanomechanical sensors can be improved by lowering the quality factor. At high bandwidths, quality-factor reduction is completely mitigated by increases in signal-to-noise ratio. At low bandwidths, notably, increased damping leads to better stability and sensor resolution, with improvement proportional to damping. We confirm the findings by demonstrating temperature resolution of 60 microkelvin at 300-hertz bandwidth. These results open the door to high-performance ultrasensitive resonators in gaseous or liquid environments, single-cell nanocalorimetry, nanoscale gas chromatography, atmospheric-pressure nanoscale mass spectrometry, and new approaches in crystal oscillator stability.
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26
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Anderson MD, Tarrago Velez S, Seibold K, Flayac H, Savona V, Sangouard N, Galland C. Two-Color Pump-Probe Measurement of Photonic Quantum Correlations Mediated by a Single Phonon. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:233601. [PMID: 29932714 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.233601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate a versatile technique to measure the lifetime of the one-phonon Fock state using two-color pump-probe Raman scattering and spectrally resolved, time-correlated photon counting. Following pulsed laser excitation, the n=1 phonon Fock state is probabilistically prepared by projective measurement of a single Stokes photon. The detection of an anti-Stokes photon generated by a second, time-delayed laser pulse probes the phonon population with subpicosecond time resolution. We observe strongly nonclassical Stokes-anti-Stokes correlations, whose decay maps the single phonon dynamics. Our scheme can be applied to any Raman-active vibrational mode. It can be modified to measure the lifetime of n≥1 Fock states or the phonon quantum coherences through the preparation and detection of two-mode entangled vibrational states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell D Anderson
- Institute of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Santiago Tarrago Velez
- Institute of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kilian Seibold
- Institute of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hugo Flayac
- Institute of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincenzo Savona
- Institute of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Sangouard
- Departement Physik, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Galland
- Institute of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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27
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Spencer DT, Drake T, Briles TC, Stone J, Sinclair LC, Fredrick C, Li Q, Westly D, Ilic BR, Bluestone A, Volet N, Komljenovic T, Chang L, Lee SH, Oh DY, Suh MG, Yang KY, Pfeiffer MHP, Kippenberg TJ, Norberg E, Theogarajan L, Vahala K, Newbury NR, Srinivasan K, Bowers JE, Diddams SA, Papp SB. An optical-frequency synthesizer using integrated photonics. Nature 2018; 557:81-85. [PMID: 29695870 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0065-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Optical-frequency synthesizers, which generate frequency-stable light from a single microwave-frequency reference, are revolutionizing ultrafast science and metrology, but their size, power requirement and cost need to be reduced if they are to be more widely used. Integrated-photonics microchips can be used in high-coherence applications, such as data transmission 1 , highly optimized physical sensors 2 and harnessing quantum states 3 , to lower cost and increase efficiency and portability. Here we describe a method for synthesizing the absolute frequency of a lightwave signal, using integrated photonics to create a phase-coherent microwave-to-optical link. We use a heterogeneously integrated III-V/silicon tunable laser, which is guided by nonlinear frequency combs fabricated on separate silicon chips and pumped by off-chip lasers. The laser frequency output of our optical-frequency synthesizer can be programmed by a microwave clock across 4 terahertz near 1,550 nanometres (the telecommunications C-band) with 1 hertz resolution. Our measurements verify that the output of the synthesizer is exceptionally stable across this region (synthesis error of 7.7 × 10-15 or below). Any application of an optical-frequency source could benefit from the high-precision optical synthesis presented here. Leveraging high-volume semiconductor processing built around advanced materials could allow such low-cost, low-power and compact integrated-photonics devices to be widely used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl T Spencer
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Tara Drake
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Travis C Briles
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jordan Stone
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Laura C Sinclair
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Connor Fredrick
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Qing Li
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Daron Westly
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - B Robert Ilic
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Aaron Bluestone
- University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas Volet
- University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Tin Komljenovic
- University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Lin Chang
- University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | | | - Dong Yoon Oh
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Ki Youl Yang
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kerry Vahala
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Nathan R Newbury
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kartik Srinivasan
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - John E Bowers
- University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Scott A Diddams
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Scott B Papp
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA. .,Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
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28
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Hebestreit E, Frimmer M, Reimann R, Dellago C, Ricci F, Novotny L. Calibration and energy measurement of optically levitated nanoparticle sensors. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:033111. [PMID: 29604723 DOI: 10.1063/1.5017119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Optically levitated nanoparticles offer enormous potential for precision sensing. However, as for any other metrology device, the absolute measurement performance of a levitated-particle sensor is limited by the accuracy of the calibration relating the measured signal to an absolute displacement of the particle. Here, we suggest and demonstrate calibration protocols for levitated-nanoparticle sensors. Our calibration procedures include the treatment of anharmonicities in the trapping potential, as well as a protocol using a harmonic driving force, which is applicable if the sensor is coupled to a heat bath of unknown temperature. Finally, using the calibration, we determine the center-of-mass temperature of an optically levitated particle in thermal equilibrium from its motion and discuss the optimal measurement time required to determine the said temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Frimmer
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - René Reimann
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Dellago
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Francesco Ricci
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
| | - Lukas Novotny
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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29
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Pontin A, Lang JE, Chowdhury A, Vezio P, Marino F, Morana B, Serra E, Marin F, Monteiro TS. Imaging Correlations in Heterodyne Spectra for Quantum Displacement Sensing. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:020503. [PMID: 29376724 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.020503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The extraordinary sensitivity of the output field of an optical cavity to small quantum-scale displacements has led to breakthroughs such as the first detection of gravitational waves and of the motions of quantum ground-state cooled mechanical oscillators. While heterodyne detection of the output optical field of an optomechanical system exhibits asymmetries which provide a key signature that the mechanical oscillator has attained the quantum regime, important quantum correlations are lost. In turn, homodyning can detect quantum squeezing in an optical quadrature but loses the important sideband asymmetries. Here we introduce and experimentally demonstrate a new technique, subjecting the autocorrelators of the output current to filter functions, which restores the lost heterodyne correlations (whether classical or quantum), drastically augmenting the useful information accessible. The filtering even adjusts for moderate errors in the locking phase of the local oscillator. Hence we demonstrate the single-shot measurement of hundreds of different field quadratures allowing the rapid imaging of detailed features from a simple heterodyne trace. We also obtain a spectrum of hybrid homodyne-heterodyne character, with motional sidebands of combined amplitudes comparable to homodyne. Although investigated here in a thermal regime, the method's robustness and generality represents a promising new approach to sensing of quantum-scale displacements.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pontin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - J E Lang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - A Chowdhury
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Firenze, Via Sansone 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy and CNR-INO, L.go Enrico Fermi 6, I-50125 Firenze, Italy
| | - P Vezio
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze, Via Sansone 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - F Marino
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Firenze, Via Sansone 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy and CNR-INO, L.go Enrico Fermi 6, I-50125 Firenze, Italy
| | - B Morana
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, Nanoscience-Trento-FBK Division, 38123 Povo (TN), Italy and Delft University of Technology, Else Kooi Laboratory, 2628 Delft, The Netherlands
| | - E Serra
- Delft University of Technology, Else Kooi Laboratory, 2628 Delft, The Netherlands and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, TIFPA, 38123 Povo (TN), Italy
| | - F Marin
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze, Via Sansone 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Firenze, Via Sansone 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; CNR-INO, L.go Enrico Fermi 6, I-50125 Firenze, Italy; and European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Via Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - T S Monteiro
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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30
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Davanco M, Liu J, Sapienza L, Zhang CZ, De Miranda Cardoso JV, Verma V, Mirin R, Nam SW, Liu L, Srinivasan K. Heterogeneous integration for on-chip quantum photonic circuits with single quantum dot devices. Nat Commun 2017; 8:889. [PMID: 29026109 PMCID: PMC5715121 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00987-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-quantum emitters are an important resource for photonic quantum technologies, constituting building blocks for single-photon sources, stationary qubits, and deterministic quantum gates. Robust implementation of such functions is achieved through systems that provide both strong light–matter interactions and a low-loss interface between emitters and optical fields. Existing platforms providing such functionality at the single-node level present steep scalability challenges. Here, we develop a heterogeneous photonic integration platform that provides such capabilities in a scalable on-chip implementation, allowing direct integration of GaAs waveguides and cavities containing self-assembled InAs/GaAs quantum dots—a mature class of solid-state quantum emitter—with low-loss Si3N4 waveguides. We demonstrate a highly efficient optical interface between Si3N4 waveguides and single-quantum dots in GaAs geometries, with performance approaching that of devices optimized for each material individually. This includes quantum dot radiative rate enhancement in microcavities, and a path for reaching the non-perturbative strong-coupling regime. Effective use of single emitters in quantum photonics requires coherent emission, strong light-matter coupling, low losses and scalable fabrication. Here, Davanco et al. stride toward this goal by hybrid on-chip integration of Si3N4 waveguides and GaAs nanophotonic geometries with InAs quantum dots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Davanco
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
| | - Jin Liu
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA. .,School of Physics, Sun-Yat Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China. .,Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Luca Sapienza
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.,Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, S017 1BJ, UK
| | - Chen-Zhao Zhang
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, Science Building No. 5, South China Normal University, Higher-Education Mega-Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - José Vinícius De Miranda Cardoso
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.,Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande, Brazil
| | - Varun Verma
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Richard Mirin
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Sae Woo Nam
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Liu Liu
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, Science Building No. 5, South China Normal University, Higher-Education Mega-Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Kartik Srinivasan
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
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31
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Abstract
Quantum kicks are delivered to a mechanical oscillator in air and at room
temperature
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack G E Harris
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. .,Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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